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Protokol dan Pensinyalan
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TET6166
Protokol dan Pensinyalan2 SKS
Tujuan Pembelajaran:
Memahami fungsi protokol dan pensinyalan di jaringan Telekomunikasiserta standarisasi protokol dan Pensinyalan.
Silabus:
Pengertian Protokol & Pensinyalan, Standarisasi protokol dan
Pensinyalan, Protokol dan Pensinyalan pada jaringanTelekomunikasi fix, Protokol dan Pensinyalan pada jaringantelekomunikasi bergerak, Protokol dan Pensinyalan padaInternetworking.
Prasyarat:
Sistem Komunikasi; Komunikasi Data dan Teknik
PenyambunganBuku Ajar :
Data Communications, Computer Network, William Stalling
Data and Computer CommunicationComputer Network, FredHallshall
Signalling in Telecommunication Network
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Protokol dan Arsitektur Protokol
Bila :
Data path : - direct- via comm net.
ExchangeData
Diperlukan
Terminal
Komputer
Other Data Processing Devices
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Tahapan yang harus dilakukan :
Sistem sumber harus :
Mengaktifkan jalur (path) komunikasi langsung ataumenginformasikan identitas sistim tujuan yang diinginkanke jaringan komunikasi.
Memastikan destination system siap menerima data.
Aplikasi transfer file pada source systemharus memastikanbahwa program manajemen file pada destination systemsiapmenerima dan menyimpan file for this particular user.
Perform a format translation function if the file format used onthe two system are incompatible.
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Konsep Komunikasi
Komputer/Computer Network
Protocol
Pada Computer Science:
Suatu prosedur standar untuk mengatur
transmisi data antar komputer.
Computer Communication Architecture orprotocol Architecture
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Protocols
Digunakan untuk komunikasi antar entitas padasistem yang berbeda
Contoh entitas :file transfer packages
data base managenment system
program aplikasi user
eletronic mail facilititis terminal
contoh system :Computer
Terminal
Remote sensors
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Komunikasi antar entitas
akan sukses bila :
Speak the same langguage
What is communicated
How it is communicated
When it is communicated
Harus diatur bersamaantar entitas
Protocol
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Elemen-elemen Protocol
Syntax :format data, level signal
Semantic :Informasi kontrol untuk koordinasi dan error handling
Timing :Speed, matching and sequencing
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Karakteristik Protokol
Direct/Indirect
Monolitic/Structured
Symetric/Asymetric (peer to peer/ClientServer)
Standard/Non Standard
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Direct
Point to point
Multipoint broadcast Network
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Indirect
Switched Network
Internet
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Fungsi Protokol
Encapsulation
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection Control
Ordered deliveryFlow Control
Error Control
AddressingMultiplexing
Transmission Services
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Encapsulation
PDU Data + Informasi Kontrol
Address (Sender & Receiver)EDCProtokol Kontrol
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Segmentation & Reassembly
Why ?
Jaringan Komunikasi hanya menerima blok data hinggaukuran tertentu.
Contoh :
ATM netEthernet
Error Control lebih efisien dilakukan dengan ukuran PDUlebih kecil
More equitable access to shared transmission facilities. Can allocate smaller buffer
For check point and restart/ recovery operation.
53 Oktet
1526 Oktet
Saat retransmisi
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Connection Control
Pada Connectionless tidak diperlukan
Pada Connection Oriented
Phasa komunikasi : Connection establishment
Data transfer
Connection termination
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Addressing
Lingkup :
Addressing Level (Pada arsitektur)
Addressing scope Connection Identifier
Addressing Mode (Unicast, Multicast,
Broadcast)
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Transmission Services
Priority
QOS
Security
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Arsitektur Protokol
OSI Reference Model (ISO 7498)
Phisical
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Application
Phisical
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Application
Phisical
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Application
Comm.
Path
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TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
Application Layer
Host to Host /Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Access Layer
Phisical Layer
Provide communication between
process/application on separate host
Provide end to end, data transfer services. (reliable)
Concerned with routing data from source to dest.
Host
Concerned with the Logical Interface between an
end system and a subnetwork.
Defines characteristics of the transmission
medium, signalling rate, and signal encoding
scheme.
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Element Pelayanan
(Services Element) Framing
Penandaan awal dan akhir frame data (Layers 1 & 2 only)
Addresses
Menjamin data dikiri pada penerima yang benar.
Handshake
Ensures fully synchronized communicating layer processesApplies to connection-oriented protocols
Acknowledgements
Pemberitahuan sinyal diterima dengan benar ke sender.
