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MEDIEVAL AGESEarly Christian ArtMedieval theory of proportions:
Byzantine Theory of Proportion
Gothic System
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EARLY CHRISTIAN ARTBetween Third to Fourth Century A.D.
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EARLY CHRISTIAN SCULPTURE Freestanding Early Christian sculpture is
comparatively scarce
Sarcophagus
y Christ as the Good Shepherd
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CHRIST AS THE GOOD SHEPHERD
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ROMAN CATACOMBS Places of burial for Christians
Koimeteria sleeping places
Decorated with wall paintings
Catacomb of Priscilla in Rome, Italy
Catacombs on Via Latina in Rome
The Three Men in Fiery Furnace
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CATACOMB INTERIOR
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CATACOMB OF PRISCILLA IN ROME, ITALY
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CATACOMB ON VIA LATINA IN ROME
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THE THREE MEN IN FIERY FURNACE
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MEDIEVAL THEORY OF PROPORTIONS
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BYZANTINEART Originated chiefly in Constantinople
basilica
y Statues
y Paintings
Painting can do for the illiterate what writing does for
those who can read - Pope Gregory the Great
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THE MIRACLE OF LOAVES AND FISHES
(BASILICA OF S.APOLLINARE NUOVO, RAVENNA)
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BYZANTINE THEORY OF PROPORTION Worked out its schema by taking the organic
articulation of the human body as a starting point
Accepted the fundamental fact that the parts of the
body are set off from each other by nature Body dimensions = face-lengths
Total Body Dimension = 9 face-lengths
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PAINTERS MANUAL OF MOUNTATHOS
UNITS (face-length) BODY PART
1 unit face
3 units torso
2 units upper part of the leg
2 units lower part of the leg
1/3 unit (= 1 nose-length) top of the head
1/3 unit (= 1 nose-length) height of the foot
1/3 unit (= 1 nose-length) Throat/neck
TOTAL: 9 UNITS
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BYZANTINE Penetrated into the art theory of succeeding periods
y Italy
Early Renaissance = 8 and 2/3 face-lengths Late Renaissance = 9 and 1/3 face-lengths
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EARLY RENAISSANCE
UNITS (face-length) BODY PART
1 unit face
3 units torso
2 units upper part of the leg
2 units lower part of the leg
1/3 unit (= 1 nose-length) top of the head
1/3 unit (= 1 nose-length) height of the foot
1/3 unit (= 1 nose-length) Throat/neck
TOTAL: 8 1/3 units
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LATE RENAISSANCE
UNITS (face-length) BODY PART
1 unit face
3 units torso
2 units upper part of the leg
2 units lower part of the leg
1/3 unit (= 1 thumb) top of the head
1 1/2 thumbs (=1/2 face-length)
height of the foot
1 1/2 thumbs (=1/2 face-
length)
Throat/neck
TOTAL: 9 1/3 UNITS
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TWO SYSTEMS: Fractional System
y 3-Dimensional
y objective appreciation of human proportions
Algebraic System (Module System)
y 2-Dimensional
y Use of specific moduli
y Used in Byzantine Theory of Proportion
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BYZANTINE
THEORY OF
PROPORTION
Module System
y Takes the length of the nose as a unit
y 1 nose-length = 1/3 face-length
y According to the Painters Manual of Mount Athos: 1 nose length is equal to the height of the forehead and
the lower part of the face
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THE THREE-CIRCLE SCHEME OF BYZANTINEART
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Apse Mosaic, MonrealeThis mosaic from the royal church of Monreale, Sicily (late 12th century) was designed for the
apse. The subject is Christ as the Pantocrator, with the Virgin, angels, and saints surrounding
him. The mosaic was part of King Rogers effort to import the glory of Byzantium to Sicily as a
symbol of his power.
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ENTHRONEDMADONNA AND
CHILD