-
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
dimitri xvTisiaSvili
msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogiuri
safuZvlebis interpretirebis sakiTxisaTvis
xelovnebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
disertacia
specialoba – msaxiobis saSemsruleblo xelovneba
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: vasil kiknaZe,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
profesori, emeritusi
levan wulaZe reJisori,
asocirebuli profesori
Tbilisi
2015 weli
Sesavali
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qarTuli Teatri imeorebs ganviTarebis im gzas, romelic gaiara
zogadad Teatrma misi dabadebidan dRemde yvela qveyanaSi. iyo
ritualebi, iyo xalxuri sanaxaobebi, iyo scenismoyvareTa dasebi da
Semdgom amisa profesiuli Teatrebi.
saberZneTis antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli, anu Teatris
dabadebidanve, yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo Teatraluri dasebis ganaxleba
axali ZalebiT. Tu antikur epoqaSi qorodan protagonistis gamoyofas,
anda meore an mesame artistad dawinaurebas, sarepeticio procesSive,
msaxiobTa unaris mixedviT SerCeva ganapirobebda, Semdgom saukuneebSi
msaxiobTa aRzrda sistemur xasiaTs iRebda da erTgvari meTodologiac
yalibdeboda epoqisa Tu Teatraluri mimdinareobis Sesabamisad. am mxriv
qarTuli Teatric ar CamorCeboda msoflio tendenciebs da miuxedavad
odnavi dagvianebisa, CvenSic iqmneboda dramatuli wreebi da SemdgomSi
studiebi.
pedagogika mecnierebaa aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb.
radgan Teatri xelovnebis iseTi dargia, romlis nawarmoebi ar rCeba
“nivTieri” saxiT, rogorc wigni, naxati an notebi, amitom mis SemqmnelTa
aRzrdas gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri midgoma da Tavisebureba axlavs
Tan.
qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis istoriis analizi XIX saukunis 40-50-
iani wlebidan unda daiwyos, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda erekle
meoris karis Teatri, ufro adre ki saskolo Tu saeklesio drama.
Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebTan arsebobda dramatuli wreebi, xolo
VII-VIII saukuneebidan cnobebi Tojinuri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. amdenad,
unda vivaraudoT, rom saTeatro pedagogikis kvlevisaTvis safuZvlebi
sworedac adreul saukuneebSi moiazreba.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, saTeatro pedagogikis safuZvlebSi, ra
Tqma unda, ar igulisxmeba swavlebis is kargad damkvidrebuli formebi,
romelic XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis aTian wlebSi
Camoyalibda, romelic dakavSirebulia reJisuris profesiis
damkvidrebasTan. rogorc reJisuris “dabadebamde” xdeboda Teatraluri
warmodgenisa Tu Teatralizebuli sanaxaobis organizeba erTi an
ramdenime adamianis mier, aseve savaraudoa, rom saTeatro pedagogikis
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safuZveli swored im periodidan iRebs saTaves, roca erTi konkretuli
pirovneba iRebda pasuxismgeblobas sasceno moedanze gamosul msaxiobTa
momzadebisTvis.
winamdebare naSromi aris cda gaazrebisa, Tu ra cvlilebebi
ganicada pedagogiurma azrovnebam msaxiobis aRzrdis sferoSi.
rasakvirvelia, rTulia erT naSromSi Tavi movuyaro yvela qarTveli
Teatraluri moRvawis (romelic pedagogikaSic muSaobda) naazrevs, Tumca
msaxiobis aRzrdis saqmeSi zogadi tendenciebi, vfiqrob gamoikveTeba.
samwuxarod, qarTulma Teatrma mTeli rigi etapebi Teatraluri
pedagogikis ganviTarebisa ise gaiara, rom TiTqmis ar SemogvrCa
fundamenturi naSromebi maT Sesaxeb. gamomdinare aqedan, Semdgomi
etapebis mixedviT, varaudis doneze, unda Camovayalibo Sexeduleba maT
winamorbed procesebze, Tanac aseTi ganxilvisas gasaTvaliswinebeli
iqneba epoqis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri viTareba.
naSromis pirvel TavSi - "msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogikis istoriuli
aspeqtebi", mimoxiluli iqneba msaxiobis aRzrdis genezisi da sasceno
xelovnebis ostatTa (vaso abaSiZe, valerian gunia, lado aleqsi-
mesxiSvili da sxva) naazrevi msaxiobis ostatobis problemebze.
jer kidev 1881 wels, dramatuli sazogadoebis wesdebaSi ilia
WavWavaZem Seitana punqti msaxiobTa profesiuli momzadebis Sesaxeb.