Sequence numbers
Used in conjunction with acknowledgements and serviceelements
Timers
Penentuan delay maksimum sebelum ack yang diharapkandatang.
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Element Pelayanan
Error control Error detection :
sender computes checksum or check code
Receiver recalculates and compares with received value
Error correction:Sender retransmits information (sometimes called backward error correction)
Or (more rarely) receiver locates and corrects error(s) Calledforward error correction
Flow control Receiver requests sender to reduce sending rate
Optional service elements include Congestion control: sender detects network congestion and reduces its
sending rate Timestamps: allows data to carry senders clocking information
Authentication: sender verifies itself to receiver
Encryption: sender hides information using unbreakable code
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Level Pelayanan
( Services Level)
Pengertian Pelayanan :
Suatu facility yang disediakan untuk digunakan user.
For example the telephone service
Kapabilitas untuk menyampaikan protocol
Kumpulan pelayanan yang disediakan oleh by a set
of layered protocols
For example, Transport Service, Network Service
Tiga level Pelayanan : Best-efforts
Basic connection-oriented
Reliable
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Protocol Type Elements Used Service Level
Connectionless
Data transfer,
addressing
May also include:
framing and
checksum
Best efforts
(no delivery
guarantees)
Basic Connection-
Oriented
All of the above,
plus handshake to
set up and release
connection
May include error
detection
Sequenced
information
transfer(But delivery not
guaranteed; errors
cause data unit to
be discarded)
Full (Reliable)
Connection-
Oriented
All of the above,plus, sequence
numbers,
acknowledgement
s, flow control,
error detection and
error correction
Guarantees to
deliver information
in sequence and
without loss or
corruption
Increasing
complexity,
which meansincreasingly
more
process-
intensive
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Layering Service Levels
Tidak diperlukan setiap protocol padalapisan di set reliable Can run a best efforts protocol on top of a
reliable serviceReduces overall complexity
Can run a reliable protocol on top of a best-
efforts serviceEnhances reliability of underlying service
Diusahakan tanpa duplikasi The additional complexity increases
processing overhead and reducesthroughput
Two trends in modern protocol suites Spread service elements over a number of
layers
Reduce complexity of Network Service(Layers 1-3)
simple network
intelligent hosts
reliable
service
simple
protocol
best-efforts
service
reliable
protocol
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NEXT WEEK
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Protocols normally designed as two-way (or full-duplex) Two communicating parties, each with a sending and a
receiving process
Model is independent of any specific communications layer
Data normally buffered awaiting acknowledgement at thesender, and also buffered awaiting processing at the receiver
Some protocols operate between one sender andmultiple receivers multicasting protocols
Operasi Protocol
receiving
process
sending
processreceiving
process
sending
process
buffers
A B
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Digunakan untuk mengilustrasikan operasi protokol. Sender on left, receiver on right, lower layer service in the middle
Time runs down the page
Time Sequence Diagrams
SENDER RECEIVER
time
LOWER LAYER SERVICE
protocol
primitive
protocol
primitive
A B
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Connectionless Protocol
data blocks, including headers from current layer and layer(s) above
receiving
process
sending
process
receiving
process
sendingprocess
A B
Bagaimana mencapai best efforts communications? Setiap party mengirimkan data bila siap dan mengetahui
penerimaan benar.
Beberapa problema.
Kegagalan acknowledgements menyebabkan protocolberada pada keadaan tak menentu.
Loss hard to detect, for example
Bila sender and receiver tidak sinkron, sulit untukmenyinkronkan aplikasi.
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request
reply
A B
Can be made to work if higher layers constrained to sending or receiving
Only one data block exchanged at a time (half-duplex mode)
Each block elicits some sort of reply from remote higher layer
Explicit acknowledgement or return data block This approach often used for simple request-reply protocols
For example, name-to-address resolution
Also works if a higher layer protocol operates at a higher service level
Is a reliable service, for example
Working With
Connectionless Protocols
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Most obvious difference is theinclusion of handshakes For connection set-up and release
Facilitates sender and receiversynchronization For example, to exchange
opening sequence numbers To define service class (ATM)
Open also triggers network path set-up Allows service to incorporate
sequential delivery withoutincorporating sequence numbers
Addition of sequence numbers toprotocol header allows deliverysequence to be checked by receiver
Connection-Oriented Services
open
ack
close
ack
Connection available for use
A B
Simple CO Examples
ATM, FR
More Complex CO Examp les
TCP, FTP, HDLC
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