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Movement of Hormones in Animals
& PlantsPacket #56
Chapter #45
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Organ SystemsIntroduction
An organ system, also known as a biological system, is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task.
In mammals, a subsection of Kingdom Animalia, there are common systems.
However, in plants, there is no need for multiple systems because of their simple makeup compared to animals.
In both plants, and animals, hormones are produced and there is a need for a system to move those hormones around the organism.
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Hormones
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Definition & Function
A hormone is an organic compound, normally in the form of a steroid or a peptide, that travels from one area of the organism, to another, in order to carry a specified function.
Hormones regulate physiological activities includingGrowthReproductionHomeostasis
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Flashback
At the cellular level, there are different ways in which a signal, can be received and decoded to carry out a specific process/procedure.How are steroid hormones processed at the cellular
level? Signal transduction pathways.
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Plant Hormones
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Introduction
A plant hormone mayProvide different responses in different tissueProvide different responses at different times during
developmentAffect the activity or production of other hormonesProvide a different response depending on the
concentration.
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Auxins
Auxins are produced at the shoot apical meristem, young leaves and seeds
Auxins are responsible for: -Stem elongationApical dominanceRoot initiationFruit development
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Cytokinins
Cytokinins are produced in the roots
Cytokinins are responsible for: -Cell divisionDelay of stem senescence Inhibition of apical dominanceFlower developmentEmbryo developmentSeed germination
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Ethylene
Ethylene is produced at/in: -Stem nodesRipening fruitDamaged or senescing tissue
Ethylene is responsible for: -Fruit ripeningResponses to environmental stressorsSeed germinationMaintenance of the apical hook on seedlingsRoot initiationSenescence and abscission in leaves and flowers.
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Abscisic Acid
Abscisic acid is produced in almost all cells that contain plastids.
Abscisic acid is responsible for: -Seed dormancyResponses that occur as a result of water stress
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Gibberellins
Gibberellins are produced at/in: -Young leavesShoot apical meristemsEmbryo in seeds
Gibberellins are responsible forSeed germinationStem elongationFloweringFruit development
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Other Plant Hormones
Brassinosteroids
Salicylic acid
Systemin
Oligosaccharins
Jasmonates
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Plant Hormones
Plants do not have glands that produce hormones.
However, various tissue, found in the plant, produce hormones.
Hormones, that are not used in the tissue that it was produced in, are transported to other regions.May be transported via vascular tissue
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Animal Hormones
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Introduction
The endocrine system consists of three main partsEndocrine glandsCells
Signaling cells Target cells
Tissue that secrete hormones
The endocrine system, along with the nervous system, regulate an animal’s physiology
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Introduction IIGlands of the
Endocrine System
There are multiple glands utilized, in the human body, to release a variety of hormones.
Figure 45.6Page 950
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Glands of the Endocrine System
There are two types of glands that are utilized in the endocrine system.Exocrine glandsEndocrine glands
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Glands of the Endocrine System II
Exocrine glands secrete substances into tube-like structuresSalivary glandsMammary glands that produce milkGlands in the stomach that produce stomach acid
Endocrine glands secrete substances directly into extra-cellular space.Substance moves via diffusion
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Glands of the Endocrine System & Their Functions
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Introduction
There are multiple glands that make-up the endocrine system. These glands include the: - Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
Pineal gland Gonads
Ovary Testes
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Table 45.1Page 949
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Table 45.1Page 949
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Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the region of the brain that contains the control center for many autonomic nervous system functions.
However, the hypothalamus forms a complex interaction with the pituitary gland and makes up an essential part of the endocrine system.
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Hypothalamus
The hormones released as a result of activity with the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
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Pituitary Gland
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Introduction
The pituitary gland, which is regulated by the hypothalamus, controls the activities of several other endocrine glands and is considered to be the master gland.
The pituitary gland is divided into two regions: -Anterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary
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Anterior Pituitary--Figure 45.7Page 950
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Posterior Pituitary--Figure 45.8Page 951
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Consequences of Endocrine Malfunction
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Hormone Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
Growth hormone Pituitary dwarfism Gigantism if malfunction occurs in childhood; acromegaly in adult.
Thyroid hormones Cretinism (in children); myxedema, a condition of pronounced adult hypothroidism; dietary iodine deficiency leads to hyposecretion and goiter
Hyperthyroidism; increased metabolic rate, nervousness, irritability; goiter, can be caused by Grave’s disease
Parathyroid hormones
Spontaneous discharge of nerves; spasms; tetany; death
Weak brittle bones; kidney stones
Insulin Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease Cushing’s disease
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Malfunction—Growth Hormone
Dwarfism Gigantism
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Malfunction—Thyroid Hormones
MyxedemaGrave’s Disease
(Goiter)
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Malfunction—Parathyroid Hormone
Brittle Bone Disease Kidney Stones
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Malfunction—Insulin
Diabetes Hypoglycemia
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Malfunction—Adrenal Cortex
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Hormone Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
Growth hormone Pituitary dwarfism Gigantism if malfunction occurs in childhood; acromegaly in adult.
Thyroid hormones Cretinism (in children); myxedema, a condition of pronounced adult hypothroidism; dietary iodine deficiency leads to hyposecretion and goiter
Hyperthyroidism; increased metabolic rate, nervousness, irritability; goiter, can be caused by Grave’s disease
Parathyroid hormones
Spontaneous discharge of nerves; spasms; tetany; death
Weak brittle bones; kidney stones
Insulin Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease Cushing’s disease
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Other Information
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Homeostasis
The maintenance of a specific physiological state in an organism.
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Feedback Regulation
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Hormones & Insects
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Review
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Review I
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Review II
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Review III
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Review IV