Download - Modal verbs for speculation and deduction
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Past modals
Míriam Tomàs
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Logical assumptions and deductions
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How can we express certainty, probability or speculation?
Let’s put on the thinking cap
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must
You have been practising all day,
you must be exhausted!
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must
Sean and Jennie must be going out again. I’ve seen them talking very lovey-dovey, you know.
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Logical assumptions and deductions
Must:
▪ is used in affirmative sentences.
▪ states something about which you are certain that is true.
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Modal verbs and different tenses
We can use modal verbs with different combinations of verbs to change the time of the actions.
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must
You have been practising all day,
you must be exhausted!
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must
You have been practising all day,
you must be exhausted!
Infinitive = present speculation
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must
Sean and Jennie must be going out again. I’ve seen them talking very lovey-dovey, you know.
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Infinitive + gerund (continuous) = in progress at the time of speaking
must
Sean and Jennie must be going out again. I’ve seen them talking very lovey-dovey, you know.
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must
I must have left my phone at Anna’s. I definitely remember having it there.
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must
I must have left my phone at Anna’s. I definitely remember having it there.
Have + past participle = speculation about the past
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Next!
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Can’t and couldn’t
What you say about Claire and Jake can’t be true! They’re so good together it’s impossible they’re going to break up.
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Someone’s been at home, but it can’t have been James, he was at work.
Can’t and couldn’t
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You couldn’t have seen their faces. It was too dark.
Can’t and couldn’t
Couldn’t = when the speculation is about the distant past
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Can’t and couldn’t
▪ Can’t and couldn’t are used in negations and express negative logical assumptions. That is to say, you use them when you’re certain that something is not true or real.
Monsters can’t be real!
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Can’t and couldn’t
▪ Can’t and couldn’t are the opposite of must. So we don’t say:
Monsters mustn’t be real!
but:
Monsters can’t be real!
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Infinitive = speculation about the present
Can’t and couldn’t
What you say about Claire and Jake can’t be true! They’re so good together it’s impossible they’re going to break up.
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Someone’s been at home, but it can’t have been James, he was at work.
Can’t and couldn’t
Have + past participle = speculation about the past
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The children can’t be studying. I can hear them gossiping.
Can’t and couldn’t
Infinitive + gerund = speculation about an action in progress at the
time of speaking
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Possibility and probability
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They might have been a perfect match, but something got in their way.
May and might
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Someone might have stolen your wallet when you got off the train.
May and might
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He hasn’t arrived yet. I may have given him the wrong directions.
May and might
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We use may and might when we think it’s possible that
something’s happened or is true.
May and might
We’re not 100% sure!
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He hasn’t arrived yet. I may have given him the wrong directions.
He might be lost.
He might be looking for the right directions.
May and might
Different tenses can also be used:
Infinitive presentHave + past part. pastInfinitive + gerund actionin progress
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Regret & criticism
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You ought to have fed the cat and dog.
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It’s my fault. I should have told you earlier my mother was coming.
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Should and ought to
▪ Should have + past participle is used to criticise someone’s
actions or lack of them in the past, or in other words to say that
somebody didn’t do the right thing in the past.
Ought to have + past participle is used as
an alternative to should
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Now it’s your turn!
Go to page 156 to complete exercise 3.
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