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Benchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial Buildings
Michaels EngineeringMichaels Engineering
October 20, 2009
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BenchmarkingBenchmarkingWhat is it?The early daysHow we use itApplications (studies)How you can use it
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Benchmarking 772Benchmarking 772Energy use per square foot = energy intensity (kWh/sf, therm/sf)C i t i il b ildiComparison to similar buildings• Size• Type• Type• Age• Floorsoo s• Fuels, etc.• Cooling? Yes/no
…In similar climateHow Efficient is your building?
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Benchmarking?Benchmarking?How does your facility measure against its peers?
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Benchmarking ReallyBenchmarking Really
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Data SourcesData SourcesUS DOE • CBECS (commercial building energy consumption
survey)survey)EPRIState surveysState surveys
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CBECSCBECS
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CBECS DataCBECS Data
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Text To ColumnsText To Columns
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CBECS Data ExplainedCBECS Data Explained
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Codes = ?Codes = ?
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Making it UsefulMaking it Useful
Census Region Census Division Principal Building Activity Year Constructed Square FootageWeekly Operating
Hours Wall Construction MaterialMidwest West North Central Education 1970-1979 25,001-50,000 61 to 84 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest West North Central Education 1960-1969 100,001-200,000 61 to 84 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1946-1959 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 2000-2003 100,001-200,000 49 to 60 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1970-1979 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1946-1959 10,001-25,000 49 to 60 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest East North Central Education 1920-1945 Over 1 million 61 to 84 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1990-1999 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest East North Central Education 1920-1945 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1980-1989 25,001-50,000 85 to 167 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1980-1989 1,001-5,000 40 to 48 Siding, shingles, tiles, or shakesMidwest East North Central Education 2000 2003 5 001 10 000 61 to 84 Siding shingles tiles or shakesMidwest East North Central Education 2000-2003 5,001-10,000 61 to 84 Siding, shingles, tiles, or shakes
Roof Construction Material Percent Exterior Glass Building Shape
Annual Major Fuel Use
(Therm/Sqft)
Annual Nat. Gas
Consumption (Therm/Sqft)
Annual Fuel Oil
Consumption (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Heating Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Cooling Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Ventilation Use
(Therm/Sqft)
Major FueWater Heati
Use (Therm/Sqf
Built-up 10% or less Square 1.927789296 0.000290423 1.348827324 0.021812113 0.11672338 0.2331445Plastic/rubber/synthetic sheeting 10% or less Wide rectangle 0.393543529 0.077072353 0.002719412 0.067697255 0.029021275 0.12377098 0.012094Built-up 0 816305714 0 516156104 0 479762078 0 056010779 0 085526234 0 0363940Built up 0.816305714 0.516156104 0.479762078 0.056010779 0.085526234 0.0363940Metal surfacing 11% - 25% L shaped 0.069556439 0.014167348 0.01159553 0.004559545 0.0033178Built-up 10% or less U shaped 0.20749645 0.120727785 0.144048319 0.011144777 0.015761685 0.0009571Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 11% - 25% U shaped 0.782356491 0.692614737 0.70206807 0.009687719 0.024831579 0.0124021Built-up 51% - 75% Rectangle/square w/ courtyard 1.386766344 0.732511969 0.625686419 0.325325631 0.039068944 0.0807699Metal surfacing 11% - 25% Other shape 0.468919048 0.104016508 0.061304762 0.125552222 0.03267127 0.0818311Built-up 26% - 50% Wide rectangle 0.924306296 0.790872407 0.737988889 0.002088704 0.053069444 0.0528835Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 51% - 75% L shaped 1.223783011 0.869676129 0.807470323 0 0.140191613 0.0622058Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less Wide rectangle 1 117687179 1 002451282 0 861030769 0 04834359 0 01694359 0 1414153Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less Wide rectangle 1.117687179 1.002451282 0.861030769 0.04834359 0.01694359 0.1414153Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less T shaped 0.582263889 0.398223611 0.297680556 0.020451389 0.049952778 0.1005430
