Download - Mons Diseases Kvp
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MONSOONMONSOON
DISEASESDISEASES
Dr. K.V. PRABHAKARANDr. K.V. PRABHAKARAN
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Common diseases during monsoon
Leptospirosis
Dengue fever
Chikungunya
Viral hepatitis
Diarrhea
Common cold
Typhoid fever etc..
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Leptospirosis (Rat fever)
Caused by Leptospira (diff serotypes)
L.icterohaemorrhagiae-Weils disease
Some serotypes are harmless
Leptospirosis varies from asymptomaticillness to severe disease and may be fatal
too.
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Leptospires are spiral bacteria(6-20micronsx0.1micron)
Actively motile
With one both ends hooked
Usually seen by dark ground m/e
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Where do Leptospires thrive Every mammal has the potential
to become carrier.
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Infected animals may not develop the
disease but become long term carriers
They harbour leptospires in theirkidneys and shed in urine,
contaminating the environment
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Leptospires can survive for weeks inwater or mud.
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How does man get infected ??
by direct or indirect contact with
infected urine,tissues or secretions.
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Leptospira gain entry through
Small areas of damage on the skin or
via mucus membranes.
Rarely enters through waterloggedskin
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Infection more common in certain
occupational groups
Farmers
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Slaughter house workers
Veterinarians etc
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Flooded roadsFlooded roads
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However It is not spread by animal bites or
insect vectors
Man to man spread (very rare)
Congenital leptospirosis rarely occur
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ClinicalClinical featuresfeatures
AsymptomaticAsymptomatic
Simple fever, body acheSimple fever, body ache
JaundiceJaundice
severe fatal illness with renal failuresevere fatal illness with renal failure
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Laboratory diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis
Detection of antibodies to leptospiraDetection of antibodies to leptospira(Igm)(Igm)
Dark ground m/eDark ground m/e
Culture of bacteriaCulture of bacteria
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PreventionPrevention
Rodent controlRodent control Appropriate waste disposalAppropriate waste disposal
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Use of protective foot wear
Cover cuts and abrasions Appropriate disinfection of
contaminated water
Vaccination of livestock pets
Antimicrobial prophylaxis
(doxycycline) in high risk exposurecases.
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Dengue fever (break bone fever)Dengue fever (break bone fever)))
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Highest incidence in SE Asia, India etc
Dengue from Swahili Ki denga pepo(sudden seizure by demon)
Caused by dengue virus (4 serotypes)
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Dengue fever is transmitted byDengue fever is transmitted by
Bite ofBite of A. aegyptiA. aegypti mosquitoesmosquitoes
rarelyrarely A albopictusA albopictus..
Day biting mosquitoDay biting mosquito
Abundant in and around habitationAbundant in and around habitation
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Dengue viruses are transmitted fromDengue viruses are transmitted from
person to person by Aedes mosquitoes.person to person by Aedes mosquitoes.
(mosquito can infect another person only 3(mosquito can infect another person only 3--10 day after10 day after
blood meal)blood meal)
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Why more dengue following rainfallWhy more dengue following rainfall
Peak breeding timePeak breeding time
Aedes mosquitoes breed in smallAedes mosquitoes breed in small
collection and puddles of watercollection and puddles of water
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Coconutshells DiscardedtyresCoconutshells Discardedtyres
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Incubation periodIncubation period 22--7 day7 day Simple dengue feverSimple dengue fever Complicated dengue fever withComplicated dengue fever with
hemorrhageshemorrhages
Clinical features
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Laboratory diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis
Antibodies to dengue virusAntibodies to dengue virus
IgM and IgG antibodiesIgM and IgG antibodies
ELISA testELISA test
Immunochromatographic testImmunochromatographic test
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Control mosquitoControl mosquitopopulationpopulation
Patients withPatients with
suspected denguesuspected dengueshould beshould be
preventedprevented
from mosquitofrom mosquito
bitesbites
(under mosquito(under mosquitonet)net)
Prevention & ControlPrevention & Control
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Infection is rather spread by
movement of personsand not much of mosquitoes
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Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis
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Man gets Infected byMan gets Infected by
Ingestion of contaminated water,Ingestion of contaminated water,food (Shell fish) or milk .food (Shell fish) or milk .
Over crowding and poor sanitationOver crowding and poor sanitation
favors spreadfavors spread
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Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis
Virus multiplies in the intestinesVirus multiplies in the intestines
through bloodthrough blood
Reaches liverReaches liver
HepatitisHepatitis
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Contd..Contd..
Virus is shed in feces of infectedVirus is shed in feces of infected
personspersons
Contaminates water and foodContaminates water and food
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Prevention& ControlPrevention& Control
Improved sanitary practiceImproved sanitary practice
(prevention of fecal contamination of(prevention of fecal contamination of
water and food )water and food )
Effective vaccine is available forEffective vaccine is available forhepatitis A (Two dose 1M)hepatitis A (Two dose 1M)
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Hepatitis E Infection is generallyHepatitis E Infection is generally
mild.mild.
HoweverHowever
It has 20It has 20--40% fatality rate in40% fatality rate in
pregnant womanpregnant woman
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Lab Diagnosis of hepatitisLab Diagnosis of hepatitis
Detection of Ab to Hep A and Hep EDetection of Ab to Hep A and Hep E
Liver Function TestLiver Function Test
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Enteric fever (Typhoid)Enteric fever (Typhoid)
Occurs throughout the yearOccurs throughout the year
Seasonal variations may occurSeasonal variations may occur
Caused byCaused by Salmonella typhiSalmonella typhi &&
paratyphiparatyphi A,B&CA,B&C
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S
ource of InfectionS
ource of Infection
A patient or a carrier.A patient or a carrier.
Mode of infectionMode of infection
Via contaminated water ,Milk & foodVia contaminated water ,Milk & food
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Lab DiagnosisLab Diagnosis Culture of organisms fromCulture of organisms from
blood,feces etcblood,feces etc
Serological test for detection of AbSerological test for detection of Ab--
WI
DAL testWI
DAL test
ControlControl Hygienic measuresHygienic measures
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DiarrheaDiarrhea
In tropical countriesIn tropical countries
Bacterial and protozoal diarrhea tendBacterial and protozoal diarrhea tendto occur in wetter seasonto occur in wetter season
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BacterialBacterial
CholeraCholera -- Via contaminated waterVia contaminated water Rice water stoolsRice water stools
May be rapidly fatalMay be rapidly fatal
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TreatmentTreatment
Prompt rehydration is essentialPrompt rehydration is essential ORS (Oral rehydration solution)ORS (Oral rehydration solution) I/v fluids if necessaryI/v fluids if necessary
Antibiotics like doxycyclineAntibiotics like doxycycline
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Other pathogens
Entamoeba Giardia
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