dramatuli sazogadoeba da misi Tavkacebi ilia WavWavaZe, akaki
wereTeli, kote yifiani da sxvani sajarod msjelobdnen qarTuli
Teatris profesiul daostatebaze. amitomac mwvaved dadga
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis aRzrdis problema.
meore Tavi - "jabadarisa da faRavas studiebi - pedagogiuri
azrovnebis istoriisaTvis", arsebiTad moicavs XX saukunis 10-20-ian
wlebSi moqmedi Teatraluri studiebis erTgvar istorias. Sevecade
detalurad gameanalizebina giorgi jabadaris skola-studiaSi mimdinare
pedagogiur-SemoqmedebiTi procesebi. Sromis am nawilSi gamoviyene
studiis aRzrdilebis mosazrebani jabadaris studiaSi mimdinare
saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT procesze... SromaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva
samecniero da memuaruli literatura giorgi jabadaris studiasTan
dakavSirebiT.
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akaki faRavas mier, 1922 wels rusTavelis Teatris SenobaSi
daarsebuli studiis samarTalmemkvidrea dRevandeli Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti. ganxiluli iqneba mniSvnelovani tendenciebi,
romelic dainerga am studiaSi da romelsac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT, radgan 1923 wels studielebi pirdapir Cairicxnen
saTeatro institutSi.
mesame Tavia - "kote marjaniSvili da sandro axmeteli - qarTuli
saTeatro pedagogikis fuZemdeblebi". rogorc am saTauridanac Cans,
sakiTxi exeba ori didi reJisoris, jer kidev gamoukvlevel pedagogiur
moRvaweobas. kote marjaniSvili iyo saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis
Teatrisa da kinos universitetis (maSin Teatraluri institutis)
samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. igi sruliad samarTlianad iTvleba qarTuli
Teatris reformatorad da am TavSi Sevecdebi detalurad gavaanalizo
misi pedagogiuri novaciebi da is reformatoruli Ziebani, romelic kote
marjaniSvilma da misma umcrosma kolegam da aRzrdilma aleqsandre
(sandro) axmetelma danerges qarTul saTeatro pedagogikaSi.
Temis meoTxe TavSi mimovixilav msaxiobTa aRzrdis umniSvnelovanes
faqtorebs (etiudi, mizanscena, eqsplikacia...) g.tovstonogovis,
d.aleqsiZis, m.TumaniSvilis, l.ioselianis pedagogiuri gamocdilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. eqsplikaciis nawilSi Tema gaiSleba sakuTari
eqsplikaciis (a.mileris "mZime gansacdeli") magaliTze, romelsac
mTlianad daeTmoba Temis bolo, mexuTe Tavi.
daskvniT nawilSi Sejamebulia qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis
ganviTarebis etapebi. Sedarebulia sxvadasxva pedagogTa mier wlobiT
dagrovili gamocdilebidan miRebul Sedegebs, garkveulia ra tipis
interpretirebas ganicdis saukunis manZilze msaxiobis aRzrdis
pedagogiuri safuZvlebi.
Tavi I
-
msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogikis
istoriuli aspeqtebi
naSromis SesavalSi ukve aRvniSne, rom Teatraluri warmodgena Tu
gaTamaSda, ese igi, msaxiobTa garda, masze imuSava adamianma, romelic
xelmZRvanelobda speqtaklis Seqmnis process. rasakvirvelia reJisura,
rogorc profesia, mogvianebiT, mxolod XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda,
Tumca qarTuli Teatris saTaveebTan arsebobdnen adamianebi, romlebmac
daiwyes fiqri da Semdgom ukve praqtikuli muSaoba qarTuli sasceno
xelovnebis organizaciisTvis. am mxriv Cvenamde naklebi informaciaa
moRweuli Tbilisisa Tu Telavis seminariebSi arsebuli dramatuli
wreebis, agreTve giorgi avaliSvilis, daviT maCabelisa da gabriel
maioris droindeli Teatrisa da misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. amitomac
Znelia, romelime zemoT naxsenebi adamiani an jgufi miviCnioT qarTuli
saTeatro pedagogikis fuZemdeblad, Tumca ukve 1850 wels giorgi
erisTavis mier daarsebuli qarTuli Teatris istoria iZleva safuZvels,
rom giorgi erisTavi moviazroT rogorc qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. Teatris gaxsnamde man Tavisi dasis wevrebi
waiyvana TavisTan qarTlSi da eqvsi Tve amecadinebda anu profesiulad
amzadebda.
