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DIRECTIONS- WEEK 3
• Fill in the attached notes pages as you follow along with the PowerPoint slides.•Keep the 2 notes pages for next week. You will be using them on more activities next week.
CELL DIVISIONT H E C E L L C Y C L E A N D M I T O S I S
WHAT IS DNA?
• Double-stranded molecule made of nucleotides that stores genetic information(double helix)
• How does it store it?• As a long, continuous thread that consists of
numerous genes
DNA: DIFFERENT STAGES-DIFFERENT SHAPES
• Chromatin: loosely compacted single strand
• Chromatid: tightly compacted, one of a pair • Chromosome: two tightly compacted sister
chromatids joined at the centromere• Always paired with an identical copy of itself
SISTER CHROMATIDS
CHROMATID
2 TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes(total 46 chromosomes)
•Autosomes• Chromosome pairs 1-22• Contain genes not directly related to the sex of an
organism
• Sex Chromosomes• 23rd pair of chromosomes• Control the development of sex characteristics
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GENES FROM YOUR PARENTS
Everyone gets 2 sets of genes, one from mom and one from dad• Females: have two X chromosomes (XX)• Larger, can hold more information
• Males: have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY)• Smaller, sex-linked information only
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
• Asexual: offspring are identical to parents (like a clone of the original cell)• Examples: Budding (yeast) and Binary
Fission (bacteria)
• Sexual: offspring have a combination of genetic information from 2 parents (sperm and egg)• Examples: animals and plants
2 TYPES OF CELLS FOUND IN THE BODY
Gametes• Sex cells• Female (egg)
• Male (sperm)
* DNA in gametes is passed on to offspring
Somatic Cells• Body Cells• Make up tissues
and organs
* DNA is NOTpassed to offspring through cell division
THE CELL CYCLE
• The Cell Cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication and division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
•Why do cells need to divide?• Growth• Reproduction
• Repair
Cell Cycle’s 3 main Stages
1. Interphase• Where DNA replicates and forms
chromosomes
2. Mitosis• Where chromosomes• Divide and separate from each other
3. Cytokinesis• Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
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CELL CYCLE
1. Interphase• Chromosomes appear as
threadlike coils (chromatin)• 90% of the cell cycle• Three phases• G1- Growth• S- DNA Replication (DNA doubles to
form sister chromatids)• G2- Growth (prepares to divide)
CELL CYCLE
2. Mitosis• (1 cell becomes 2 cells)• Both new cells are identical to the original• ALL cells except sperm and eggs do this
• Occurs in 4 stages• P. M. A. T.
CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS
PROPHASE (“before”)• First stage of Mitosis• Chromatids become Chromosomes (X)
• Nuclear membrane breaks down
CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS
METAPHASE (“middle”)• Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell• Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome
CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS
ANAPHASE (“anti”)• Spindle fibers shorten and pull sister chromatids apart• Chromatids get pulled to opposite sides of the cell
CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS
TELOPHASE (“two”)• New nuclear membranes begin to form around chromosomes (one for each new cell)• Chromosomes begin to uncoil• Spindle fibers fall apart
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CELL CYCLE
3. Cytokinesis•Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells• Animal cells: cleavage
• Plant cells: cell plate forms
• Full stage of the cell cycle is now complete
END RESULT
•Mitosis is carried out by all cells (somatic cells) EXCEPT sperm and egg cell (gametes are not identical)•Mitosis forms 2 “daughter cells”• Daughter cells are IDENTICAL to original cell• Daughter cells are half the size of the original
What Stages of Mitosis can you find?
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Cell Cycle Review Sheet 1. What is stored within DNA? _________________________________________
2. A _______________ is DNA that is tightly compacted and only 1 of a pair.
3. A _______________ is a pair of tightly compacted DNA.
4. _________________ is a loosely compacted single strand of DNA.
5. How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? ______________
6. Do we have MORE autosomal or sex chromosomes? ____________________
7. If chromosome pair #23 is XX, is this a male or female? _______________ How about someone with XY
in the #23 pair? ____________
8. _______________ reproduction results in a cloned organism that is identical to its parents.
9. _______________ reproduction results in an organism that is a genetic combination of its parents.
10. What kind of somatic cells do females have?_______________ males? __________________
11. Somatic cells are the cells that make up the __________________ and __________________ of your body.
12. _____________________ is the stage of the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides.
13. _____________________ is the stage of the cell cycle where DNA replicates (copies) and chromosomes
form.
14. _____________________ is the stage of the cell cycle when chromosomes divide and separate from each
other.
15. Cells spend 90% of their life in which stage of the cell cycle? __________________
16. Does mitosis create somatic (body) cells or gamete (sex) cells? _____________
17. How many cells are created by mitosis? ________ Are these cells identical or different? _______________
Match the name of the step where the described action happens.
Interphase: G1, G2, or S
18. ________________ Growth.
19. ________________DNA is replicated (copied) to double the amount.
20. ________________More growth preparing to divide.
Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) or Cytokinesis stages
21. ________________ Chromatids get pulled to opposite sides of the cell when the spindle fiber shorten.
22. ________________ Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell where spindle fibers attach to them.
23. ________________Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells.
24. ________________ Chromatids become chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
25. ________________ Nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes uncoil.