Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for Video Multicast
Seminar Presentation
Advanced Topics in Distributed Systems:
Modern Group Communication Mechanisms
Marleine Mounir Daoud
9th of February, 2009
Outline Introduction
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Multicast Overview
Video Multicast Multicast Tree and Mesh Approaches ODMRP and MAODV
MT-MAODV
Reason for MAODV and MDC MT-MAODV Algorithm with an Example Evaluation
Conclusion
ReferencesMonday, February 09, 2009 2Marleine Mounir Daoud -
Seminar Presentation
Introduction Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
(MANETs) Are by Definition:
Multi-hop wireless networks
Dynamically reconfigurable
No fixed infrastructure No central administration
Widely Used Important in Future Wireless Communication
Monday, February 09, 2009 3Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Introduction Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) ctd.
Applications Crowd Control Battlefields Search and Rescue
Monday, February 09, 2009 4Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Introduction Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) ctd.
Problems and Constraints Mobility, No fixed topology Route discovery required frequently Limited Battery Power, Limited Bandwidth Wireless Transmitter Range
Monday, February 09, 2009 5Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Introduction Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) ctd.
Problems and Constraints Links formed and broken due to mobility
Multicast in Ad Hoc Tasks in Groups for better Quality Groups solve some MANETs problems thus
Multicast important in MANETs
A B AB
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Multicast Overview
Video Multicast Definition
Delivering video to multiple receivers
Receivers have same multicast address
Applications Group Video Conferencing Video-On-Demand Distance Learning
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Multicast Overview
Video Multicast ctd. Requirements or Constraints
Lost Bandwidth Jitter Delay
Problems Available routing protocols are designed more
efficiently for data applications rather than video applications, thus video transmission constraints might not be fulfilled
Monday, February 09, 2009 8Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview Multicast Tree and Mesh Approaches
Multicast General Tree vs. Wireless Wireless Nodes have Broadcasting Nature
Tree Tree Definition:
Only 1 Routebetween treeand receiver
Protocols using Tree Approach: MAODV
Monday, February 09, 2009 9Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview Multicast Tree and Mesh Approaches ctd.
Mesh Mesh Definition:
Multiple Routesbetween sourceand receiver
Protocols using Mesh Approach: ODMRP
Monday, February 09, 2009 10Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview
Multicast Tree and Mesh Approaches ctd. Advantages and Disadvantages
Tree + High forwarding (single path property) - High possibility of dropping (no backup path exists) - Vulnerable to high mobility - Vulnerable to load or large groups
Mesh + Multiple paths (more efficient if a path broke) + Quickly reconfigurable - High number of forwarding nodes - Excessive message overhead (low efficiency)
Monday, February 09, 2009 11Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview Multicast Routing Protocols
MAODV AMRoute
CAMP
WARM
OLAM L-REMiT
DDR
AMRIS
NSMP PUMA
PBM
DCMP
PAST-DM ODMRP
MT-MAODV
G-REMiT
S-REMiT
MZR
STMP
MCEDAR
ADMR
FGMPMANSI
Monday, February 09, 2009 12Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP)
Receiver-initiated protocol (On-Demand) Mesh Based Approach (multiple routes) Soft-State (join/leave group) Uses concept of Forwarding Group
Subset of nodes forwards multicast packets using scoped flooding
Shortest path between any pair of nodes
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Multicast Overview ODMRP Example
Monday, February 09, 2009 14Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast RT
Forwarding Group
X s
b
ae
X Z
Y
W
d
c
Sender
s
Y, Zs b, cs
a, Ws
d, es
Broadcast
Join ReplyJoin Request
Multicast Overview ODMRP Example
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Robustness
Multicast Overview
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP)
Advantages and Disadvantages + No explicit leave message (member nodes
refreshed when needed by source) + Multiple path to one destination (mesh
approach) + Backup path if link is broken (Robust) - High Overhead (because broadcast the reply to
many nodes) - Complex Topology
Monday, February 09, 2009 16Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview
Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV)
Extension of the unicast protocol, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
Receiver-initiated protocol Tree Based Approach Consists of 2 main parts:
Tree Construction Tree Maintenance
Monday, February 09, 2009 17Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview
Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) ctd.
Each Multicast Group has: Group Leader (First group member) Responsible in maintaining sequence number
that ensures updated routing information GL broadcasts Hello messages to keep track of
tree connectivity
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Multicast Overview
Tree Construction Node broadcast
Join Flag Any node sends
back reply Shortest path
selected New node joins Same procedure
d
j k l
ihg
f
A
e
C
BMonday, February 09, 2009 19Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview
Tree Maintenance Link breaks GL sends hello
messages Link known to
be down New routes
are discovered d
j k l
ihg
f
A
e
C
BMonday, February 09, 2009 20Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview MAODV Example
L
Group Join Process
Broadcast - RREQ
Only GM Responds
Multicast ActivationBroadcast Group Hello
Group member
Multicast Tree member
Ordinary node
Potential Group member
Multicast link
Communication link
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Multicast Overview MAODV Example
L
Leaving a Multicast Group
Non leaf NodeMust remain as a Tree member
Leaf NodeCan remove itself from
MTAgain Leaf Node
Remove himself from MT
Group member
Multicast Tree member
Ordinary node
Potential Group member
Multicast link
Communication link
Monday, February 09, 2009 22Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Multicast Overview
Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV)
Advantages and Disadvantages + Low Overhead (because unicast the reply) + Shortest path always chosen (tree approach) - No backup path if link is broken - High percentage of bad frames in video
transmission due to packet loss (link broken) - Multiple interruptions seen in video watched
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MT-MAODV
Multiple Tree Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MT-MAODV)
Goal: Provide Improved Video Quality By: Discovering a new routing protocol Using:
Multiple Disjoint Trees MAODV Multiple Description Coding (MDC)
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MT-MAODV
Reason for Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) and Multiple Description Coding (MDC)
MAODV: Have: Mobility, Solution: Fault-Tolerant
Framework Use Many Disjoint Trees (transform MAODV)
MDC: Have: Many Trees, Solution: Dividing the video
into many equally and independent video description possible with MDC
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MT-MAODV MT-MAODV Algorithm
Goal: Construction of 2 disjoint trees 5 Statuses for nodes available:
ON_GROUP:multicast group member
ON_TREE_0forwarding node of the 2 trees
ON_TREE_1forwarding node of tree 1
ON_TREE_2forwarding node of tree 2
NOT_ON_TREEnot tree member
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MT-MAODV MT-MAODV Algorithm ctd.
