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Mohammed Soud Mohareb 120051649Mohammed Ismail Al- Feqawi 120050676
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Tracking radar systems are used to measure the targets range, azimuth angle, elevation angle, and velocity
Predict the future values
Target tracking is important to military and civilian purposes as missile guidance and airport traffic control
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Targets are divided to two types:
1- Single target2- Multiple targets
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1- Angle tracking A- Sequential lobingB- Conical scanC- Amplitude compression monopulseD- Phase compression monopulse
2- Range tracking
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Describes how much the target has deviated from the beam main axis
Radar trying to produce a zero error signal
Azimuth and elevation error
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Single target
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Sequential lobing is often referred to as lobe switching or sequential switching
Accuracy depends on the pencil beam width
It is very simple to implement10
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Measuring the difference between the echo signals voltage levels
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This type is more accurate than sequential and conical scanning
Feed generated four beams simultaneously with single pulse
The four beams are inphase but have different amplitudes.
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To move the servosystem on the target we need to calculate Error signal output
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Azimuth and elevation error can be calculated by using Microwave comparator circuitry
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It’s the same as the last type but the amplitude here is equal for the four beams with different phases
Phase comparison monopulse tracking radars use a minimum of a two-element array antenna
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It consist of two gates:1-Early gate 2- Late gate
The early gate produces positive voltage output but the late gate produces negative voltage output.
Subtracting & integrationOutput is: zero, negative or positive
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Multiple target
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Here the system is more difficult since:
TrackingScanning reporting
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This type of radar is used for multiple targets
It scans for new targets while its tracking old targets
When TWS scan a new target it initiates a new track file
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Target detectionGeneration of tracking “Gates”Target track initiation and track file
generation (if a new target)CorrelationTrack gate prediction, smoothing
and positioningDisplay and future target
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This task is accomplished by two method :
Circuit in receiversignal-processing equipment
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Gate : small volume of space consist of many of cells
Function : monitoring of each scan of the target information
Gating has responsibility for knowing if new/exist target
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Acquisition gate
Tracking gate
Turning gate
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This gate is large to facilitate target motion cross one scan period
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This gate is generated when the target is within the acquisition gate on the next scan
It is very small gate
It is moving to the new expected target position
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It is generated if the observation within the
tracking gate doesn’t appear
It has larger size than tracking gate
Tracking gate included by it
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tracking gate
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All observations site on the boundary of tracking gate must be correlate with that track
Each observation is compared with all track files
Perhaps, observation is correlated with one track files ,several tracks or no tracks
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If the observation correlates with more one track files, tracking ambiguity is appear.
Two reasons cause this result:1- several targets site in the same gate2- several gates overlap on a single
target
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If the system designed so that an operator initiate the tracks, then solution by delete
track But for the automatic systems , the
solving by maintain software rules
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The track file is initiated when acquisition gate is generated
Track file store position and gate data
Each track file occupies position in the digital computer's high-speed memory
Cont. refreshed data
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- Error Repositioning Smoothing
- The system lagged the target
- The system leading the target
- smoothing is completed by comparing predicted parameters with observed
parameters
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Scanning radardetects a target
Do parameters match
those from previousscan
NO
YesDoes
track ambiguityexist
NO
Yes
Generate a new track file& store data
Generate anacquisition
gate
Resolveambiguity
Targetpreviously in track
or acquisition
Compute target tracking
parameters
Acquisition
Track
Generate Track Gate &
indicator in file
Updatetracking
parameters
Reposition trackgate centered onfuture position
Ready for the next radar scan
information
Recomputetrack gate
Scanning radardetects a target
Do parameters match
those from previousscan
NO
YesDoes
track ambiguityexist
NO
Yes
Generate a new track file& store data
Generate anacquisition
gate
Resolveambiguity
Targetpreviously in track
or acquisition
Compute target tracking
parameters
Acquisition
Track
Generate Track Gate &
indicator in file
Updatetracking
parameters
Reposition trackgate centered onfuture position
Ready for the next radar scan
information
Recomputetrack gate
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We discussed the concepts of the different ways to determine the angle of a target and its range
We show the different between single and multiple targets tracking
We try to apply that on Matlab .65
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1- Radar Handbook
Author : MERRILL I. SKOLNIK Book edition: Second Edition Publisher: McGraw-Hill
2- Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB Author : Bassem R. Mahafza Publisher: CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
3-Fundamentals of Naval Weapons Systemshttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part06.htm
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