qarTveli dramaturgi giorgi erisTavi XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan
Seudga saTeatro saqmis organizebas. Semoikriba mis garSemo
gulanTebuli axalgazrdebi da daiwyo qarTuli profesiuli Teatris
Seqmnis procesi. Teatris dabadebas dramaturgiis dabadeba uZRoda win.
giorgi erisTavma Seqmna dRes ukve qarTuli dramaturgiis klasikad
qceuli piesebi, romlebic ager ukve ori saukunea ar Camodis Teatris
scenidan. mas ilia WavWavaZem qarTuli dramaturgiis mamamTavari uwoda.
mis gverdiT gaizarda dramaturgi zurab antonovi. maT Semoikribes
qarTuli Teatris pirveli msaxiobebi. misi dasis wevris giorgi dvanaZis
Canaweridan irkveva, rom “vera mama ver uzamda, rac man Rvawli Cvenze
sTesa.”1
giorgi erisTavi cdilobda Teatri viwro, regionuli CarCoebidan
gamoeyvana. amitomac ecnoboda msoflio Teatralur procesebs.
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dainteresebuli iyo mixeil SCepkinis Teatraluri skoliT. akvirdeboda
am skolis kurdamTavrebulebs, romlebic xSirad stumrobdnen Tbiliss,
sxvadasxva sagastrolo warmodgeniT. maT Soris iyvnen, momavalSi
aRiarebuli scenis didostatebi iabloCkini, muxini, dmitrieva da
mravali sxvani.
giorgi erisTavi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sasceno
metyvelebas. garda warmoTqmisa da sunTqvis sistemis mowesrigebisa, mas
surda sceniuri salaparako dialeqtic daemuSavebina. TviTon
warmoSobiT goris raionidan iyo, anu Sida qarTlidan. miiCnevda rom am
kuTxeSi yvelaze nakleb SeiniSneboda kuTxuri dialeqti da amitomac
imdroindeli Teatris sasceno metyveleba swored Sua qarTlis
metyvelebis kilosTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvana.
igive giorgi dvanaZe igonebs, rom “giorgi erisTavi did yuradRebas
aqcevda msaxiobis zneobriv aRzrdas. scenidan mqadagebeli msaxiobi
pirad cxovrebaSiac magaliTis maCvenebeli unda yofiliyo, amitomac
msaxiobis yofaqcevasa, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSica, did
moTxovnilebebs uyenebda.” 2
Tu kargad davukvirdebiT giorgi erisTavis piesa “gayras”, avtori
Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs remarkas. TiTqmis yvela niuansi, rac
scenaze qmedebaSi unda ganxorcieldes aRwerilia remarkaSi. es
gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom axalbeda msaxiobebi, romlebsac aranairi
scenaze dgomis gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT, ukeT garkveuliyvnen piesaSi da
rolis Sesrulebisas es remarkebi saxelmZRvanelod gamoeyenebinaT.
giorgi erisTavis “gayra” erTgvari nimuSia sareJisoro eqsplikaciisa,
sadac piesis teqstTan erTad, misi sceniuri gadawyvetac aris aRwerili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi erisTavis Teatrma sul raRac eqvs
weliwads iarseba, garda imisa rom farTo masebSi Teatraluri
xelovnebis interesi gaaCina, safuZveli Cauyara aqtioris aRzrdis
principebs. ori aTeuli wlis gasvlis Semdeg, ukve 1881 wels, ilia
WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis iniciativiTa da ZalisxmeviT Seqmnilma
dramatulma sazogadoebam giorgi erisTavis mier danergili sasceno
xelovnebis pedagogiuri principebi ufro gaaRrmava da ganaviTara.
ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis naazrevidan advilad SeiZleba
gavacnobieroT is, Tu ra Rrmad ganswavlulni iyvnen isini saTeatro
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saqmeSi, romelic Tavis mxriv saTeatro pedagogikis ganviTarebisaTvis
gadadgmul konkretul nabijebs gulisxmobda. akaki wereTeli miiCnevda,
rom “Tavi da Tavi Rirseba artistis sxvebTan SeTamaSebaa, rodesac
usityvod, mxolod saxis gamometyvelebiT ukavSirdeba sxvebs da
saxiblav Zafs ara swyvets.”3 akaki wereTlis es Canaweri erTgvari
paralelis asociacias iwvevs konstantine stanislavkis moZRvrebasTan.
