Download - MICR 304 S2010 Lecture 1.ppt
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MICR 304 Immunology &
Serology
MICR 304 Immunology &
Serology
Lecture 1OverviewChapter 1
Lecture 1OverviewChapter 1
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Immunology
• Recognition of self and non-self– Antigens
• Elimination of non-self– Exogenous targets
Microbes Allergens Foreign material
– Endogenous targets Tumors
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Microbial Targets of the Immune System
(Pictures from Tortora et al, 2004)
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Allergens
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Foreign Bodies
http://www.mdchoice.com/photo/pto0023.asp
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Tumors as Targets
Breast cancer
Tumor CellNK-Cell
Before
After
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No responseResponse
Desired response
Response associated with disease
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The Birth of the Science “Immunology”
• Edward Jenner (England, 1796)
• Cowpox (vaccinia) protects against small pox
• First reported vaccination
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Milestones in Immunology
• Metchnikoff 1884– Phagocytosis
• Pasteur 1885– Systematic development
of a vaccine (rabies)
• von Behring and Kitasato 1890– Discovered antibodies
• Landsteiner 1902 – Blood groups
• Wassermann 1906– Complement fixation test
• Fleming 1921– Lysozyme
• Jacob & Wollmann 1953– Clonal selection theory
• Porter 1962– Antibody structure
• Koehler & Milstein 1975– Monoclonal antibodies
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A Major Principle in Immunology: Antibody:Antigen Binding
• Antibody: a host protein that binds specifically to a molecule (soluble or particular)
• Antigen: any molecule that can be recognized by and bound to an antibody; typically induces production of antibodies in the host (“antibody generating”)
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Evolution of Immunity
AdaptiveImmunity
InnateImmunityJawed fish
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Two Arms of Host Defense
• Innate immunity– Natural immunity– Defense system
functional at birth– Preformed or
available within hours after infection
– Pattern recognition– Widely present in
nature
• Adaptive immunity– Acquired– Available within
days– Specificity– Memory– In higher
vertebrates
Innate Adaptive
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Key Players in Immunology
Innate Adaptive
Cells PhagocytesEpithelial Cells NK
Cells
Lymphocytes(B-Ly, T-Ly)
Effector Molecules
ComplementAntimicrobial (Poly)PeptidesAntimicrobial
lipids?
Antibodies
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Defense Cells Have Specific Tasks
• Epithelial cells– Barrier
• Phagocytes– Ingest– Kill– Digest
• NK-cells– Lyse infected cells or
tumor cells
• B-lymphocytes– Produce antibodies
• T-helper lymphocytes– Strengthen defense
cells to improve their function
– Regulate immune responses
• T-killer lymphocytes– Lyse with specificty
infected cells or tumor cells
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Infection Triggers an Innate Inflammatory Response
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Dendritic Cells Initiate Adaptive Immune Responses
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Adaptive Immune Responses Augment Innate Immune
Responses
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Immune Cells Interact via Cytokines and Surface
MoleculesInnate Adaptive
Cells PhagocytesEpithelial Cells
NK Cells
Lymphocytes(B-Ly, T-Ly)
Effector molecules
ComplementAntimicrobial (Poly)PeptidesAntimicrobial
lipids?
Antibodies
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Immune Cells are also Activated by Defense
MoleculesInnate Adaptive
Cells PhagocytesEpithelial Cells
NK Cells
Lymphocytes(B-Ly, T-Ly)
Effector molecules
ComplementAntimicrobial (Poly)PeptidesAntimicrobial
lipids?
Antibodies
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Time Course of the Immune Response
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Most Immune Cells are Found in Blood
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Natural Killer Cells
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Normal Blood Distribution of Leukocytes
• Neutrophils: 40-75%• Lymphocytes: 20-50%• Monocytes: 2-10%• Eosinophils: 1-6%• Basophils: <1%
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Most Immune Cells Originate in the Bone
Marrow• Hematopoiesis
– Development of blood cells and constituent
• All blood cells originate from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Bone marrow, low power Bone marrow, higher power
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Hematopoiesis
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Hematopoiesis by Other Organs
• Sites– Spleen, liver
• Condition– Normal fetal sites of hematopoiesis– Malignancies– Myelofibrosis (bone marrow replaced
by fibrotic tissue)• Precursor cells are found in blood
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Immature Blood Cells in Peripheral Blood
•More acidophil cytoplasma•Large cells with nuclei•Prominent nucleoli
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Lymphatic Tissue
• Central– Bone marrow – Thymus
• Secondary– Spleen– Lymph nodes– GALT (gut associated
lymphatic tissue)• Tonsils• Peyer’s patches• Appendix
Production
Interactionwith Ag
Maturation
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Thymus
Immature T-Cells
Mature naive T-Cells
Hassall’s corpuscule
(Cell destruction?)
Bone marrow precursor
Blood stream
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Lymph Node
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The Spleen
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Organization of the Spleen
• White pulpa– Leukocytes
arranged around the blood vessels and sinuses
• Red pulpa:– Blood vessels and
sinuses
• Marginal Zone– Border between
white and red pulpa
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Peyer’s Patches
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Appendix
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References
• Janeway’s Immunobiology, 7th edition, 2008• Textbook of Hematology, McKenzie, 2nd
edition, 1996• Microbiology: An Introduction; Tortora et al, 8th
edition, 2004• http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HE
MEHTML/HEMEIDX.html• http://www.siumed.edu/%7Edking2/erg/smallin
t.htm• Primary literature: available per request