Yana AvdyeyevaTransparency International
Regional Conference on Fighting Corruption in Education in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Bratislava, 24-25 November, 2011
MEASURING CORRUPTION: BENEFITS AND LIMITS OF PERCEPTION-BASED SURVEYS
WHAT IS TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
A global coalition fighting corruption:
• 89 National Chapters worldwide
• 18 more in the process of accreditation
• International Secretariat
• Board of Directors & Advisory Council
• 29 Individual Members
• Senior advisors and other volunteers
TI AROUND THE WORLD
WHAT TI DOES
TI Tools
•to measure corruption
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) - demand sideBribe Payers Index (BPI) - supply sideGlobal Corruption Barometer - people’s opinions
•to analyse corruption
National Integrity System (NIS) country studiesGlobal Corruption Report
Thematic Areas
Public procurement, judiciary, education, water, health, climate, defence and security.
• What is the CPI?
Measures the degree to which corruption
is perceived to exist in the public sector.• Objectives
Public awareness of corruption and
understanding of levels of corruption• Methodology
The CPI is an indicator that combines
different sources of information on
perceived levels of corruption• Coverage
2010 Survey covered 178 countries
Corruption Perception Index
Visual map of CPI 2010 scores
Distribution of Countries by Rank
2010 CPI Scores for Eastern Europe and Central Asia
CPI Impact
• A major force in drawing attention to corruption.
• First attempt to assess and compare corruption in a wide range of countries, break taboos about the subject and generate public debate.
• Useful tool for governments, researchers and civil society.
• Led to the development of complementary tools at international and national level.
CPI Considerations
• Validity of using ‘perceptions’ to assess corruption.• Insight into recent efforts and policy changes.• Suggestion for areas for reform.
CPI Do’s and Don’ts
Global Corruption Barometer
1. The biggest worldwide public opinion survey of people’s perceptions and experiences of corruption by sector and institution.
2. Complements expert and business views (CPI)
3. Who is surveyed?In 2010 91,781 people in 86 countries– Biggest coverage ever!Men and women aged 16+Regional coverage: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia,
Ukraine
4. Topics CoveredChanges in corruption levels in the past 3 years.People’s perceptions about corruption in key sectors. How respondents rate their government in the fight against corruption. People’s experiences with bribery. Whom does the public trust the most to fight corruption in their country.People’s attitudes towards the fight against corruption.
Global Corruption Barometer 2010
% of respondents reporting the sector/institution to be corrupt or extremely corrupt
41%
31%
58%
34%
65%
19%
45%
67%
58%
62%
57%
30%
30%
38%
40%
43%
50%
51%
58%
60%
62%
79%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Military
NGOs (non governmentalorganisations)
Education system
Media
Judiciary
Religious bodies
Business/private sector
Police
Parliament/legislature
Public officials/civil servants
Political parties
Global
NIS+
Perceived levels of corruption by sector 2010 (NIS+)
To what extent do you perceive the following institutions/sectors in this country to be affected by corruption? (1: not all corrupt, 5: extremely corrupt)
Country/ Territory
Political Parties
Parliament/Legislature
Police
Business/ Private
Sector
Media
Public officials
Judiciary NGOsReligious
bodies
Military Education
Total 4.2 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.3 2.9 3.3 2.8 3.1
NIS+ 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.0 3.8 3.9 2.9 2.2 3.1 3.6
Armenia 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.2 2.9 3.8 4.1 2.7 2.2 3.6 4.2
Azerbaijan 2.6 2.5 3.6 2.6 2.4 3.3 3.2 2.5 1.9 2.6 3.3
Belarus 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.9 3.2
Georgia 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.2 1.4 1.8 2.2
Moldova 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.0 3.8 3.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 3.7
Mongolia 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.0 2.9 3.6 4.1 2.5 2.1 2.9 3.7
Russia 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.1 2.5 3.5 3.7
Ukraine 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 4.1 4.4 3.2 2.3 3.5 4.0
Perceived corruption by sector in the NIS
Service providers Asia Pacific EU+ MENA SSA L. America N. America NIS Balkans Total
Police 18% 4% 37% 44% 19% 4% 38% 15% 31%
Registry and Permit Services 15% 3% 30% 41% 12% 5% 20% 9% 22%
Judiciary 27% 3% 30% 20% 23% 6% 26% 14% 16%
Customs 8% 7% 23% 13% 17% 5% 27% 14% 10%
Utilities 13% 2% 23% 15% 9% 3% 5% 5% 9%
Medical Services 10% 2% 21% 13% 11% 3% 28% 15% 8%
Education 10% 3% 23% 8% 9% 4% 20% 10% 7%
Land Services 18% 4% 29% 4% 11% 8% 25% 12% 7%
Tax Revenue 10% 2% 15% 4% 8% 3% 10% 7% 5%
Bribes by sector and region
National Integrity System (NIS) Assessment
• Aim: provide a fuller, more balanced
insight into corruption on
a particular issue.• Target audiences: policy makers,
practitioners, academics, civil society
actors. • Use: major reference tool for • information, analysis of
governance issues, insight into
new developments and tools,
policy recommendations. • Theme: Education GCR to be released
in 2012/2013.
Global Corruption Report (GCR)
TI Regional Education Initiatives
•TI-Armenia Monitoring Donor Assistance to Secondary Schools
•TI- Argentina preventing corruption in textbook procurement
•Youth Integrity Surveys
•Transparency and Integrity in Service Delivery in Africa (TISDA): Focusing on the Education Sector in South Africa and Cameroon; Supports African civil society in working with citizens to demand transparent and accountable financial management in the education sector ; Approach: Advocacy based on “Risk Maps”
Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs)
Distribution of complaints by sector
• Need to be aware of specific purposes of corruption assessment tools and understand how they complement each other.
• New focus for corruption tools looking at specific sectors, institutions or governance processes in individual countries.
• TI mapping exercise of all assessment tools on corruption and governance: http://www.transparency.org/tools/gateway
Conclusions
