Download - Mixed method
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Lecturer:
Dr. Johan
Presented by :-
Huwaida binti Tajudin 2013422458
Hanafi bin Hasbullah 2013401686
Saiful Nizam bin Mat Saat 2013416388
Mohd Faizal Ridha 2013426796
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MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
What does it mean?
- Involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods
in a single study.
- Those who engage in such research argues that the use of
both methods provides a more complete understanding of
research problems than does the use of either one.
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What does it mean? • Started in the early 1950s.
• Only has achieved a significant place in
educational research.
• The first journal devoted to it began
publication in 2005.
• There are different views to what
a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is.
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Examples of the kinds of mixed-methods studies
“Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies
in Research on Teachers’ Lives, Work, and Effectiveness.”
“Closed and Open-Ended Question Tools in a Telephone
Survey About ‘The Good Teacher’.”
“Emotions and Change During Professional Development
for Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study’.”
“Telling It All: A Story of Women’s Social Capital Using a
Mixed Methods Approach’.”
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There are different views to what a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is :- Numerical and statistical analysis.
In-depth information, often in narrative form, frequently
obtained through the analysis of written communication.
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What does it mean? - Qualitative – Developing a holistic picture and analysis
of the phenomenon being studied with an emphasis on
‘thick’ rather than ‘selective’ description.
- Quantitative – Observation and interviewing,
prominent instruments used in qualitative research, are
also commonly found in quantitative studies.
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Why do mixed-methods research
IT HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS:
1. Clarify and explain relationships
found to exist between variables.
2. Explore relationships between variables IN DEPTH.
3. Mixed method studies can help to confirm or
cross-validate relationships discovered between
variables, as when quantitative and qualitative
methods are compared to see if they converge
on a single interpretation of a phenomenon.
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Drawbacks of Mixed-Method Studies.
• You might ask “Why all research problems are not
addressed using mixed methods designs?”
1. Extremely time-consuming and expensive to carry out.
2. Many researchers are only experienced in only one type
of research.
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Avoiding the drawbacks
1. Multiple researchers with
differing areas of expertise work
as a team.
2. Better off doing a purely
quantitative or qualitative study
and doing it well.
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1) THE EXPLORATORY DESIGN
Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze data
separately)
QUALITATIVE data collection precedes quantitative data
collection.
Greater emphasis is placed on the QUALITATIVE data in the
study.
Example: You first conduct interviews and then follow up with a
few individuals who answered positively to the questions by
giving out survey forms.
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SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAL DATA ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
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2) THE EXPLANATORY DESIGN
• Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze data
separately)
• Collecting QUAN data first followed by collecting QUAL data
second
• Greater emphasis is placed on the QUAN data in the study
• Example: You first conduct a survey and then follow up with a
few individuals who answered positively to the questions
through interviews.
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SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAL DATA ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
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3) THE TRIANGULATION DESIGN
• Collecting both QUAN and QUAL data
• Collecting these data at the same time in the research
procedure
• Analyzing the QUAN and QUAL data separately
• Comparing or combining the results of the QUAN and QUAL
analysis
• Example: collect survey data (quantitative) and collect
individual interviews (qualitative) and then compare the results
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SEQUENTIAL OF TRIANGULATION DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
QUAN DATA COLLECTION QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYZE QUAL DATA ANALYZE
DATA RESULTS ARE COMPARED/COMBINED
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Advocacy lenses • Presence or absence of an ‘advocacy lens’ – a factor used to
categorized the mixed-method designs.
• Occurs when – the researcher’s worldview implies that the purpose
of the research is to recommend the improved treatment to
participants in the world outside the research.
• ‘Worldview’ is a comprehensive view of the world and human life.
– (including everything)
• Example of worldview that involve advocacy lens are:
– feminist theory, race-based theory and critical theory
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Example of research:
A research wanted to triangulating(dividing) quantitative and
qualitative methods.
A research on the student academic performance.
Between white suburban school with primarily black inner-city
(poorer central section of city) school.
Purposes of research might be:-
Improve condition and academic school black inner-city student
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SAMPLING • Qualitative researchers - use purposive sampling.
– Researchers select participants who have experience with central concept being
investigate.
– Small sample size (to get considerable amount of details)
• Quantitative researchers - choose individual who are representative
of a larger population.
– to get generalize result
• Generally random sampling strategies are preferred, however, it is often
not suitable in educational research.
• Thus, convenience, systematic or purposive sampling must be used.
• Sample sizes are much larger than qualitative studies.
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• Example of the research
• A researcher might randomly select two high schools for the
study on drug. (suburban schools)
• Survey the 800 graduating.
• Then conduct six focus group using purposive sample of
students.
• Finally conclude by randomly selecting 40 students as subjects.
• *researcher must make a number of decisions with regard to
sampling before beginning a mixed-methods study.
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MIXED MODEL STUDIES
Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) defined Mixed model studies as those that ‘combine qualitative and quantitative aproches
within several different phases of the research proses.
Single study- involve an experimental study, then qualitative data collection after it has been converted to numbers.
Mixed-model study- qualitative and quantitative study ma be addressed in three phases. (refer book page 563)
Complicated system for classifying research design. Because the three phases occur very rarely in practice.
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STEPS IN CONDUCTING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY
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EV
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ETHICS IN MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
Three ethical concern
Protecting participant identity
privacy
Treating participants with respect
sensitivity
Protecting participants from both physical and psychological harm
Injury and pressure
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SUMMARY
• Mixed method studies becoming popular and common in educational research.
• The values lies in combining qualitative and quantitative methods (complement each other)
• Requires time, energy and resources in both quantitative and qualitative methods.
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Thank You For your attention..