Major Fuel Lighting Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Cooking Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Refrigeration
Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Office
Equipment Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Computer
Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Miscellaneous
Use (Therm/Sqft)
0.085819718 0 0.016512958 0.028466197 0.038930704 0.0375521130.102100686 0.004977843 0.016073137 0.003157843 0.017260196 0.0173898040 084244286 0 005432078 0 031532597 0 004660779 0 016748701 0 015994286
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0.084244286 0.005432078 0.031532597 0.004660779 0.016748701 0.0159942860.024516439 0.000848485 0.002873182 0.000557727 0.004622045 0.0024983330.023449331 0.00452171 0.002726745 0.000451591 0.00102198 0.0034129320.013682105 0 0.012561404 0.000814035 0.00070807 0.0056014040.067558825 0.029174856 0.001065706 0.000292469 0.002840256 0.2149832560.102148095 0.022185238 0.017899365 0.001926349 0.007718413 0.0156820630.051919074 0.002359444 0.003083704 0.00112037 0.012846111 0.0069472220.103169677 0.00844086 0.052846022 0.001917849 0.011931183 0.0356096770.040538462 0 0 0 0 0.009410256
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Or… Use This from Or… Use This from QuestlineQuestline
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Gas UseGas Use
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Climate ZonesClimate Zones
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What About?What About?Does the building have cooling (e.g., schools)?Fuel types?Building age?Building size?Number of floors?You can use CBECS to drill down but sample may become insignificant (e g less than 10)may become insignificant (e.g., less than 10) quick
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QuestlineQuestline ModelModelIt’s a benchmark – a fixed number; over time we become aware of where buildings “should be”H d t f f l t lHowever, we do account for fuel type, namely heating fuel• GasGas• Ground source heat pumps• Water source heat pumps with boiler/towerp p• Electric resistance
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Customized ScreenerCustomized ScreenerS F t T t l A l kWh
Total Annual **For building descriptions, Square Feet Total Annual kWh
Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 1,047,600 Gas Meter #1 45,600
k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
Hospitals Totals 1,047,600 45,600
g pclick the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
Hospitals
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office 66,000
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 2
Conventional Gas/Electric
Multi Family Housing 2
Public Assembly 3
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 66,000 Estimated Study Cost 14,800$ Zone
2 Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.22$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
1,047,600 kWh 45,600 Therms 1,941,088 lbs CO2
944,460 kWh 31,423 Therms 1,636,051 lbs CO2
Z
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use
Energy Cost
Conventional Gas/Electric
, , , ,
103,140 kWh 14,177 Therms 305,037 lbs CO2
6,188$ 13,469$
19,657$
39,314$
78,628$
Electric Gas CO2
Total Dollar Savings
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
g
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
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Energy Intensity Before 15.87 0.69 29.41 Energy Intensity After 14.31 0.48 24.79 Projected % 10%
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Screener InputsScreener InputsInputs• Floor area by type
El t i d ( th f il) ti• Electric and gas (or other fossil) consumption• System type• Fuel costs• Fuel costs• Percent better than average target
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Screener OutputsScreener OutputsCurrent energy intensityProjected energy intensityGas and electric savings potentialImplementation cost (RCx or Retrofit) - riskyInvestment grade study costCarbon impacts
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Pitfalls to Avoid!Pitfalls to Avoid!Get all the meters for the building – typical of buildings with multiple additionsG t ll d t k AND ff kGet all data – on peak AND off peakGet all the buildings for the meter – typical of campusescampusesBeware of major energy users in building• Swimming pool (can determine energySwimming pool (can determine energy
