Download - Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wk
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Molecular ShapeMolecular Shape
Pp 259-262Pp 259-262
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VSEPR TheoryVSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair RepulsionValence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Used to determine molecular shapeUsed to determine molecular shape Based on arrangement that Based on arrangement that
minimizes the repulsion between minimizes the repulsion between shared and unshared electronsshared and unshared electrons
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Bond AngleBond Angle
Angle formed by any two terminal Angle formed by any two terminal atoms and a central atomatoms and a central atom
Caused by the repulsion of electron Caused by the repulsion of electron pairspairs
Supported by experimental evidenceSupported by experimental evidence Shared electron pairs repel each Shared electron pairs repel each
otherother
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Lone pairs and VSEPRLone pairs and VSEPR
Lone pairs also importantLone pairs also important Occupy a larger orbital than shared Occupy a larger orbital than shared
electronselectrons Lone pairs push shared orbitals Lone pairs push shared orbitals
togethertogether
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VSEPR DefinitionsVSEPR Definitions
• Electron groupElectron group –set of electrons that –set of electrons that occupies a particular region around an occupies a particular region around an atom.atom.
• LigandLigand – an atom or a group of atoms – an atom or a group of atoms bonded to an inner atombonded to an inner atom
• Steric numberSteric number – the sum of the number – the sum of the number of ligands plus the number of lone pairs; of ligands plus the number of lone pairs; in other words, the total number of in other words, the total number of groups associated with that atom.groups associated with that atom.
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LinearLinear 180’180’
Bent/angularBent/angular <120’<120’
Bent/angularBent/angular 104.5104.5
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Trigonal Trigonal planarplanar
120’120’ TetrahedralTetrahedral 109.5’109.5’
Trigonal Trigonal pyramidalpyramidal
107.3’107.3’
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Trigonal bipyramidalTrigonal bipyramidal 90’ Horz to vert90’ Horz to vert 120’ horz to horz120’ horz to horz
OctahedralOctahedral 90’90’
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See-sawSee-saw
Square planarSquare planar
T-structureT-structure LinearLinear
Square pyramidalSquare pyramidal
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HybridizationHybridization What’s a hybrid?What’s a hybrid?
• Combining two of the same type of object and contains Combining two of the same type of object and contains characteristics of bothcharacteristics of both
Occurs to orbitals during bondingOccurs to orbitals during bonding HybridizationHybridization
• Process in which atomic orbitals are mixed to form new Process in which atomic orbitals are mixed to form new hybrid orbitalshybrid orbitals
• Each hybrid orbital contains one electron that it can Each hybrid orbital contains one electron that it can share with another atomshare with another atom
Carbon is most common atom to undergo Carbon is most common atom to undergo hybridizationhybridization• Four hybrid orbitals from 1 s and 3 p orbitalsFour hybrid orbitals from 1 s and 3 p orbitals• Hybrid= spHybrid= sp33 orbital orbital
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HYBRIDIZATIONHYBRIDIZATION
Mixture of two or Mixture of two or more atomic more atomic orbitals of similar orbitals of similar energies on the energies on the same atom to same atom to produce new produce new hybrid atomic hybrid atomic orbitals of equal orbitals of equal energiesenergies
Orbitals of equal Orbitals of equal energy produced energy produced by the combination by the combination of two or more of two or more orbitals on the orbitals on the same atomsame atom
Hybrid OrbitalHybrid Orbital
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# of atomic orbitals mixed to form hybrid orbitals = # of atomic orbitals mixed to form hybrid orbitals = the total # of pairs of shared electronsthe total # of pairs of shared electrons
# of hybrid orbitals formed = # of atomic orbitals # of hybrid orbitals formed = # of atomic orbitals mixedmixed• 1 s orbital + px + py + pz = 4 sp1 s orbital + px + py + pz = 4 sp33 hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals
CHCH44
AlClAlCl33 Lone pairs also occupy hybrid orbitalsLone pairs also occupy hybrid orbitals
• HH22OO
• BeClBeCl22
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Class WorkClass Work
Lewis Dot Diagram Lewis Dot Diagram (6 steps)(6 steps)
Molecular Molecular geometrygeometry
Bond AngleBond Angle Type of Type of
hybridizationhybridization New Lewis dot New Lewis dot
structure showing structure showing molecular shapemolecular shape
1.1. BFBF33
2.2. NHNH44++
3.3. OClOCl224.4. BeFBeF22
5.5. CFCF44
6.6. AsHAsH33