sistemad Camoyalibebuli misi Canawerebi gacilebiT gviandeli
periodisaa, vidre akakis es mosazreba. Tumca masSi mTavari postulatia
samsaxiobo xelovnebis safuZvlisa da profesiuli terminologiiT Tu
vimsjelebT, qmediTi analizis meTods gulisxmobs. ilia WavWavaZe
miiCnevda, rom scenisTvis aRzrdili msaxiobi xalxis aRmzrdelic unda
yofiliyo. “scena igive Skolaa...… scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis
gamzrdeli unda iyos.”4 ilia da akaki maqsimalurad cdilobdnen, rom
msaxiobis profesia mxolod mayureblis gamrTobi-jambazis ampluiT ar
Semofargluliyo. amitomac maTi muSaoba Teatris ganviTarebis
mimarTulebiT kompleqsuri iyo. isini cdilobdnen rac SeiZleba meti
axali saxeli, (dramaturgs vgulisxmob), daemkvidrebinaT qarTul
scenaze. zogadad dramaturgiis ganviTarebisTvisac iRvwodnen, amis
paralelurad mTargmnelobiT kadrebsac eZebdnen da SesaniSnav
Sedegebsac aRwevdnen. marto ivane maCablis aRmoCena da uiliam Seqspiris
qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis xelSewyoba rad Rirda. akaki werda: “Tu
msaxiobebi, cdiloben mxolod xalxis gacinebas garegnobiT, es xom
jambazoba iqneba da maSin sastikad mosawyenni iqnebian. umecari msaxiobi
camdinac rom niWieri iyos, veras gaxdeba maSin, rodesac saWiro aris
sxvadasxvagvari sulis moZraoba da Zlieri suliskveTebis gadmocema.”5
iseve rogorc giorgi erisTavi, ilia WavWavaZec da akaki wereTelic
miiCnevdnen, rom umTavresi Rirseba scenaze mgdomTaTvis maTi pirovnuli
srulyofa da ganaTlebaa.
ilia WavWavaZes mTavar samsaxiobo niWad miaCnda is, rom msaxiobs
hqonoda Rrma emociuri gancdis unari. aseve miiCnevda, rom mxolod aseTi
unariT dajildovebul adamianebze unda daxarjuliyo pedagogiuri
resursi, raTa maT aemaRlebinaT samsaxiobo teqnika da mieRoT ganaTleba.
“niWi da xelovneba ganuyreli da-Zmani arian da aucilebeli saWiroebac
aris kargis artistisaTvis. niWi ar-daxelovnebuli, ar-gawurTvnili
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xelovneba – niWiT Suq-arSesxmuli da ar gabrwyinebuli gverdavlili
sikeTea artistisa, calkerZia, da erTis mqonebeli kaci umeorod naxevar-
artistia. niWi xelovnebas ekiTxeba Tavis sazRvars da xelovneba niWsa
hsTxovs siTbos da brwyinvalebasa.” 6
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis cnobil naSromSi “Teatris Sesaxeb”
artistisgan “daxelovnebul niWs” iTxovda. Tumca kargad aanalizebda
msaxiobis niWis TviTmyofadobas da TavgamodebiT icavda kidec msaxiobis
am unars, Tumca profesiuli ganaTlebis Camoyalibebis aucileblobaze
miuTiTebda da konkretul nabijebsac gadadgamda am mimarTulebiT. igi
ukve cnobil da saxelmoxveWil msaxiobebsac ar aklebda yuradRebas,
akvirdeboda maT TiToeul axal namuSevars da TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi
calkeuli recenziiT exmaureboda qarTuli Teatris nebismier axal
namuSevars. mas kargad esmoda komediis mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba.
Tavadac Seqmna araCveulebrivi vodevili “maWankali” misive moTxrobis
“kacia adamianis” motivebze, Tumca kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda
nebismieri iseTi piesis gamoCenas qarTul Teatralur afiSaze, romelic
mxolod xalxis gasacineblad iyo SeTxzuli da saTqmels ar Seicavda.
mas miaCnda, rom arafrismTqmel nawarmoebSi monawile msaxiobi
fuWdeboda da amiT zaraldeboda mayurebelic da Teatris renomec.
Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo misi dakvirvebebi msaxiobis SemoqmedebaSi
“meore planTan” dakavSirebiT. lado mesxiSvilis mier mansfeldis
“SeSliliaSi” naTamaSeb SeSlilis rols calke weriliT gamoexmaura,
sadac igi aRniSnavda, rom “marto Wkvians, gonebagaxsnils da Rrmad
gamkiTxavs artists SeuZlia uTqmeli saguleblad gahxados
mayureblisaTvis.”7 rogorc reJisor-pedagogi anton TavzaraSvili
aRniSnavs “ilias Tvalma aRmoaCina msaxiobis Semoqmedebis specifikis
friad sagulisxmo niSani, romelic mravali wlis Semdeg axlad iqna
Secnobili, dasabuTebuli da damkvidrebuli Teatralur praqtikaSi
v.i.nemiroviC-danCenkos mier “meore planis” saxelwodebiT.” 8
momavali msaxiobebis daostatebis saqmeSi ilia da akaki marto ar
iyvnen. maT mxari aubes XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis ukve sakmaod
gamocdilma samsaxiobo Zalebma. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen
vaso abaSiZe, lado mesxiSvili da valerian gunia.