consumption of this)• Data centers• Central kitchens
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Experience with the ScreenerExperience with the ScreenerReliable and “accurate”Conservative• High study cost• Low savings
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Demonstrate use, findings, and in some cases, results
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101,000 101,000 sfsf Middle School, Central IowaMiddle School, Central IowaSquare Feet Total Annual kWh
Total Annual Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 1,791,000 Gas Meter #1
k-12 101,000 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
H it l T t l 1 791 000
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
HospitalsHospitals Totals 1,791,000 -
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 2
Ground Source Heat Pump
Lodging
Multi Family Housing 3
Public Assembly 3
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 101,000 Estimated Study Cost 18,300$Zone
2 Lodging
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
Total 101,000 Estimated Study Cost 18,300$
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.18$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
1,791,000 kWh 0 Therms 2,401,731 lbs CO2
1,102,861 kWh 0 Therms 1,478,936 lbs CO2
Z
Ground Source Heat Pump
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use , , , ,
688,139 kWh 0 Therms 922,795 lbs CO2
41,288$ -$
41,288$
82,577$
165,153$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
g
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
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Energy Intensity Before 17.73 - 23.78 Energy Intensity After 10.92 - 14.64 Projected % 10%
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Middle School MeasuresMiddle School Measures
101388 Elec. (kWh/yr) Electrical Demand
(kW, July) Natural Gas (Therm/year) Other Fuel Cost ($/yr)
Base year Consumption 1,791,000 320 6,166 - 121,656.81$ Energy Intensity 17.66 0.003 0.06 - 1.20$
Convert Parallel Ground HeatX to Series and Reprogram to dP Vice 80F 109,301 12.50 - - 5,696.83$ Set Classroom CO2 Control to 700 ppm OVER Ambient, NOT 700 ppm Absolute 209,765 60.01 - - 16,788.70$ Incorporate Variable Volume Cafeteria and Gymnasium Systems and Correct CO2 Setpoint 179 840 45 20 11 657 65$
Savings
Gymnasium Systems and Correct CO2 Setpoint 179,840 45.20 - - 11,657.65$ Correct CO2 Setpoint on Music and Industrial Arts Units 2,940 2.40 - - 741.57$ Replace Gym Metal Halide Fixtures With Fluorescent 19,746 8.06 - - 1,915.30$
Install Temperature Controls On Unit Heaters 32,393 14.58 - - 3,170.54$
Re-program Locker Room Makeup Air Unit 17,906 4.89 - - 1,674.99$ Re-Program Night Set Back 14,212 - - - 434.85$
Total Savings 586,102 148 - - 42,080
Energy Consumption Post Implementation 1,204,898 172.36 6,166 - 79,576.40$
30% savings, 1.05 year payback
Energy Intensity 11.88 0.002 0.06 - 0.78$ Percent Savings 32.7% 46.1% 0.0% NA 34.6%
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15,000 15,000 sfsf Public Library, Central IowaPublic Library, Central IowaT t l A l**F b ildi d i ti
Square Feet Total Annual kWh Total Annual
Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 190,000 Gas Meter #1 11,900
k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
Hospitals Totals 190 000 11 900
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
HospitalsHospitals Totals 190,000 11,900
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 2
Conventional Gas/Electric
g g
Multi Family Housing 2
Public Assembly 16,000 3
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 16,000 Estimated Study Cost 7,900$ Zone
2 g g
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
y
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.49$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
190,000 kWh 11,900 Therms 394,734 lbs CO2
109,440 kWh 7,574 Therms 235,834 lbs CO2
Z
Conventional Gas/Electric
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use
80,560 kWh 4,326 Therms 158,900 lbs CO2
4,834$ 4,109$
8,943$
17,886$
35,772$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
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Energy Intensity Before 11.88 0.74 24.67 Energy Intensity After 6.84 0.47 14.74 Projected % 10%
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Library MeasuresLibrary MeasuresElectrical Demand Natural Gas
Elec. (kWh/yr) Electrical Demand
(kW, July) Natural Gas
(Therm/year) Cost ($/yr) Base year Consumption 189,920 N/A 11,925.0 $31,633Energy Intensity 11.87 N/A 0.75 1.98$
Savings
