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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left
behind and Its Impact on Software Evolution
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar
[email protected]/Libresoft, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos - University of Mons-Hainaut
Invited talk at University of Mons-HainautNovember, 24th 2008
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
(cc) 2008 Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar.Some rights reserved. This document is distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 licence, available inhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Table of contents
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5
Results and Work in Progress6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Index
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5
Results and Work in Progress6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
Lib S f G l O i
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Location
Located at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, MadridYoungest university in Madrid (10 years old)
Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingeniera de Telecomunicaciones
GSyC (Grupo de Sistemas y Comunicaciones)
http://libresoft.es
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
Lib S ft G l O i
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
People
Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona, head of the group
Gregorio Robles, assistant professor32 people working in Libresoft.
2 professors
18 of them working on projects and research activities
9 of them with LibreSoft internships
3 of them with research (to do PhD) grants
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
LibreSoft
Academic activities: mining software repositories.Industrial activities (consultant, mobile networking, web 2.0)
Reports related to libre software, like FLOSSImpact.
Master on Free Software (Galicia and Madrid -
http://master.libresoft.es)
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
European Projects
QualOSS: Quality of Open Source Software
FLOSSMetrics: Free/Libre/Open Source Software MetricsFLOSSWorld: Free/Libre/Open Source Software: Worldwideimpact study
FLOSSInclude: Free/Libre/Open Source Software,International Cooperation
OSOR: The Open Source Observatory and Repository
QualipSO: Trust and Quality in Open Source Systems
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Empirical Approach: Data Sources
Publicly available data sources
Source Code Management (SCM) (CVS, SVN, Git, Mercurial,Bazaar,...)
Mailing Lists, forum data
Bug Tracking Systems
Web site, wiki, documentation, IRC logs, ...
Other places, FLOSSMole, FLOSSMetrics, ...
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Empirical Approach: Data Sources
We can directly analyse how a project/community evolvesWe can directly analyse how the developers social network isgrowing
We can measure number of people working on it
...
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Empirical Approach: Data Sources
Empirical analysis provide a new point of view
Traceability of resultsTraceability of tools
We can not measure how Windows Vista evolved
We can not measure how Microsoft people interact among
themWe can not even measure the size of Windows in number oflines
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Index
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5 Results and Work in Progress
6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overview
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Data Sources
CVSAnalY - CVS, SVN, Git.
Mailing List Stats - mbox format
Bicho - SourceForge bug tracking system
SLOCCount (David Wheeler, not from Libresoft)
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General Overviewf
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
CVSAnalY: An Example
It extracts statistical information out of CVS, SVN and Git
It transforms that data into a MySQL databaseWeb site: http://tools.libresoft.es/cvsanaly
Hosted in Morfeo forge: https://forge.morfeo-project.org/projects/libresoft-tools/
svn checkout https://svn.forge.morfeo-project.org/svn/libresoft-tools/cvsanaly/
It provides plug-ins to create some graphics
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLib f T l
http://tools.libresoft.es/cvsanalyhttps://forge.morfeo-project.org/projects/libresoft-tools/https://forge.morfeo-project.org/projects/libresoft-tools/https://svn.forge.morfeo-project.org/svn/libresoft-tools/cvsanaly/https://svn.forge.morfeo-project.org/svn/libresoft-tools/cvsanaly/https://svn.forge.morfeo-project.org/svn/libresoft-tools/cvsanaly/https://svn.forge.morfeo-project.org/svn/libresoft-tools/cvsanaly/https://forge.morfeo-project.org/projects/libresoft-tools/https://forge.morfeo-project.org/projects/libresoft-tools/http://tools.libresoft.es/cvsanalyhttp://find/http://goback/ -
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
CVSAnalY: CVS Log
... 1.246 (pj 13-Nov-01): /* Optional arg STRING supplies menu name for the keymap1.246 (pj 13-Nov-01): in case you use it as a menu with x-popup-menu. */)
1.246 (pj 13-Nov-01): (string)1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92): Lisp Object string;1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92):1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92): Lisp Object tail;1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92): if (!NILP (string))1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92): tail = Fcons (string, Qnil);1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92): else1.8 (rms 11-Sep-92): tail = Qnil;1.1 (jimb 06-May-91): return Fcons (Qkeymap,
1.137 (rms 13-May-97): Fcons (Fmake char table (Qkeymap, Qnil), tail));1.1 (jimb 06-May-91):
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLib s ft T ls
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
CVSAnalY: Basic Metrics
Number of CommitsNumber of Commiters
Committers with highest number of commits
Number of files worked by commiter
etc...
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
CVSAnalY: Graphics
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Index
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5 Results and Work in Progress
6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
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Libresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Knowledge
Tacit knowledge: Not measurable
Explicit knowledge: It remains in the company/projectartifacts, such as code or documentation
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Knowledge Sharing
It is complicated to share tacit knowledge, but ...We can measure explicit knowledge:
Source code management (CVS, SVN, Git, ...)
