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Memory systems
Unit objectives Describe the function of memory and
differentiate between different types of memory chips
Differentiate between different memory packages
Install RAM Monitor memory usage Test memory and troubleshoot
memory problems
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Topic A
Topic A: Memory Topic B: Memory packaging Topic C: Memory installation Topic D: Memory monitoring Topic E: Memory troubleshooting
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Memory
RAM: random access memory Working area for data during
processing Need sufficient RAM for
– Performance– Software support
Quality of RAM is important
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Measuring memory
Cells– Store a single bit of data– 0 or 1– Represents on/off or yes/no
Measurement units – Bit– Nibble = 4 bits– Byte = 8 bits– Word = based on CPU
32-bit processor: 32-bit word 64-bit processor: 64-bit word
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Larger memory units Byte (B) = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 1,048,576 bytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 1,073,741,824 bytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 1,099,511,627,776
bytes
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Memory types
Classify memory as:– Volatile vs. non-volatile– Static vs. dynamic– Asynchronous vs. synchronous
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Volatile vs. non-volatile memory
Volatile: Loses contents without power Non-volatile: Keeps contents without power
RAM Volatile Random access memory
CMOS Volatile Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
ROM Non-volatile Read-only memory
PROM Non-volatile Programmable read-only memory
EPROM Non-volatile Erasable programmable read-only memory
EEPROM Non-volatile Electronically erasable programmable read-only memory
Flash Non-volatile
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Dynamic vs. static memory
Dynamic (DRAM)– Must be continually refreshed– Inexpensive– Small
Static (SRAM)– Refreshing not required– More expensive– Larger– Faster
Typical uses– Main system memory: DRAM– Cache memory and CMOS: SRAM
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Asynchronous vs. synchronous
Asynchronous– Not synchronized to system clock– Consistent time to access and read data
Synchronous– Synchronized to system clock– Accesses data and returns in one or
more clock cycles
SDRAM faster than ADRAM
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Memory access typesDRAM Dynamic RAM Older technology
FPM Fast Page Mode Improved over DRAM
VRAM Video RAM Dual port, optimized for video
EDO Extended Data Out Improved over FPM
BEDO Burst Extended Data Out Adds pipelining to EDO
ADRAM Asynchronous DRAM Not synchronized to the system clock
SDRAM Synchronous DRAM Interleaving permits overlapped requests
DRDRAM Direct Rambus DRAM 16-bit memory bus and two transfers per clock cycle
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Memory access types, continuedDDR Double Data Rate Double transfer rate of SDRAM
with two transfers per clock cycle
DDR2 Double Data Rate 2 64 bits per transfer to double DDR performance
DDR3 Double Data Rate 3 Transfers data at a rate of 800–1600 MHz
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Access time
Latency Memory speed
– Nanoseconds vs. megahertz
Overall speed– Doesn’t include latency– Doesn’t consider bus speed
Bandwidth
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Speed ratingsMemory type Technology Bandwidth I/O bus clock speed Memory clock speed
PC100 SDRAM 0.8 GB/sec. 100 MHz 100 MHz
PC133 SDRAM 1 GB/sec. 133 MHz 133 MHz
PC1600 DDR-200 1.6 GB/sec. 100 MHz 100 MHz
PC2100 DDR-266 2.1 GB/sec. 133 MHz 133 MHz
PC2700 DDR-333 2.7 GB/sec. 166 MHz 166 MHz
PC3200 DDR-400 3.2 GB/sec. 200 MHz 200 MHz
PC2-3200 DDR2-400 3.2 GB/sec. 200 MHz 100 MHz
PC2-4200 DDR2-533 4.2 GB/sec. 266 MHz 133 MHz
PC2-5300 DDR2-667 5.3 GB/sec. 333 MHz 166 MHz
PC2-6400 DDR2-800 6.4 GB/sec. 400 MHz 200 MHz
PC2-8500 DDR2-1066 8.5 GB/sec. 533 MHz 266 MHz
PC3-6400 DDR3-800 6.4 GB/sec. 400 MHz 100 MHz
PC3-8500 DDR3-1066 8.5 GB/sec. 533 MHz 133 MHz
PC3-10600 DDR3-1333 10.6 GB/sec. 667 MHz 166 MHz
PC3-12800 DDR3-1600 12.8 GB/sec. 800 MHz 200 MHz
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Activity A-1
Identifying memory characteristics
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Topic B
Topic A: Memory Topic B: Memory packaging Topic C: Memory installation Topic D: Memory monitoring Topic E: Memory troubleshooting
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Packaging Early PCs used individual chips No more than 1 MB of memory
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Packaging, continued
Package– Small circuit board– Also called a module– Installed in slot
Module contains– Memory chips– Connecting wires– Support chips– Pins or edge contacts
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Single- and double-sided modules
Early DRAM had chips on just one side
Double memory by placing chips on both sides
Double-sided modules have two rows of pins at bottom– Pins on front aren’t connected to pins on
back
Number of DRAM chips no longer corresponds to data being stored
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Package types: desktops
SIMM 30-pin SIMM 72-pin DIMM 100-pin DIMM 168-pin DIMM 184-pin DIMM 240-pin
– DDR2– DDR3
RIMM 184-pin
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Package types: laptops
MICRODIMM 144-pin SODIMM 144-pin SODIMM 200-pin
– DDR– DDR2
SODIMM 204-pin
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Memory error recovery
Parity — Detects an error ECC — Detects and corrects an error Desktop memory — No parity or ECC Server memory — Often includes
parity or ECC
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Parity
9 chips,supportsparity
8 chips,no parity
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Activity B-1
