MIDDLE COLONIES AND THE LOWER SOUTH
• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania
• Lower South• South Carolina• Background• Labor• Slave Trade and Life
under slavery
• Georgia
• Conclusion
• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe
NEW YORK
NEW YORK
• Dutch hired Henry Hudson • 1609-1611• Search for NW Passage
NEW YORK
• New Netherland was established in 1625 on Manhattan Island by the Dutch
NEW YORK
• Dutch West India Fur Company - founded New Netherland• Fur trade was key to regional economy
NEW YORK
• Patroonship (large land grants) were awarded to individuals bringing 50 settlers to the colony
NEW YORK
• Population - 9,000 lived in New Netherland by 1660s• England saw Dutch as
interlopers; tension grew between powers• Peter Stuyvesant
surrendered to English in 1664• New Netherland
became New York
NEW YORK
• Dutch Legacy• Diverse population• Dutch, English, German, French, Scandinavian, Africa• Protestant, Catholics, Jews, Muslims• Center for commerce
PENNSYLVANIA
PENNSYLVANIA
• 1681 Charles II granted William Penn a charter to establish a colony
PENNSYLVANIA
• Two Goals• Establish a haven for
the Society of Friends (Quakers)
QUAKERS
• Quaker = Society of Friends• Quakers –
Reformed Church• Equality of all
peoples• No clergy• Women were
involved in church policy
PENNSYLVANIA
• Two Goals• Establish a haven for
Quakers• Penn hoped to make
money• Diverse Immigrant
population• Philadelphia (City of
Brotherly Love) quickly became one of the most important ports in the colonies
DELAWARE AND NEW JERSEY
• Delaware• Colonial congress• Penn. And Delaware
shared governor
• New Jersey• Originally charter
colony• Becomes royal
colony
CHECK UP!New England Middle Colonies Southern Colonies
Social
Economic
Government
All Three
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New England Middle Colonies Southern Colonies
New England (Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire)Economy:focused on trading, farming, lumbering, fishing, later manufacturingTriangular trade (rum from New England for slaves in Africa -> molasses in West Indies -> New England)Small manufacturing—mostly for naval stores (tar, pitch, pine, turpentine)Social:settlers moved by families emphasized on education & religiontownships, center= church JeremiadFranchise to freemen (male church members); some to all citizensRan by assemblies
Vocab:
John Calvin and the doctrine of predestinationSeparatistsPuritansPilgrims, and Plymouth Mayflower CompactJohn Winthrop and "A Model of Christian Charity"Roger WilliamsAnne HutchinsonNew England town meetingCharter ColonyRoyal governorscolonial assembliesGreat AwakeningJonathan EdwardsGeorge WhitefieldNew Lights versus Old Lights
Middle Colonies (Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey)Economy:“bread colonies” Social:unlike the North & South, did not establish state religionsdistinguished by its racial & religious diversity—Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German Baptists, Portuguese Jews, Lutherans, Quakers, African Americans, Native Americans, etc)
Vocab:
League of the IroquoisNorthwest PassageProprietor ColonyWilliam PennQuakersMercantilismNavigation ActsBenjamin Franklin
Chesapeake/ South (Virginia, Maryland, North & South Carolina, Georgia)Economy:Relied heavily on cultivation of tobaccoHeadright system (sponsor indentured servants to work on plantations/cultivation)By 1750, slaves were the main workers; came by the way of the “Middle Passage”Indigo & rice also made a profitSocial:mostly men; little women (came in search for economic opportunities)unhealthy populationsocial pyramid: planter aristocrats > small farmers (yeomen) > landless whites > slaves
joint-stock companyAnglicansRoanokeVirginia Company of LondonCaptain John SmithJohn RolfePocahontasheadrightsStuart Restorationindentured servantsProprietor ColonyCharter ColonyVirginia House of Burgesses and Royal Governor's CouncilCecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)Maryland Act of Religious TolerationBacon's RebellionJohn LockeMercantilismNavigation ActsJames OglethorpeStono RebellionEnlightenmentBenjamin Franklin
All Three
• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania
• South• Background• Economy• Society
• Slavery• Conclusion
• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe
SOUTHERN COLONIES
• Chesapeake Bay• Maryland• Virginia
• Deep South• North Carolina• South Carolina• Georgia
CHESAPEAKE BAY
MARYLAND
• Founded by Lord Baltimore• Colony for English
Catholics• Toleration Act
1649/1657
VIRGINIA
• Founded by Virginia Company• Founded for
mercantilism• Cash crop =
Tobacco
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA
• 1663 - Granted to 8 Lords Proprietors Founded for mercantilism• 1729 – Divided N/S• Cash crop = Rice,
Indigo• Colonists from
Barbados
GEORGIA
• Goals• buffer between
Carolinas and Sp. Florida• Haven for debtors
and rel. persecuted
• Founder• James E. Oglethorpe
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• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania
• South• Background• Economy• Society
• Slavery• Conclusion
• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe
ECONOMY
• Plantation – Large property owned by an individual used to grow a cash crop
ECONOMY - PLANTATION
Tobacco Rice
ECON 101
• Large profits could be made, but prices fluctuated
NAVIGATION ACTS (1651-1673)
• Goods sent to the colonies had to be transported on English ships• Enumerated goods, such as wool, sugar, tobacco,
and indigo, had to be shipped to England by English ships.• All foreign goods had to travel through England
before reaching the colonies
• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania
• South• Background• Economy• Society
• Slavery• Conclusion
• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe
SOCIETY (FAMILY LIFE)
• High Infant mortality rates• Life expectancy in
1600s• Men: 48• Women: 44
CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY
• Homes were spread-out and far from one another• Usually placed along rivers and streams• Low pop. Density• 6 people per sq. mile
• Large plantation homes were centers of social life
CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY (FAMILY LIFE)
• Labor Force: Servants and slaves
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• What does this document reveal about Southern society?
SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS
• 1630-1700 - 110,000 migrated to Southern Colonies• 90% - indentured
servants• Most servants were
male
SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS
• Headright System – Planters who bring migrants to colonies receive land bonus.
SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS
• Plantation Owners paid for Atlantic• Servants worked 4-7 years• 40% died within 6 years of their arrival
BACON’S REBELLION
• Economic Crisis• The price of tobacco
plummeted• Conflict with Native
Americans• Gap between rich
and poor
BACON’S REBELLION
• Settlers and former servants moved on to land reserved for Indians• Indians retaliated• William Berkeley, Virginia’s Governor, did not
respond with force; Settlers did
BACON’S REBELLION
• Nathaniel Bacon led a militia of about 300• Fought to
exterminate Indians on Virginia’s frontier• Clashed with the
Governor and burned Jamestown• Bacon died suddenly
of dysentery
BACON’S REBELLION (AFTERMATH)
• Planters increased importation of African Slaves• Decreased importation of indentured servants
Turning point in Colonial History
• Introduction• Middle Colonies• New York• Pennsylvania
• South• Background• Economy• Society
• Slavery• Conclusion
• Dutch West India Fur Company• William Penn• Middle Passage• Gullah• Stono Rebellion• James Oglethorpe
SOUTH CAROLINA AND LABOR
• Native Americans• Indentured
Servants• African Slaves
WHY SWITCH FROM SERVANTS TO SLAVES
• Slaves were slaves for life• African slaves had a
great deal of knowledge of rice cultivation• Health reasons: Malaria
and yellow fever were deadly to Europeans• Many Africans had
natural immunities to these diseases
SLAVE TRADE
• Largest migration in human history; involved about 10 million Africans• By mid 1710s,
Africans outnumbered whites in South Colonies
AFRICAN ORIGINS OF NORTH AMERICAN SLAVES 1690-1807
DESTINATION OF SLAVES
Destination of African Slaves (1519–1867)
Destination Percentage
Portuguese America 38.5%
British America (minus North America) 18.4%
Spanish Empire 17.5%
French Americas 13.6%
British North America (Colonies) 6.45%
English Americas 3.25%
Dutch West Indies 2.0%
Danish West Indies 0.3%
SLAVES AS A PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION
AFRICAN SLAVERY, INLAND TRADE
• Slavery had long existed in Africa• They were typically
debtors, criminals, or captives from war
MIDDLE PASSAGE
• Middle Passage: the voyage from Africa to the New World• 10-20%
mortality rate
GENERATIONS OF SLAVERY
• Foundation Gen.• Plantation Gen.• Migration Gen.• Emancipation Gen.
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY (LOWER SOUTH)
• Task System• Typically on rice farms• Slaves were given a
task each day; once completed their work was over• Slaves often used free
time to grow their own food
• On a daily basis, slaves often did not work closely with whites
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY (CHESAPEAKE BAY)
• Gang System• Typically on Tobacco
farms• Slaves worked in
smaller groups• They often worked
from sunrise to sunset
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY
• Slaves were bought and sold like animals• Typically lived in one room shacks• Common Diet: corn and salted pork
LIFE UNDER SLAVERYSLAVE REBELLION
• Southern Slave owners greatly feared a slave rebellion• Stono Rebellion in 1739• 60 slaves rose in rebellion against their owners• Dozens of whites were killed• Plantations were destroyed• Rebellion was eventually crushed and many of the slaves
killed.• This was the largest rebellion in the colonies
LIFE UNDER SLAVERYSLAVE REBELLION
• Reaction to Stono Rebellion• Slave Codes• Slave Patrols were expanded• Slaves could not testify in court against a white person• It was illegal to teach a slave to read or write• Slave owners faced fines if they did not control their slaves