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Medical TerminologyMedical TerminologyA LIVING LANGUAGEA LIVING LANGUAGE
CHAPTER
Fifth EditionFifth Edition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization
2
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory
Slide 22Muscle Contraction AnimationSlide 33Neuron AnimationSlide 41Cardiovascular System AnimationSlide 44Lymphatic System AnimationSlide 46Respiratory System AnimationSlide 48Digestive System AnimationSlide 50Urinary System AnimationSlide 52Female Reproductive System AnimationSlide 54Male Reproductive System AnimationSlide 56Endocrine System AnimationSlide 58Nervous System AnimationSlide 60Eye Anatomy AnimationSlide 62Ear Anatomy Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization At A Glance
• The body is organized into levels Cells Tissues Organs Systems Body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization At A Glance
• Each level is built from the one below it Body as a whole is composed of systems A system is composed of organs An organ is composed of tissues A tissue is composed of cells
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Illustrated
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• abdomin/o abdomen• adip/o fat• anter/o front• brachi/o arm• cardi/o heart• caud/o tail• cephal/o head• cervic/o neck
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• chondr/o cartilage• crani/o skull• crin/o to secrete• crur/o leg• cyt/o cell• dermat/o skin• dist/o away from• dors/o back of body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• enter/o small intestine• epitheli/o epithelium• gastr/o stomach• glute/o buttock• gynec/o woman• hemat/o blood• hist/o tissue• immun/o protection
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• infer/o below• laryng/o larynx• later/o side • lumb/o loin• lymph/o lymph• medi/o middle• muscul/o muscle• nephr/o kidney
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• neur/o nerve• ophthalm/o eye• ot/o ear• pelv/o pelvis• peritone/o peritoneum• pleur/o pleura• poster/o back• proct/o rectum and anus
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• proxim/o near to• pub/o genital region• pulmon/o lung• rhin/o nose• spin/o spine• super/o above• thorac/o chest• ur/o urine
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Combining Forms
• vascul/o blood vessel• ventr/o belly• vertebr/o vertebra• viscer/o internal organ
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Suffixes
• -ac pertaining to• -al pertaining to• -ar pertaining to• -ary pertaining to• -atic pertaining to• -iac pertaining to• -ic pertaining to• -ior pertaining to
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Suffixes
• -logy study of• -ose resembling
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Prefixes
• endo- within• epi- above• hypo- under• peri- around• retro- behind
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Levels of Body Organization
• Cells form tissues
• Tissues form organs
• Organs form systems
• Systems form whole body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cells
• cyt/o + -logy = cytology The study of cells and their function
+ -logyCyt/o = cytology
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cells
• Fundamental unit of life• Has all properties of being alive
Responds to stimuli Engages in metabolic activity Reproduces itself
• All tissues and organs in body formed of cells
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cells
• Individual cells perform functions for body Reproduction Hormone secretion Energy production Excretion
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cells
• Special cells carry out very specific functions Muscle contraction Electrical impulse transmission
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cells
• Cells come in different sizes and shapes
• But all cells,at some point of their life cycle, have Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Contraction Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing muscle contraction.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.1Examples of four different types of cells from the body illustrating the differences in
shape.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Tissues
• hist/o -logy = histology The study of tissue
• Formed when like cells are grouped together to perform an activity
• Four types of tissue Muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue
+ -logyhist/o = histology
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Tissue
• Produces movement in body by contracting
• Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Tissue
• Three basic types of muscles Skeletal muscle• attached to bones
Smooth muscle• internal organs like intestine and uterus
Cardiac muscle• only in the heart
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within
the body.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Epithelial Tissue
• Known as epithelium• Found as lining for internal organs and
covering for the skin• Close-packed cells that function to:
Form a protective barrier – skin Absorb – lining of intestine Secrete – sweat glands Excrete wastes – kidney tubules
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within
the body.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Connective Tissue
• Supports and protects• Function depends on location• Many different forms
Adipose Bone Cartilage Tendons
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within
the body.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous Tissue
• Composed of cells called neurons• Forms the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves• Allows for conduction of electrical
impulses between brain and rest of the body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Neuron Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing neurons.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of different types of tissues and their location within
the body.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Organs
• Composed of several types of tissue• Work together as a unit• Perform special functions
Example: stomach contains:• Muscle fibers• Nerve tissues• Epithelial tissue
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Systems
• Composed of several organs working together in coordinated manner
• Perform complex functions Example: stomach plus other digestive
organs including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon work together to break down, digest, and absorb food
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Integumentary System
• Two-way barrier and temperature regulation
• Organs Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Musculoskeletal System – Skeleton
• Supports and protects body, forms blood cells, stores minerals
• Organs Bones Joints
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Musculoskeletal System – Muscles
• Produce movement• Organs
Muscles
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cardiovascular System
• Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
• Organs Heart Arteries Veins
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cardiovascular System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the cardiovascular system.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Blood (Hematic System)
• Transports oxygen, protects, and controls bleeding
• Organs Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lymphatic System
• Protects body • Organs
Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lymphatic System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the lymphatic system.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Respiratory System
• Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
• Organs Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Respiratory System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the respiratory system.The animation may take a moment before playing.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Gastrointestinal System
• Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients
• Organs Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon Liver & gallbladder Pancreas
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the digestive system.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System
• Filters waste and removes from body
• Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the urinary system.The animation may take a moment before playing.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Female Reproductive System
• Produces eggs and provides place for baby
• Organs Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Breast
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Female Reproductive System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the female reproductive system.