6 Steps Algorithm: Send RREQ_J
by node wanting to join multicast group Forward RREQ_J
by NOT_ON_TREE nodes Reply RREQ_J
by group members Forward RREP_J
to the requesting node Store RREP_J
given shortest path Trees Activation
sent by requesting nodeMonday, February 09, 2009 27Marleine Mounir Daoud -
Seminar Presentation
MT-MAODV
MT-MAODV Algorithm Example Multiple trees construction with multicast table
for topology
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MT-MAODV
MT-MAODV Algorithm Example Multiple trees construction for node A
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Considering GL is Group Leader
Node A sends Join Request
GL replies with 2 upstream nodes available: y and z
Node A receives replies with both Tree fields as Zero so can select any of them for tree-1: node y and the other for tree-2: node z
MT-MAODV
MT-MAODV Algorithm Example Multiple trees construction for node B
Monday, February 09, 2009 30Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Node B sends Join Request
Node A replies with Tree field as Zero and Node z replies with Tree field as 2
Node B receives replies and chooses node A for tree-1 and node z for upstream of tree-2
MT-MAODV
MT-MAODV Algorithm Example Multiple trees construction for node C
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Node C sends Join Request
Three replies are returned: Node A replies with Tree field as Zero from node x and node w, Node B replies with Tree field as Zero from node v
Node C receives replies and can chooses node x or w for tree-1 and node v for upstream of tree-2 because connecting to different Tree Members has higher priority
MT-MAODV
MT-MAODV Algorithm Example Multiple trees construction for node D
Monday, February 09, 2009 32Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Node D sends Join Request
As it has only 1 node connected to it, Node u will reply with Tree field as Zero from Node B
Node D receives reply and chooses Node u for upstream of tree-1 and tree-2 because priority is given to tree connectivity rather than disjoint trees
MT-MAODV
MT-MAODV Algorithm Example After multiple trees construction completed,
can fill in the table for topology
Monday, February 09, 2009 33Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
MT-MAODV Evaluation
Video Quality Received Percentage of Bad Frames:
- with MAODV and MDC: 2% improvement- with MT-MAODV: addition of 2% improvement
A bad frame occurs when the 2 video descriptions sent on the 2 trees are not decodable at the same time
Number of Interruptions:- with MAODV: more than 50 times- with MT-MAODV: less than 20 times
Great improvement in this point!Monday, February 09, 2009 34Marleine Mounir Daoud -
Seminar Presentation
MT-MAODV Evaluation ctd.
Network View Number of Hops Traversed:
- MT-MAODV has higher number than MAODVMAODV always chooses shortest path while MT-MAODV chooses 2 paths so increase by less than 1 hop
Number Routing Control Packets:- MT-MAODV has higher number than MAODVNecessary in constructing and maintaining 2 trees
Forwarding Efficiency:- MT-MAODV worse than MAODVLarger hops to be traversed in MT-MAODV
Monday, February 09, 2009 35Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Conclusion MT-MAODV
Fault-tolerant video transmission due to MDC Improvement in the field of video multicast on
ad hoc networks from the point of the video quality received
From the network view, can be considered as having open issues and future challenges so that the presented algorithm can be improved
Monday, February 09, 2009 36Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
Thank You for Listening
Any Questions?
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References
Chee Onn Chow and Hiroshi Ishii. Multiple Tree Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MT-MAODV) Routing Protocol for Video Multicast over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEICE Transactions, 91-B(2):428-436, 2008
B. Xu, S. Hischke, and B. Walke. The role of ad hoc networking in future wireless communications. In Proceedings of International Conference on Communication Technology, ICCT 2003, volume 2, pages 1353-1358, Beijing, China, Apr 2003.
Sung ju Lee, William Su, Julian Hsu, Mario Gerla, and Rajive Bagrodia. A performance comparison study of ad hoc wireless multicast protocols. Pages 565-574, 2000.
Katia Obraczka and Gene Tsudik. Multicast routing issues in ad hoc networks. In In IEEE ICUPC, 1998.
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References ctd.
Sung ju Lee, William Su, and Mario Gerla. On-demand multicast routing protocol. Pages 1298-1302, 1999.
C. Siva Ram Murthy and B.S. Manoj. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2004.
E. Royer and C. Perkins. Multicast Ad hoc On- Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) Routing, 2000.
C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and S. Das. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, 2003.
V. K. Goyal. Multiple description coding: compression meets the network. Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 18(5):74-93, September 2001.
Monday, February 09, 2009 39Marleine Mounir Daoud - Seminar Presentation
References ctd.
Fred Baker, “Mobile Ad Hoc Networks”, Cisco Presentation.
Dewan Tanvir Ahmed, “Multicasting in Ad Hoc Networks”, University of Ottawa.
“On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol”, COSC 6590, 2007.
S.-J. Lee, W. Su, and M. Gerla, “On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) for Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE Networks, vol. 13, no. 4, Jul. 1999, pp. 48-54.
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