Download - Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAvi Gandhi (2009)
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Medical University of Sofia, Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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Background• It is the progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle
or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain.
• It causes a steady loss of memory, speech, thinking, and carrying on daily activities.
• As a person becomes older the risk for developing Alzheimer’s increases.
• Annual cost can be over $50,000
• Affects over 26.6 million people worldwide
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Symptoms•Memory loss
• confused about time and place
• changes in personality and mood
• trouble speaking and accomplishing tasks
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7 Stages1. No impairment
2. very mild cognitive decline
3. mild cognitive decline
4. moderate cognitive decline
5. moderately severe cognitive decline
6. severe cognitive decline
7. very severe cognitive decline
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Anatomical Changes
1. Neurofibrillary tangles
2. loss of neuronal synapse
3. dead or dying nerve cells
4. formation of plaques
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Treatment1. Acetylcholine esterase
inhibiters
i. Rivastigmine
ii. Galantamine
iii. Donepezil
2. NMDA receptor antagonist
i. Memantine
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Side Effects• nausea
• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• headache
• confusion
• constipation(memantine)
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1. Antidepressants
i. Peroxeineii. Fluxetine
2. Anxiolyticsi. Lorazepam
3. Antipsychotic1. Clozapine2. Haloperidol
Behavioral Drugs
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Clinical Trials1)“Alzheimer’s in Long-Term Care--
Treatment for Agitation”
2)“Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of
Early Dementia”
3)“Nefiracetam in the Treatment of
Alzheimer’s Disease”
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Sources•www.wikipedia.com•Harrison’s Internal Medicine•Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews
Pharmacology•NextBio•Modern Pharmacology with Modern
Clinical Applications•http://www.alz.org/index.asp