Back to Directory
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Male Reproductive System
• Produces sperm • Organs
Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate glans Bulbourethral
glands
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Male Reproductive System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the male reproductive system.
Back to Directory
![Page 55: Medical Terminology A LIVING LANGUAGE CHAPTER Fifth Edition Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen Suzanne S. Frucht Body](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032518/56649ccc5503460f949958b6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System
• Regulates metabolic activity
• Organs Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Ovaries & testes
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the endocrine system.
Back to Directory
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System
• Receives sensory information and coordinates response
• Organs Brain Spinal cord Nerves
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nervous System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the nervous system.The animation may take a moment before playing.
Back to Directory
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Position
• Used when describing positions & relationships of structures in body
• Assume person is in anatomical position even if body or parts of the body are in other positions
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Position
• Standing erect• Arms at side of
body• Palms facing
forward• Eyes straight
forward• Legs are parallel• Feet and toes
pointing forward
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Planes
• Used to assist in describing the body and its parts
• Three planes: Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Sagittal Plane
• Also called median plane
• Vertical plane• Runs lengthwise
from front to back• Divides body into
left and right portions
• Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Frontal Plane
• Also called coronal plane
• Vertical plane• Runs lengthwise
from side to side• Divides body into
front and back positions
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Frontal Plane
• Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section or coronal section
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Transverse Plane
• Also called horizontal plane
• Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the ground
• Divides body into upper and lower portions
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Transverse Plane
• Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse section
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Sections
• Cross-section Produced by slice perpendicular to long
axis of structure
• Longitudinal section Produced by lengthwise slice along long
axis of structure
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Regions
• Cephalic – head• Cervical – neck• Brachial – arm• Crural – leg
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Regions of the Trunk (torso)
• Anterior trunk Thoracic – chest Abdominal Pelvic Pubic – genitals
• Posterior trunk Dorsum – back Vertebral Gluteal – buttocks
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.5Anterior and posterior regions of the body.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Body Region Terms
• Cervical
Pertaining to the neck
• Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
+ -alcervic/o
+ -iccephal/o
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Body Region Terms
• Brachial
Pertaining to the arm
• Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest
+ -albrachi/o
+ -icthorac/o
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Cavities
• Body is not solid structure; has many open spaces or cavities
• Two dorsal cavities Cranial cavity Spinal cavity
• Two ventral cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Dorsal Cavities
• Cranial cavity Contains brain
• Spinal cavity Contains spinal cord
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thoracic Cavity
• Contains Two lungs Central
mediastinum
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thoracic Cavity
• Mediastinum contains Heart Aorta Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
• Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity
• Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.6The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue) body cavities.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Viscera Encased in Sac
• Double layered membranous sac Parietal layer – outer layer that lines
cavities Visceral layer – inner layer that
contacts viscera
• Called pleura in thoracic cavity• Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic
cavity
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Subdivisions of Pleura
• Pleural cavity Surrounds the lungs
• Pericardial cavity Surrounds the heart
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen
• Upper row regions Hypochondriac Epigastric
• Middle row regions Lumbar Umbilical
• Lower row regions Inguinal Hypogastric
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Table 2.3, Figure AThe anatomical divisions of the abdomen.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Divisions of Abdomen
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
• Majority of liver• Gallbladder• Small portion of
pancreas• Small intestine• Colon
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
• Small intestine• Colon• Right ovary • Right fallopian tube• Appendix• Right ureter
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Divisions of Abdomen
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
• Small portion of liver• Spleen• Stomach• Majority of pancreas• Small intestine• Colon
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
• Small intestine • Colon• Left ovary • Left fallopian tube• Left ureter
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Table 2.3, Figure BThe clinical divisions of the abdomen.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Directional Terms
• Assist medical personnel in position or location of patient’s complaint
• Help to describe one process, organ, or system as it relates to another
• They are listed in pairs that have opposite meanings in following table
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Directional Terms
• Superior or cephalic More towards head
• Inferior or caudal More towards feet
• Anterior or ventral More towards front
or belly-side of body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Directional Terms
• Posterior or dorsal More towards back
or spinal cord side of body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Directional Terms
• Medial More towards middle
• Lateral More towards side
• Proximal Nearer to the point of
attachment to body
• Distal Farther away from point
of attachment to body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.7Anterior and lateral views of the body illustrating directional terms.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Directional Terms
• Apex Tip or summit of organ
• Base Bottom or lower part of an organ
• Superficial More towards surface of body
• Deep Further away from surface of body
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Supine
• Supine – lying horizontally facing upward
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.8AThe supine position.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Prone
• Prone – lying horizontally facing downward
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 2.8BThe prone position.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Directional Terms
• Superior
Pertaining to being above
• Lateral
Pertining to the side
+ -iorsuper/o
+ -allater/o
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Directional Terms
• Anterior
Pertaining to the front
• Dorsal
Pertaining to the back of the body
+ -ioranter/o
+ -aldors/o
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Abbreviations
AP anteroposterior
CV cardiovascular
ENT ear, nose, and throat
GI gastrointestinal
GYN gynecology
lat lateral
LE lower extremity (leg)
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Body Organization Abbreviations
LLQ left lower quadrant
LUQ left upper quadrant
MS musculoskeletal
OB obstetrics
PA posteroanterior
RLQ right lower quadrant
RUQ right upper quadrant
UE upper extremity (arm)
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1. adip/o 2. caud/o 3. crur/o 4. glute/o 5. hist/o
a. tissueb. legc. taild. fate. buttock