Comparing RAM packaging
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Topic C
Topic A: Memory Topic B: Memory packaging Topic C: Memory installation Topic D: Memory monitoring Topic E: Memory troubleshooting
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Memory installation considerations
Banking requirements Proper handling techniques Slot insertion techniques Safe storage BIOS configuration
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Banking requirements
Install memory in groups called banks Bank might include 1, 2, or 4 slots Must fill every slot in a bank Might have to use same type and
speed of memory in every slot Leave extra banks empty
– With DRDRAM, install continuity modules
Dual-channel architecture
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Proper handling
Unplug computer before opening it Ground yourself to computer’s chassis Move around as little as possible Lay module in static-safe packaging
atop the computer’s power supply to safely discharge potential differences
Always handle modules by their edges Never touch chips or contacts
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Inserting memory modules
1. Insert module at 45-degree angle
2. While pushing into slot, move module to fully vertical or horizontal position Clips should engage automatically
when module is fully seated
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Removing a module
1. Gently release the retaining clips at both ends of the module
2. Move the module to a 45-degree angle
3. Remove the module
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Storage
Store in:– Original packaging– Static-safe bag
Static-safe bag– Metal-coated plastic – Conductive – Transmits static charges slowly
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CMOS configuration
BIOS checks memory at boot Compares actual memory with CMOS
entry Follow prompt to update CMOS entry
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Activity C-1
Adding memory to a desktop computer
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Notebook memory
Location varies from notebook to notebook
Refer to documentation Shut down notebook, unplug cord, and
remove battery
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Shared video memory
Main system memory shared with video circuitry– No dedicated video memory
Reduces cost Users less power; generates less heat Not all RAM is available to OS and
applications Slower than dedicated video memory Add more system memory to increase
performance
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Activity C-2
Adding memory to a notebook computer
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Memory in handheld computers
Expandable memory, a feature of more expensive handhelds
Some use modules similar to those in notebooks
Others use memory cards similar to those in digital cameras
Consult the manual
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Activity C-3
Adding memory to a handheld computer
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Topic D
Topic A: Memory Topic B: Memory packaging Topic C: Memory installation Topic D: Memory monitoring Topic E: Memory troubleshooting
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Task Manager
Windows GUI utility Provides information on processes running Version available in all Windows OSs
– Windows 9x/Me Program List – Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista/7 Task Manager
Access:– Ctrl + Alt + Delete – Right-click empty space in the taskbar and
choose Task Manager – Ctrl + Shift + Esc
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Performance tab indicators
CPU Usage CPU Usage History Memory (7/Vista) PF Usage (XP/2000) Physical Memory Usage History
(7/Vista) Page File Usage History (XP/ 2000)
continued
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Performance tab indicators, continued
System (7/Vista) Totals (XP/2000) Physical Memory Commit Charge Kernel Memory Summary data
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The Performance tab
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Activity D-1
Monitoring memory usage
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Virtual memory
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Optimizing the page file
On boot partition by default Determined by amount of RAM Size automatically increases or
decreases for best performance Can manually override the settings Page file size:
– RAM × 1.5 – System’s peak commit value
Can move file to different hard disk
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Activity D-2
Changing the size of the Windows page file
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Topic E
Topic A: Memory Topic B: Memory packaging Topic C: Memory installation Topic D: Memory monitoring Topic E: Memory troubleshooting
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Memory testing
POST not sufficient Use testing utility
– Memtest86 — Free, open source– Microsoft Windows Memory
Diagnostic — Free, unsupported– DocMemory Diagnostic — Free,
unsupported
Boot from floppy or CD Full test suite can take many hours
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Memory-related problems
201 BIOS error code at boot time Parity error message Computer randomly freezes (locks up)
or crashes Wrong amount of memory reported by
the BIOS Windows reports General Protection
Fault, Page Fault, or Exception errors Random crashes, corrupted data,
strange application behavior
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Activity E-1
Troubleshooting memory
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Unit summary
Described the function of memory and differentiated between different types of memory chips
Differentiated between different memory packages
Installed RAM into a system while handling it properly and meeting your PC’s installation requirements
Monitored memory usage Identified and resolved memory
problems