-
vaso abaSiZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinac aitaca dramatuli
sazogadoebis mier SemuSavebuli qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis
ganviTarebis programa. igi garda imisa, rom mudmivad iyo ganawilebuli
axal speqtaklebSi, cdilobda yuradRebis miRma ar darCenoda arc erTi
didi Tu mcire mniSvnelobis movlena msoflio Teatralur cxovrebaSi.
maTTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi iyo rusuli Teatris gamocdileba, Tumca
es sulac ar uSlida xels gacnoboda msoflio TeatrSi mimdinare
procesebsa da cnobil mecnierTa Tu xelovanTa naazrevs Teatris
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, man sakuTari gamocdileba da
SemoqmedebiTi dakvirvebani furcelze gadaitana da momaval Taobebs
msaxiobis ostatobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo dautova.
am saxelmZRvanelos gacnobisas saqmeSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani
mixvdeba, rom miuxedavad terminologiuri gansxvavebebisa, vaso abaSiZec
da qarTuli Teatris mTeli is Taobac, rusul TeatrSi mimdinare
procesebiT iyvnen moxiblulni. ufro mogvianebiT, samxatvro Teatris
Seqmnis Semdeg, maTTvis pirdapir orientirad iqca k.stanislavskisa da
v.nemiroviC-danCenkos SemoqmedebiT-pedagogiuri kredo. “scena sarkea
cxovrebisa da amitom umTavresi kanoni, romelzedac damyarebulia
xelovneba – aris sinamdvile da WeSmariteba.. srulsa da saamur
moqmedebas mxolod maSin iqoniebs msaxiobi mayurebelze, roca igi
scenaze cxovrobs.” 9
kote mesxis werilic amave Sinaarsisaa – “Teatri kacobriobis
cxovrebis suraTebs warmogvidgens, TeatrSi moTamaSe, ise unda moiqces
da ilaparakos, rogorc namdvil cxovrebaSi moqmedeben da laparakoben.”
10
“aqtiors unda hqondes metad nazi da amave dros metad Zlieri da
Rrma STabeWdileba, romlis wyalobiT mas SeeZlos ukidures
mdgomareobaTa, dramatul da tragikul grZnobaTa gamosaxva, raTa maTi
TamaSoba RviZli da bunebrivi iyos.” 11 – werda valerian gunia.
Teatrmcodne vasil kiknaZe krebulSi “qarTuli reJisuris istoriis
narkvevebi” mimoixilavs ra XIX saukunis 90-iani da XX saukunis 10-iani
wlebis Teatralur procesebs askvnis: “aRzrdis problemebze qarTvel
moRvaweTa gamaxvilebuli yuradReba SemTxveviTi ar aris. Teatris
mesveurebi grZnoben, rom profesiuli Teatri moiTxovs ara profesiuli
Cvevebisagan gawmendas, rac erTob uxvad iyo moZalebuli, aramed Teatris
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istoriuli misia avalebs maT Tanamedroveobis doneze warmarTon
Teatris SemoqmedebiTi da organizaciuli saqmianoba. es imasac niSnavda,
rom struqturulad garTulda Teatri, gaizarda misi roli, gaZlierda
mayureblis momTxovneloba, Teatri da mayurebeli sul ufro da ufro
kargad aris informirebuli Tu ra xdeba msoflios Teatralur
cxovrebaSi da saWiroa qarTulma Teatrmac fexi auwyos epoqis ritms.
yovelive amisaTvis Teatrs sWirdeba kargad aRzrdili profesionali
msaxiobi.”12
Tu k.stanislavskis sistemad wodebul moZRvrebas Tvals
gadavavlebT da mas SevadarebT qarTvel scenis ostatTa naazrevTan,
TvalnaTvliv davinaxavT maT Soris Zireul msgavsebas. rusTavelis
Teatris msaxiobs ekaterine vaCnaZes araerTxel uTqvams, roca mis did
bebiaze, cnobil qarTvel artistze, elisabed CerqeziSvilze uambnia
CemTvis, rom institutSi swavlisas, Cveni pedagogi giorgi tovstonogovi
e.CerqeziSvils profesionalad asaxelebdao. “SexedeT elisabedis TamaSs
da swored eg aris stanislavskis sistemao”. wlebis Semdeg mixeil
TumaniSvilis wignSi “reJisori Teatridan wavida” (Tbilisi 1989 w. gv.24-
25) zustad es istoria amovikiTxe. etyoba g.tovstonogovi, romelic
erTgulad iziarebda k.stanislavskis Teatralur ideebs, liza
CerqeziSvilis magaliTi yovel jgufTan mohyavda, rogorc TvalsaCino
nimuSi.
