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The Roles of Membranes in Water Recycling and ReuseThe Roles of Membranes in Water Recycling and Reuse
Presented byVal Frenkel
Presented byVal Frenkel
WateReuse 2005 Conference, California Section, Feb 27 – March 01, 2005, San Diego, CA
Membrane Technologies
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Membrane Technologies
Membrane Technologies
Do we need to recycle ???
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Membrane Technologies
Membrane Technologies
Where we are looking for more water?
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1. Conservation 2. Recycling3. Desalination
Where we are looking for more water?
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LOW PRESSURE
HIGH PRESSURE
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1. Flat Sheet2. Hollow Fiber3. Spiral Wound
Membrane Shape Type:
Membrane Type dependingon driven pressure:1. Pressure Driven (MF, UF, NF and RO)2. Vacuum Driven (MF and UF only)3. High Voltage current (EDR, EDI)
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Vacuum
Pressure
MF/UF
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Vacuum
Pressure
MF/UF
Non standard configuration across industry
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Pressure ONLY
NF/RO
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Pressure ONLY
NF/ROStandard configuration across industry:
Diameter: 2.5”, 4”, 8” (17”)
Length: 40”, 60”
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• Increased membrane flux• Decreased trans-membrane pressure• Increased particles rejection • Extended membrane lifetime• Improved operational process including back-
wash technique and CIP cleaning• Improved membrane manufacturing process
Major developments for low-pressure membranes currently focus on:
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• Improving pore shape, uniformity, and distribution
• Upgrading hydrophilic properties• Increasing overall porosivity of membranes• Developing more sophisticated and cost-
effective membrane materials
Membrane Parameters focused by R&Ds:
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Membrane
BrineConcentrate
Reject
FeedRaw Water
PermeateTreated Water
Qf, cfQC, Cc Qp, Cp
Rec. = Qp / QfRej. = Cc / Cf
Membrane Technologies
Concentrate Management Direction Pros Cons
Discharge to surface water
(may be combined with wastewater outfall)
Cost-effective solution - Increases local salinity level, which may affect habitat in the discharge area
Discharge to deep wells Cost-effective solution - Increases salinity in the underground water horizon, which may increase total dissolved solids level in the water supply source
- Requires increased maintenance of the injection wells due to mineral precipitation and scaling
Discharge to the ocean/sea
(may be combined with wastewater outfall)
A widely-accepted cost-effective approach for shore application from desalination plants
Affects marine life, intensive studies required
Evaporation fields, ponds Cost-effective approach for relatively small volumes, particularly for inland applications
Needs extensive territory. May not be a cost-effective solution in areas where land is expensive, and/or not available
Zero Liquid Discharge - ZLD Ideal solution to significantly reduce or eliminate brine stream
Very costly process, especially for small and very large discharge volumes
Cogeneration Discharge (Power Plants or other Industrial Facilities)
- One of the most cost-effective solutions for desalination plants, especially for large size plants
- Reduces O&M cost due to the reduced energy demand caused by the increased water temperature
Not always an available option
Local Management (discharge to the local sewer line, land applications)
Simplest cost-effective local solution
- May affect biological wastewater treatment plant performance
- Elevates salinity level in treated wastewater effluent, which may affect discharge criteria, and/or recycling water acceptability
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Worldwide Membrane Facilities
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Num
ber o
f Mem
bran
e Pl
ants
By AMTA
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Membranes in Water Recycling/Reuse:
- Membrane Biological Reactor – MBR
- Tertiary Treatment for Discharge/Recycling
- Dissolved Solids (TDS) and particular emergingcontaminants removal by RO/NF membranes
Membrane Technologies
clarifierBio-Reactor FilterRAS WAS
Bio-Reactor
WASRAS
Conventional Biological Process
Membrane Biological Reactor - MBRMembranes
Membrane Biological Reactor – MBR
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clarifierBio-Reactor FilterRAS WAS
Bio-Reactor
WAS
RAS
Conventional Biological Process
Membrane Biological Reactor - MBRMembranes
RO
Membrane Biological Reactor – MBR
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clarifierBio-Reactor FilterRAS WAS
Conventional Tertiary Treatment
Membrane Tertiary Treatment
Membranes
clarifierBio-ReactorRAS WAS
Tertiary Treatment for Discharge/Recycling
Membrane Technologies
clarifierBio-ReactorRAS WAS
Bio-Reactor
WAS
RAS
Conventional Biological Process
Membrane Biological Reactor - MBRMembranes
RO
ROFilter
Tertiary Treatment for Discharge/Recycling
Membrane Technologies
clarifierBio-ReactorRAS WAS
Bio-Reactor
WAS
RAS
Conventional Treatment + Membrane Tertiary Treatment
Membrane Biological Reactor - MBRMembranes
RO
Membranes RO
Tertiary Treatment for Discharge/Recycling
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Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)
(treats raw wastewater)
Biological wastewater treatment process which utilize MF/UF
membranes, and provide tertiary quality effluent with complete
removal of Pathogens.
