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““MITOCHONDRIAL EVE” MITOCHONDRIAL EVE”
THEORY - The mitochondrial THEORY - The mitochondrial DNA in modern humans was DNA in modern humans was inherited from one common inherited from one common female ancestor in Africa female ancestor in Africa ~200,000 years ago.~200,000 years ago.
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Mitochondria Mitochondria
• StructureStructure-cristae-cristae
-matrix-matrix
• FunctionsFunctions-generate energy-generate energy-cellular respiration-cellular respiration-heat production -heat production
• OriginOrigin – – symbiosis of primitive symbiosis of primitive bacteria and eukaryotic cellsbacteria and eukaryotic cells
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Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial DNA
• Double-stranded, circularDouble-stranded, circular• 16,569 base pairs16,569 base pairs• Independent replicationIndependent replication• No recombinationNo recombination• No DNA repairNo DNA repair• 10X higher mutation rate10X higher mutation rate
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Mitochondria & FertilizationMitochondria & Fertilization
• Oocytes have 100,000 mitochondriaOocytes have 100,000 mitochondria
• Sperm have < 100 mitochondriaSperm have < 100 mitochondria
• Sperm mitochondria is destroyed after Sperm mitochondria is destroyed after fertilizationfertilization
• Mitochondria is only inherited from the Mitochondria is only inherited from the mothermother
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““MITOCHONDRIAL EVE”MITOCHONDRIAL EVE”
THEORY - The mitochondrial DNA THEORY - The mitochondrial DNA in modern humans was inherited in modern humans was inherited from one common female from one common female ancestor in Africa ~200,000 years ancestor in Africa ~200,000 years ago.ago.
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Possible Causes/Events for Possible Causes/Events for Mitochondrial EveMitochondrial Eve
• BottleneckBottleneck
• Random Genetic DriftRandom Genetic Drift
• ParthenogenesisParthenogenesis
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The ParthenonThe Parthenon
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Molecular EvidenceMolecular Evidence
• DNA Restriction DNA Restriction AnalysisAnalysis
• SequencingSequencing
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Evolutionary TreeEvolutionary Tree
other Africans
Bushmen
Ethiopians N. AfricansS.W. AsiansMiddle EasternersEuropeansIndiansLapps
N.E. Asians
American Indians
S.E. Asians
Pacific Islanders
New Guineans
Australians
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Anthropological EvidenceAnthropological Evidence
• Human Human
bonesbones
• toolstools
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SummarySummary
• Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mothermother
• A population bottleneck likely resulted in A population bottleneck likely resulted in Mitochondrial EveMitochondrial Eve
• Molecular and anthropological evidence Molecular and anthropological evidence support the theory of Mitochondrial Evesupport the theory of Mitochondrial Eve
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Ankel-Simons, F and Cummins,J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:13859 -13863, 1996.
Barton, N. and Jones, J. Nature 306:317-318, 1983.
Brown, W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 77:3605-3609,1980.
Cann, R. et al. Nature 325:31-36, 1987.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6002-6006, 1988.
Giles, R. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:6715-6719, 1980.
Lewin, R. Science 238:24 -26, 1987.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th edition, Columbia Univ. Press, 1993.
http://hotbot.com/?MT=parthenogenesis&BT=H&DHS=1
Ross, D. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 115:544, 1991.
Stringer, C. Sci. Am. December 98-104, 1990.
Stringer, C and Andrews, P. Science 239:1263-1268, 1988.
Vigilant, L. et al. Science 253:1503-1507, 1991.
Wilson, A. and Cann, R. Sci. Am. April 68-73, 1992.
Key References