vaso abaSiZis wignSi qveTavebad zustad isevea dayofili msaxiobis
xelovnebis swavlebisaTvis aucilebeli paragrafebi, rogorc es gvxvdeba
k.stanislavkis SromebSi. midgoma swavlebisadmi da azrovnebac
absoluturad identuria. “namdvili maswavlebelni dramatuli
xelovnebisa arian: cxovreba, praqtika da dakvirveba. rac ufro mets
daakvirdeba msaxiobi, miT ufro misi niWi Zlierdeba, ufro Rrmad
Caujdeba sulSi naxul-gagonili da ufro cxadad gamoxatavs Tavis
qmnilebaSi”. 13
am naSromis istoria ki aseTi iyo. XIX saukunis miwuruls cnobili
Teatraluri moRvawe ioseb imedaSvili, romelic im xanad krebul
“cxovrebis karibWes” redaqtorobda, TxovniT mimarTavda qarTuli scenis
didostatebs lado mesxiSvils, kote mesxs, vaso abaSiZesa da kote
yifians daeweraT rame qarTuli sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb. rogorc
-
i.imedaSvili igonebda, mas aravin gamoxmaurebia. bolos vaso abaSiZe
daiTanxma, romelmac sul ramodenime xanSi aaxla xelnaweri saTauriT
“mokle cnobani dramatuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac vuZRvni im
ymawvil qalTa da kacT, romelTac hsurT scenas emsaxuron.” ioseb
imedaSvili igonebda: “es werili Seicavs Semdegs: 1. swavla da
ganviTareba; 2. rolis momzadeba da varjiSoba (repeticia); 3. dakvirveba;
4. darigeba Seqspiris mier msaxiobebisa, - tanisamosi, - grimi. 5.
gamarjveba scenazed, - kritika. am werilis SesavalSi Cveni dauviwyari
vaso, sxvaTa Soris, werda: “visac surs, scenas emsaxuros, uwinares
yovlisa, unda gamoirkvios da Seignos, ras Seadgens msaxiobis xelovneba.
msaxiobis xelovneba imas Seadgens, rom Tavisis garegnobiT
warmogvidginos is adamiani, romelic avtorsa hyavs piesaSi gamoyvanili.
amitom msaxiobma TamaSobis dros unda daiviwyos, rom igi msaxiobia da
mxolod gviCvenos da dagvixatos avtoris mier Seqmnili tipi. amisaTvis
saWiroa yvelam, visac ki surs scenas emsaxuros da msaxiobad gaxdes,
SeimuSavos: a) mixvra-moxvra; b) xma; g) mimika, e.i. is saSualebani,
romliTac msaxiobi mayureblebzed hmoqmedebs da sxv. mxolod dauRalav
muSaobas da cxovrebis dakvirvebas SeuZlia Sehqmnas artisti xelovani.”14
lado aleqsi-mesxiSvilsac swvevia saxlSi ioseb imedaSvili, misi
misvlis mizezi rom Seutyvia, ramis daweraze uari uTqvams, Tumca
dauyolebia rom “Cvens Teatrs gadaxaliseba esaWiroeba, niWier
axalgazrdebs ki sasceno aRzrda”.15
praqtikulad XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebi da XX saukunis dasawyisi
qarTuli Teatraluri pedagogika viTardeboda dramatuli sazogadoebis
xeldasmiT da maT saTaveSi swored gansakuTrebuli gamocdilebisa da
niWis msaxiobebi edgnen. maTgan gamorCeuli iyvnen vaso abaSiZe, kote
mesxi, mako safarovi-abaSiZisa, nato gabunia, lado mesxiSvili da
valerian gunia. Tumca XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan sazogadoebis winaSe
dadga sakiTxi profesiuli reJisuris ganviTarebazec efiqraT. swored am
mizniT saqarTvelodan ruseTSi, mogvianebiT ki safrangeTSi miavlines
axalgazrda kadrebi, romelTac stipendias sazogadoeba uxdida. am
kadrebis ukan dabrunebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi gaCndnen pirveli
qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi. maT naswavli praqtikaSi gamoiyenes
da swored XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan qarTul TeatrSi bevrad meti
-
yuradReba mieniWa msaxiobTa profesiul ganaTlebasa da ostatobas.
pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi iyvnen: akaki faRava, mixeil
qoreli, aleqsandre wuwunava da valerian SalikaSvili. oTxive maTganma
profesiuli ganaTleba moskovis samxatvro TeatrTan arsebul studiaSi
miiRo da samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave Seecadnen qarTul Teatralur
pedagogikaSi sabolood daemkvidrebinaT k.stanislavkis pedagogiuri
ideebi.
