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Micro-power Generation in Africa
Harold Anuta and Andrew CrosslandDecember 2012
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About us
Harold Andrew
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1. How does the UK power system work?
2. How does that compare to Africa?
3. How can distributed generation be used in Africa?
4. How is our work relevant?
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Power stations
Customers
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1. How does the UK power system work?
2. How does that compare to Africa?
3. How can distributed generation be used in Africa?
4. How is our work relevant?
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Energy Top Trumps
United KingdomPopulation 62.2 million
Area 93,000 sq.miles
Generation capacity 88 GW
DR CongoPopulation 69.6 million
Area 875,000 sq.miles
Generation capacity 3GW
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Energy Top Trumps
Rwanda BelgiumPopulation 10.7 million
Area 9,524 sq.miles
Electrical energy per year 240 TWh
Population 10.8 million
Area 11,690 sq. miles
Electrical energy per year 89,000 TWh
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Percentage of population with electricity
< 20%
20% - 40%
40% - 60%
<75%
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“Only about one-fifth of the Sub-Saharan population has access to electricity”
(AICD Flagship Report, 2009)
Off-grid/microgrid electricity networks may be a viable and affordable alternative to large investments in network
infrastructure
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1. How does the UK power system work?
2. How does that compare to Africa?
3. How can distributed generation be used in Africa?
4. How is our work relevant?
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Small Power systems
Generation
Solar
Wind
IC Engines
…
Loads
Machines
Lights
…
Storage
Batteries
Flywheels
…
Grid connection
Bulk Power System
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GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
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Hydro http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHBRf2bUNXU
Concept
• Water drives turbine linked to generator• < 10kW to 1000kW
Advantages
• Low investment• Renewable energy source• Efficient• Controllable • No pollution
Challenges
• Suitable location• Climate
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Solar
Concept
• Solar thermal vs Solar PV
Advantages
• Easy to install• Durable• Renewable energy resource• Easy to maintain• No pollution
Challenges
• Uncontrollable• High capital cost (but rapidly falling)• Need storage or a grid for support
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(Electric) Generators
Concept
• Internal combustion engine to turn generator• Widely adopted
Advantages
• Established technology• Well understood• Compact• Reliable
Challenges
• Fuel cost and access• Noise and air pollution
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Micro Gas-Turbines
Concept
• Gas powered turbine• Up to 300kW
Advantages
• Heat and electricity (lower heat than other generators)• Use natural gas or biofuels with lower emissions
Challenges
• Fuel supply and access• Noise and air pollution• System Reliability• Low power efficiency• Developing technology
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Wind Turbines
Concept
• Wind turns turbine
Advantages
• Established• Easy to understand
Challenges
• Need suitable location• Needs storage• Uncontrollable
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGe65xwd-0c
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MICRO-GRID VS. MICRO-GENERATION
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Micro-generation Micro-grid
Micro-grid
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Micro-generation• Microgeneration involves heat
and/or electricity production from mostly low carbon sources by individual households, small businesses or communities
• Makes use of distributed generation technologies• Solar photovoltaics and thermal
systems• Micro-Turbines• Micro-Hydro• Fuel cells• Combined Heat and Power• Internal combustion engine
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• Small power distribution system connecting multiple customers to one or more distributed generation units and storage
• Localised power generation independent of bulk power grid
• Micro-grids were main form of power pre 1950 in most parts of the world• Industrialisation and government
policies led to move towards a centralised bulk power system
• Major advantage is multiple fuel sources
Micro-grid
Micro-grid
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Distributed generation
Can be cheaper than electrical
grid
Security of supply
Local Production
Need proper design
Control and dispatch
Rural applications
Emissions reductions
Increase generation
capacity JobsPublic
engagement and empowerment
Lower deployment cost to government
Heat and Electricity
Overall Efficiency …
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HOWEVER...The reality isn’t so simple
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1. What is an electrical power system?
2. How good is the electrical system in Africa?
3. What role can a micro-grid play in Africa?
4. How is our work relevant?
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Solar for Healthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOxF7Bz8Tso
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• High solar irradiance in Rwanda;
• Falling costs;• Low environmental impact;• Easy to maintain;• Can be used off grid with
batteries.
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“In stand alone PV systems special attention must be paid to the battery bank… the weakest component of the
system and the highest contributor to its life cycle cost”
(IEA, 2002)
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Depth of Discharge
Predicted Lifetime [years]
10% <16 years
25% <6 years
50% <3 years
80% <2 years
100% <1½ years
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Technical Study
• Smart meters;• Load surveys;• System surveys.
Social Study
• Interviews.
Background research
• System vendors/ Installers;• Government institutions.
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How has access to solar systems affected daily life?
What problems have been encountered with the systems?
What are the perceptions of solar energy use?
Areas of inquiry
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Health Centres and Schools
Considering solar systems
Used to have solar systems
Currently use solar systems
Fully functional
Deteriorating
Non-functioning
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Social Factors•Limited impact awareness and conscious misuse of systems;•Solar energy viewed as a secondary source of power;•Education is key.
Technical Factors•Poor design and design changes;•Time of use hugely important•Weather effects;•Poor maintenance and training.
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• Battery voltages;
• Autonomy;
• Condition monitoring;
• Usage pattern.
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Batt
ery
stat
e-of
-cha
rge
[%]
Pow
er [k
W]
Current Demand Current battery state-of-charge
2. The batteries are at a very low state-of-charge by the end of the day
1. High demand in the evening from the laboratory equipment
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00
Batt
ery
stat
e-of
-cha
rge
[%]
Pow
er [k
W]
Shifted Demand Current Demand Improved battery state-of-charge Current battery state-of-charge
1. Laboratory work is shifted from evening to the morning
2. The batteries still get fully charged in the day and are not as deeply discharged at night
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What next for us?
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1. How does the UK power system work?
2. How does that compare to Africa?
3. How can micro-grids be used in Africa?
4. How is our work relevant?
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Thank you for Listening
Any questions?