Repair Temperature Control Valves for Heating Coils and Perimeter Radiation - - 509.6 $583Reduce Vestibule Temperature - - 64.0 $73Reduce Night Set Back Temperature - - 626.8 $717Implement Efficient Morning Warm-up - - 19.3 $22Reprogram AHU Pump on/off Controller 2 331 $221Reprogram AHU Pump on/off Controller 2,331 - - $221Increase Setpoint of Summer Dehumidification, Reduce VAV Box Minimum Position 29,211 30.45 2,549.3 $5,683Daylighting 12,294 3.82 - $1,165
Total Savings 43,837 34 3,769.0 $8,464
E C ti P t I l t ti
1 9 Year payback mostly implemented
Energy Consumption Post Implementation 146,083 N/A 8,156 23,169 Energy Intensity 9.13 N/A 0.51 1.45 Percent Savings 23% N/A 32% 27%
1.9 Year payback, mostly implemented2 Months: 40% electric goal, 30% gas goal, 30% dollar goalg
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140,000 140,000 sfsf High School Southern MNHigh School Southern MNSquare Feet Total Annual kWh
Total Annual Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 2,155,000 Gas Meter #1
k-12 140,000 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
i lHospitals Totals 2,155,000 -
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneL d i1
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 1
Ground Source Heat Pump
Lodging
Multi Family Housing 3
Public Assembly 2
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 140 000 Estimated Study Cost 23 200$Zone
1 Lodging
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
Total 140,000 Estimated Study Cost 23,200$
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.17$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
2,155,000 kWh 0 Therms 2,889,855 lbs CO2
1,518,157 kWh 0 Therms 2,035,849 lbs CO2
Z
Ground Source Heat Pump
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use 1,518,157 kWh 0 Therms 2,035,849 lbs CO2
636,843 kWh 0 Therms 854,006 lbs CO2
38,211$ -$
38,211$
76,421$
152,842$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
Total Target Use
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
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Energy Intensity Before 15.39 - 20.64 Energy Intensity After 10.84 - 14.54 Projected % 10%
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High School MeasuresHigh School Measures
30% projected energy savings, actual 40% isavings
9.2 kWh/sf (as predicted in Iowa new building model)model)EnergyStar Portfolio Manager score = 85
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36,000 36,000 sfsf Office Building, Tucson, AZOffice Building, Tucson, AZT t l A l**F b ildi d i ti
Square Feet Total Annual kWh Total Annual
Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 1,280,000 Gas Meter #1
k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
Hospitals Totals 1 280 000 -
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
HospitalsHospitals Totals 1,280,000
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office 36,000
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging5
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 5
Electric Resistance
g g
Multi Family Housing 5
Public Assembly 6
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 36,000 Estimated Study Cost 10,800$ Zone
5 g g
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
y
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.30$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
1,280,000 kWh 0 Therms 1,716,480 lbs CO2
666,878 kWh 0 Therms 894,283 lbs CO2
Z
Electric Resistance
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use
613,122 kWh 0 Therms 822,197 lbs CO2
36,787$ -$
36,787$
73,575$
147,149$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
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Energy Intensity Before 35.56 - 47.68 Energy Intensity After 18.52 - 24.84 Projected % 10%
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AZ Office Building MeasuresAZ Office Building Measures
55% savings, implementation documents underway
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Benchmarking ConclusionsBenchmarking ConclusionsLatest data not crucialReliableCulprits have been easy to find. Major ones include:• Excessive simultaneous heating and cooling• Excessive simultaneous heating and cooling
(practically every building)• Pumping wastep g• Over ventilating with or without CO2 sensors• In general: CONTROLS!
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How Can You Use Benchmarking?How Can You Use Benchmarking?http://members.questline.com/login.aspx“Just enter your e-mail address to login”Questline provided by Tech Resources Inc. with over 500 utility customers
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