Tumca es saqme ase advili ar iyo. Zveli Taobis msaxiobebi,
romlebmac avad Tu kargad moitanes qarTuli Teatri sakuTari uangaro
SromiT, ver eguebodnen “CarCoebSi Casmas”. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom
msaxiobebs imdenad mwiri anazRaureba hqondaT, rom sxvaganac muSaobdnen
Tavi rom gamoekvebaT. elisabed CerqeziSvili ixsenebs, rom sarepeticio
darbazic ki ar gvqondao. gvindoda axali piesa Tundac aTjer gveTamaSa
sezonSi, anda misi momzadebisTvis aTi repeticia mainc dagvexarjao,
magram ar gamogvdiodao. didad arc is moswondaT, rom reJisori
realurad ar hyavdaT, xolo vinc ase vTqvaT “reJisorobda” misgan
araferi saxeiro ar gvesmodao artistebs. miuxedavad aseTi
ganwyobilebisa, sul ufro metad ikveTeboda maTi survili profesiul
CarCoebSi moeqciaT sasceno Semoqmedeba. Tumca axali “naswavli”
reJisuris mosvla qarTul TeatrSi mainc Zlier gaaprotestes.
reJisorebic, maTi axalgazrduli maqsimalizmidan gamomdinare, yvelafer
Zvelze uars ambobdnen, rac kidev ufro did daZabulobas Tesavda
qarTvel msaxiobebSi. “raic Seexeba v.SalikaSvils, rom Zvelebi sruliad
gaidevnon scenidan, pensia daeniSnoT da sxva uadgiloa da intriganuli...
axals Zalas yovelTvis siamovnebiT mivegebebiT, magram ara mgonia,
ZvelTa gandevnam scenidan, saqmes argos. amgvarma oinebma bevrjer
Seaferxa Cvenis scenis keTildReoba da Tu batonma SalikaSvilma
Zvelebis augiT daiwyo saqme, sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwevs. amiT arc
axal Zalas Seemateba rame...”16 – werda elisabed CerqeziSvili
elisabed CerqeziSvilis msgavsad, bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda
profesional reJisorTa TviTdamkvidrebis process, Tumca yvela
aRiarebda, rom qarTul Teatrs ori yvelaze didi problema hqonda:
araprofesionali kadrebi da finansuri uxerxemloba. vaso abaSiZe
araerTgzis daumcirebiaT qarTuli TeatrisaTvis ori kapiki rom eSovna.
-
ase iyvnen sxvebic, romlebmac istoriuli misia Seasrules da sakuTari
gaWirvebisa da SimSilis xarjze gadaarCines qarTuli Teatri kidev
erTxel daxurvas.
pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis kvaldakval
profesiuli ganaTlebis misaRebad safrangeTSi gaemgzavra giorgi
jabadaric. samSobloSi dabrunebulma 1918 wels dramatuli studia
gaxsna TbilisSi. studiis gaxsna dramatulma sazogadoebam 1906 welsac
moindoma, Tumca maSin saqme ar gamovida da ai, saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave, praqtikulad pirveli profesiuli
Teatraluri studiis gaxsnas Caeyara safuZveli.
“studia, Teatraluri organizmis cxovrebis imgvar formas
warmoadgens, sadac iqmneba misi ganaxlebisaTvis umTavresi ram –
TanamoazreTa koleqtivi – Taoba. Taobas ki uwodeben imaT, vinc
Tvisebrivad axalis sityvis damkvidrebas SesZlebs sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi. qarTuli Teatris istoriis ganviTarebis
am etapze, mxolod studias SeeZlo Seeqmna qarTuli TeatrisaTvis
esoden saWiro da aucilebeli axalgazrda SemoqmedTa Taoba. verc
l.mesxiSvilisa da v.gunias gamosacdelma warmodgenebma, verc v.abaSiZis
mier Teatris dasSi axalgazrdebis misaRebad warmoebulma gamocdebma,
verc m.qorelis mier quTaisis TeatrSi axalgazrda scenismoyvareTa
mowvevam, ver Seqmna Taoba. axali Taobis Seqmna swored g.jabadaris
Teatr-studiis saSualebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. es iyo pirveli nakadi.
