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Monitoring the Air for Toxic and Genotoxic Compounds
Kim Rogers
Office of Research and DevelopmentNational Exposure Research LaboratoryU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Why Are We Interested in Monitoring Toxic Vapors ?
• Industrial ContaminationDeliberateAccident
• Homeland Security
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Why Toxicity Monitoring ?
• Simple• Rapid• Sensitive• Adaptable from Commercial Sector• Biochemical / Physiological Relevance
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What Compounds Are of Interest ?
• Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs)High Risk
Toxic GassesMedium Risk
Toxic Volatiles
• Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs)• Non-Traditional Agents (NTAs)
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Adapt Waste Water Screening Assays for Air Monitoring
• Acute ToxicityMicrotoxIQ-Tox Daphnia magna
• GenotoxicityDNA Melting/Annealing Analysis
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DMSO
ExposureChamber
SPMD
NeatTIC
Stockin
Methanol
Direct Microtox Assay
EC50
NeatTIC
Dilutionin Microtox
AssayReagent
Stockin
DMSO
AppEC50
Vapor Accumulation Assay
Dilutionin Microtox
AssayReagent
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SPMDHow Does It Work
• Low Density Polyethylene– 10A pores
• Biological Mimic– Triolein, DMSO, Carbon
• After Deployment– Direct assay – Extract with solvent
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SPMD in 40 mL and 4L Exposure Chambers
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Microtox Reagent (bacterium)Photobacterium vibrio
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
50
100
150
200
250
300
Dik
eten
eP
hosp
horu
s ox
ychl
orid
eA
crol
ein
Tric
holo
race
tyl c
hlor
ide
Met
hane
sulfo
nyl c
hlor
ide
Stil
bene
1-O
ctan
ethi
olS
ulfu
ryl c
hlor
ide
Form
alde
hyde
Ally
lam
ine
Met
hyl c
hlor
ofor
mat
eC
hlor
oace
tone
Met
hylc
hlor
osila
neD
iisop
ropy
l flu
orop
hosp
hate
Met
hylh
ydra
zine
Ace
tone
cya
nohy
drin
1,2-
Dib
rom
oeth
ane
EC-5
0 (p
pmv)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Pho
spho
rus
oxyc
hlor
ide
-- 5
,400
Dik
eten
eFo
rmal
dehy
deM
ethy
lhyd
razi
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etha
nesu
lfony
l chl
orid
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llyla
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tilbe
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Tric
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tyl c
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ide
Diis
opro
pyl f
luor
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te
Sul
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l chl
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ethy
lchl
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ilane
Met
hyl c
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mat
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ceto
ne c
yano
hydr
in1,
2-D
ibro
moe
than
eC
hlor
oace
tone
1-O
ctan
ethi
ol
Con
cent
ratio
n Fa
ctor
s
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
200
400
600
800
1000
Phos
phor
us o
xych
lorid
eAc
role
inD
iket
ene
Tric
hlor
oace
tyl c
hlor
ide
1-O
ctan
ethi
olS
tilbe
neSu
lfury
l chl
orid
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nesu
lfony
l chl
orid
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tone
Met
hyl c
hlor
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mat
e
Met
hylc
hlor
osila
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llyla
min
eD
iisop
ropy
l flu
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Form
alde
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Acet
one
cyan
ohyd
rin1,
2-D
ibro
moe
than
eM
ethy
lhyd
razi
ne
Appa
rent
EC-
50 (p
pbv)
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123456789
10111213141516171819
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
More Effective with 15 min. Assay
More Effective with 5 min. Assay
Zinc SulfateDiketeneAcrolein
Acetone cyanohydrinChloroacetone
MethylhydrazineFormaldehyde
AllylamineListerine
Stilbene1-Octanethiol1,2-DibromoethaneMethylchloroformateMethylchlorosilanePhenolHypochlorite (bleach)SulfurylchlorideMethanesulfonylchlorideTrichlororacetylchloride
% Relative Change in EC50 Between 5 and 15 min.
X A
xis
Title
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0 5 10 15 20 25
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Toxicity % Mass
Rel
ativ
e M
ass
and
Toxi
city
(%)
Acro
lein
Accumulation Time (hr)
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Daphnia magna Used in the IQ-Tox Test
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20
40
60
80
100
sulfu
ryl ch
loride
methylc
hlorof
ormate
methylc
hloros
ilane
1,2-di
bromoe
thane
trichlo
roace
tyl ch
loride
allyla
mine
methan
esulf
onyl
chlor
ide
dikete
ne
acrol
ein
chlor
oace
tone
stilbe
ne
octan
e thio
l
phos
phoru
s oxy
chlor
ide
EC
-50
(ppm
v)
% Daphnia IQ-tox 1 hr % Daphnia 18 hr % Daphnia 24 hr
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0.1
1
10
100
1,2-di
bromoe
thane
methylc
hlorof
ormate
methylc
hloros
ilane
sulfu
ryl ch
loride
trichlo
roace
tyl ch
loride
allyla
mine
methan
esulf
onyl
chlor
ide
dikete
ne
acrol
ein
chlor
oace
tone
stilbe
ne
octan
e thio
l
phos
phoru
s oxy
chlor
ide
EC
-50
(ppm
v)
% Daphnia IQ-tox 1 hr % Microtox 5 min
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020406080
100120
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Time (a.u)
Fluo
resc
ence
(fl.u
.)
020406080
100120
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Time (a.u)
Tem
pera
ture
(o C)
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10 50 100 150 200 2500
20
40
60
80
100
Concentration of DNA (ng/mL)
Relative Fluorescence (%
)
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Control Cyclohexane Toluene Phenol Glutaraldehyde Mitomycin C0
20
40
60
80
100R
elat
ive
Fluo
resc
ence
(%)
Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Controls
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ControlAcrolein
Allylamine
Chloroacetone
Formaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Bromoethane
Crotonaldehyde0
20
40
60
80
100R
elat
ive
Fluo
resc
ence
(%)
Toxic Industrial Chem icals (100 m M )
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Control
Acrolein
Allylam ine
Chloroacetone
Form aldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Brom oethane
Crotonaldehyde0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0Pe
rcen
t dec
reas
e in
fluo
resc
ence
T o x ic In d u s tr ia l C h e m ic a l (1 0 0 m M )
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Control 10 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
100
Relative Fluorescence (%
)
Concentration of Formaldehyde (mM)
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0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
100R
elat
ive
Fluo
resc
ence
(%)
Concentration of Formaldehyde (mM)
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Summary
• Air Sampling• Toxicity
MicrotoxIQ-Tox
• GenotoxicityDNA Melting Annealing Analysis
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Future Directions• Sampling
– Carbon Fabric• Sensitivity
• Bioassay– Genetically Engineered Yeast
• Cytotoxicity & Genotoxicity
• Environmental Pollutants– Nanaomaterials
• Environmental Applications– Vapor, Water, Sediment
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Acknowledgements
• Kumar Ramanathan NRC-Postdoc• Srividia Kailasam NRC-Postdoc• Stacey Harper EPA-Postdoc
• Jim Petty USGS, CERC, MO• Jim Huckins• Robert Gale