Mailing lists
Bug tracking systems
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Research Question
How can we measure the knowledge loss due to
developer turnover?
Approach to measure knowledge gap left by developers
Is this knowledge gap a good indicator for the projectshealth?
Useful for managers, to determine risky zones
We can measure the impact in number of lines of codewithout author present in the current team
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
I d i O h i
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Previous Definitions
Committer: Developer with write access to the SCM system.
Author: Original developer of a line of code
Non-Active Committer: Committer with no activity since agiven date
Orphaned Line: Line of code whose author is a non-activecommitter
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
-
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Detection of non-active committers
When does a committer leave the project?
How many lines were authored by her?
new orphaned lines
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Index
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5 Results and Work in Progress
6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Case Studies: GIMPand Evolution
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a graphics
editor
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
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Introduction to OrphaningApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Case Studies: GIMPand Evolution
Evolution combines e-mail, calendar, address book and task
list managements functions
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
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p gApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Case Studies: GIMPand Evolution
Both started at the same time (around 1998. At least usingthe Source Code Management system)
Both are included by default in the GNOME desktop (usingthe same process and release cycle)
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
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p gApproach
Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Orphaned Lines vs Size
1998-02-28 2000-02-28 2002-03-28 2004-03-28 2006-03-28
Time
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
NumberofLines
Ev. Total LinesEv. Orph. LinesGIMP Total LinesGIMP Orph. Lines
Size an Orp ane Lines Evo ution
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft Tools
Introduction to Orphaning
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Orphaned Lines Evolution
2001-05-28 2002-09-28 2003-12-28 2005-03-28 2006-06-28 2007-09-28
Time
0
100000
200000
300000
NumberofLines
Evolution 03
GIMP 03Evolution 05GIMP 05Evolution 07GIMP 07
Orp ane Lines Evo ution. Evo ution an GIMP.
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
A h
http://find/http://goback/ -
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Orphaned Lines Evolution
Three main jumpsCore group of developers turnover is abrupt
Evolution of orphaned lines (not taking into account bigdeletions) is almost stable, just a small decrease
Nowadays, the number of orphaned lines reach the 80%!
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
A h
http://find/http://goback/ -
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Orphaned Lines GIMP
Just a big jumpCore group of developers remain stable during the wholeproject
Evolution of orphaned lines continuously decrease
Nowadays, the number of orphaned lines reach the 13%!
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
What can tell us Orphaning?
We do not really know...
but we have some intuitions:
Maintenance problems could appear: try to quickly fix adefect in areas which you unknown
Code decay and aging : Orphaned areas in Evolution have not
been modified for a long time
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Matching Orphaningand Productivity
Work in Progress:
Hypothesis: High orphaning is correlated with lowproductivity
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Matching Orphaningand Productivity:Evolution
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Modifi
edFIles
Productivity Evolution Project
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
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ApproachResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Matching Orphaningand Productivity:GIMP
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Mod
ifiedFiles
Productivity GIMP Project
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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pp oacResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Conclusions
Evolution: New set of developers = Increase of the
productivity (Surprising for us!)
Evolution: Old core group tended to disappear = big jumps inorphaning and productivity
GIMP: Risky situation, if some of the core group developers
disappear
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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ppResults and Work in Progress
Further WorkBibliography
Conclusions
Evolution: company-driven project. People have to deal withthat code, they are paid for that job.
GIMP: community-driven project. People just choose, perhapsthey prefer to start from scratch.
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Index
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5 Results and Work in Progress
6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
Approach
http://find/http://goback/ -
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Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Productivity
Detection of files with high levels of orphaningMeasure how they evolve
New Hypothesis: High levels of orphaning (in a file) iscorrelated with low levels of productivity (in that file)
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
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LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachR lt d W k i P
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Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Index
1 LibreSoft: General Overview
2 Libresoft Tools
3 Introduction to Orphaning
4 Approach
5 Results and Work in Progress
6 Further Work
7 Bibliography
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
http://find/http://goback/ -
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Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Slides based on the paper: Using Software Archaeology toMeasure Knowledge Loss in Software Projects due to Developer
Turnover.Daniel Izquierdo-Cortazar, Gregorio Robles, Felipe Ortega and
Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona.GSyC/Libresoft, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid, Spain).
dizquierdo, grex, jfelipe, [email protected]
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
LibreSoft: General OverviewLibresoft ToolsIntroduction to Orphaning
ApproachResults and Work in Progress
http://find/http://goback/ -
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Results and Work in ProgressFurther Work
Bibliography
Questions?
Thanks for your attendance!Questions?
Daniel Izquierdo Cortazar Orphaned Lines of Code: Analysing Code Left behind and Its Im
http://find/http://goback/