Download - Meeting 6 multilingualism
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MultilingualismandLanguage ChoiceSociolinguisticsSonya Ayu Kumala, M.Hum
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Vitality Diglossia High Variety and Low Variety Code switching and Code mixing Passive and Active knowledge
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Vitality The likehood that a language will
continue being used for a range of social functions by a community of speakers.
Demographic, social and institutional strength of a language and its speakers.
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Language in South Africa No nation is multilingual. Greece consider themselves as monolingual
country
Multilingual nations : South Africa and Republic of Vanuatu
South africa : apartheid regime The language of business and education are
Afrikaans (Dutch) and South African English
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The collapsed of the regime in the 1990s, the republic of south africa becomes a multilingual nations with 11 languages.
Linguistics plualism
How vitality important in perceiving language rights, the national identity and history of opression.
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Language in Vanuatu Vanuatu is a Joint Condominium of both British
and French
In 1980, Vanuatu got its independenceNational language is Bislama (english creole)Official language are Bislama, English, and FrenchLanguage of education are English and FrenchDifferent local language/indegenous language = National language.
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Ethnolinguistics Vitality Social, political, attitudinal factors = national,
official, education
High vitality if it is widely spoken and used Low vitality if it is shifted/is not used anymore.
The relative strength or vitality of language that are related to :
a. The demographic of the ethnic group speaking a language.b. The status afforded to a language.c. Institutional support provided for a language
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Factors that influence the language vitality:a. Social factorsEg. Latin in europeb. Institutional factorsEg. South african and Vanuatus’ languageMauritius nation: Mauritian creole, english and french, Indian and arabic languagec. Demographic factorsEg. Maori language in New Zealand
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Diglossia Diglossia = two language
Diglossia is situation of societal bilingualism and institutionalised code-switching
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High variety : language with higher overt prestige and which is used in more formal context and writing
Low variety : vernacular variety.
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Two varieties of language in use in the community that had some historical link to each other and one can be argued to have its root in the each other.
Eg. Middle east: classical arabic and
vernacular arabic Tanzania: Swahili and local vernaculars
(overlaping diglossia)
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Code switching and Code Mixing Moving code between different
languages or varieties.
A situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community.
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People who are speak more than one language are generally very sensitive to the differences in the vitality og languages they use and they are equally aware that in some contexts one variety will serve better their needs better than another.
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Code switching:1. Domain or situational based code
switching
2. Addresse based code switching
* Individual creativity and flexibility
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Example: Tanzania : Vernacular language (rangi)
and official language (swahili) In the market and in the bank
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Code Mixing Code-mixing refers to the situation
where people switch between different languages within the same sentences.
Generally alternations between varieties or codes within clause or phrase.
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Passive and Active Knowledge Passive knowledge: the ability to
understand but not to speak a language.
Active knowldege: knowledge of a linguistics variety that includes the ability to produce and use that variety and not only to understand it.
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Good luck for your mid-term
test!