AirAir
PermeatePermeatePumpPumpFeed WaterFeed Water
RASRAS
Anoxic TankAnoxic Tank
WASWAS
Membrane Bio-Reactor
Aerobic TankAerobic Tank
Membrane Technologies MBR
Wastewater Treatment Parameter
MBR Value, Metric MBR Value, US Conventional Treatment
Value, Metric
Conventional Treatment Value, US
Transmembrane Pressure (Immersed Membranes), TMP
10 – 50 kPa 1.5 – 7.5 psi NA* NA
Flux 15 – 25 l/m2 x hr 9 – 15 GFD NA NA
Energy Consumption, TOTAL
1 – 3.5 kW-hr/m3 5.0 – 17.5 HP-hr/1,000 gal
0.9 – 2.9 kW-hr/m3
4.5 – 14.5 HP-hr/1,000
gal
Energy Consumption, aeration
0.9 – 3.2 kW-hr/m3 4.5 – 16.0 HP-hr/1,000 gal
0.9 – 2.9 kW-hr/m3
4.5 – 14.5 HP-hr/1,000
gal
Energy Consumption, permeate discharge
0.1 – 0.3 kW-hr/m3 0.5 – 1. 5 HP-hr/1,000 gal
NA NA
MLSS 10 – 25 gr/liter 80 - 200 lbs/1,000 gal
3.5 – 6.0 gr/liter
28 - 48 lbs/1,000 gal
Hydraulic Retention Time, Average
12 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs
Sludge age 20 – 60 days 20 -60 days 17 – 20 days 17 – 20 days
BOD Removal 95 – 99% 95 – 99% 90 – 95% 90 – 95%
COD Removal 95 – 99% 95 – 99% 90 – 95% 90 – 95%
TKN Removal 40 – 95 % 40 – 95 % 40 – 80% 40 – 80%
Membrane Warranty 5 – 8 years (prorated up to 10)
5 – 8 years (prorated up to 10)
NA NA
Membrane Module Price
50 – 100 US$/m2 5 – 10 US$/ft2 NA NA
Membrane Technologies MBR Performance
Parameter of effluent
MBR guaranteed MBR typical Conventional typical
BOD5 < 5 ppm < 0.4 ppm 10 – 30 ppm
TSS < 5 ppm < 0.4 ppm 10 - 30 ppm
Turbidity < 1 NTU < 0.3 NTU 10 - 20 NTU
NH3-N < 1 ppm < 0.5 ppm < 5 ppm
TN < 10 ppm < 5 ppm < 10 ppm
TP < 0.5 ppm < 0.2 ppm < 1.0 ppm
Membrane Technologies
Why Membranes?
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1. Complete removal of Pathogenic organisms, providing disinfection at the same time.
2. Smaller footprint/Layout;3. Consistent effluent quality, not affected by the influent
hydraulic, solids and organic contaminants overloads, spikes and fluctuations;
4. Provides effluent quality of tertiary treatment ready for the reuse/recycling; RO can be plugged directly to MF/UF or MBR to address dissolved matter: TDS, Na and others.
5. Ideal technology for the existing systems up-grade;
10 Major Reasons with Membranes:
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6. Longer retention of nitrifying Bacteria results in greater nitrification. Anoxic reactor provides denitrification;
7. Modular expandability (for the future expansions;
8. Less volume of the discharged wastes (including sludge due to the long sludge age, and chemicals);
9. Simplicity of operation with the remote monitoring;
10. Lower post-disinfection demand in chlorine, UV intensity due to the complete solids removal by membranes.
10 Major Reasons with Membranes (continued):
Membrane Technologies MBR
Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by ZENON
ZeeWeed®
Membrane Cassettes
Permeate Header
Permeate Pump
Air Header
Air Separator
Main Permeate Header
Membrane Technologies MBR
Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by ZENON
ZW 2000 Concrete Tank Sectionw ith Piping
A ir header
Perm eate header
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Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by USFilter
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Hollow Fiber Membrane Immersed MBR by IONICS
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Flat Sheet Membrane Immersed MBR by KUBOTA/Enviroquip
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Flat Sheet Membrane Immersed MBR by HUBER
from bioreactorPermeate dischargeby pump or gravity flow
Scouring blower toclean the membranes
Membrane plates
Membrane Technologies MBR
AquaMB Process™ by Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.
Membrane Technologies
SUMMARY
Membrane treatment offers the advantages of higher effluent water quality, a more compact foot-print, and are often simpler to operate than conventional treatments. With widespread industry acceptance of membrane technologies and the rapid growth in the number of operating facilities, the costs of membrane systems are now approaching those of conventional systems.
Sooner or later, membranes are likely to be in your future, either for upgrading existing facilities or considered as the preferred choice for new water treatment needs.
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Q & A