SemdgomSi maT SeuerTdnen a.faRavas studiis studielebi”.17
imis miuxedavad, rom praqtikulad giorgi jabadaris daarsebuli
studia, qarTul sinamdvileSi, realurad pirveli profesiuli
saswavlebeli iyo, am mimarTulebis cdebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi ara
erTi da ori iyo. 1906 wels dramatuli sazogadoebis mondomebiT TiTqos
safuZveli eyreboda dramatuli studiis Camoyalibebas, Tumca mravalma
faqtorma, im periodis politikurma Tu ekonomikurma procesebma,
studiis Camoyalibebis saqme ramdenime wliT Seaferxa.
1911 wels kidev iyo mcdeloba profesiuli studiis Camoyalibebisa,
romelic iTaves lado mesxiSvilma da valerian guniam. Seqmnes kidec
dramatuli kursebi, Tumca spontanurad Seqmnilma saswavlebelma,
-
meTodologiis Camouyalibeblobam da finansurma problemebma
funqcionirebis saSualeba ar misca kursebs.
didi finansuri resursi arc jabadaris studias gaaCnda, Tumca mis
damaarsebels mkafiod hqonda Camoyalibebuli studiis funqcionirebis
meTodologia. SesaniSnavi evropuli ganaTlebiTa da rusuli
Teatraluri skolis gamocdilebis safuZvelze swored giorgi
jabadarma SeZlo saqarTveloSi pirveli profesiuli Teatraluri
studiis Camoyalibeba.
Tavi II
jabadarisa da faRavas studiebi pedagogiuri
azrovnebis istoriisaTvis
TavisTavad Teatraluri studiis organizeba win gadadgmuli nabiji
iyo, Tumca am faqts araerTgvarovani gamoxmaureba mohyva. iyvnen studiis
Seqmnis momxreebic da mowinaaRmdegeebic. Tumca umTavresi mainc is iyo,
rom saqarTveloSi pirvelad moxerxda qarTuli TeatrisTvis
profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba.
gazeTi “alioni” studiis daarsebasTan dakavSirebul gancxadebas
ase iwyebda: “qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba - qarTuli dramatuli
sazogadoeba mouwodebs qarTvel inteligent axalgazrdobas (18 wlidan
30 wlamde) gamocxadnen sruliad axali dasis Sesadgenad. qarTulma
dramatulma sazogadoebam daaarsa sasceno xelovnebis studia...
msurvelni am studiaSi sruliad ufasod Seiswavlian: diqcias, mimikas,
plastikas, ritms... farikaobas, grims, xmis dayenebas da visac sasimRero
xma aRmoaCndeba – simReras. Tu romelsame momaval msaxiobs aRmoaCndeba
musikis niWi, Seiswavlis dakvras im instrumentze, romelsac
moisurvebs.”18
-
iwyeboda sruliad axali etapi qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebis
istoriaSi. am etapis dawyebasTan erTad faqtobrivad ibadeboda qarTuli
saTeatro pedagogika. manamdeli yvela Zalisxmeva iyo spontanuri,
mxolod sakuTar intuiciasa da gamocdilebaze damyarebuli.
rasakvirvelia, rogorc giorgi erisTavma, aseve dramatuli sazogadoebis
Semqnelebma da qarTuli Teatris korife-msaxiobebma didi wvlili
Seitanes qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis ganviTarebisaTvis, Tumca
mkacrad gawerili samoqmedo gegma momaval msaxiobTa da Semdgom ukve
reJisorTa aRzrdisaTvis da rac mTavaria meTodologiurad
dazustebuli swavlebis struqtura, arcerT winamorbeds ar hqonia.
giorgi jabadaris studias ki gaaCnda saswavlo programa, romelic
gawerili iyo or saswavlo welze da gulisxmobda momavali msaxiobis
daostatebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela disciplinis Seswavlas.
cnobili Teatrmcodne da mkvlevari vasil kiknaZe ase aRwers giorgi
jabadaris studiis Camoyalibebas: “momwifda msaxiobTa axali Taobis
aRzrdisa da dawinaurebis sakiTxi, axali nakadis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo
Teatris ganaxleba. 1918 wlis martSi gamoqveynda cnoba, rom dramatulma
sazogadoebam daaarsa sasceno xelovnebis studia. daiwyo mosamzadebeli
muSaoba. “dasSi ewerebian inteligenturi Zalebi – studentebi” –
iuwyeboda “Teatri da cxovreba” sityva “inteleqtualuri Zalebi” xSirad
meordeba sxva sainformacio wyaroebSic... TeatrSi SemoiWra
axalgazrduli nakadi, Caisaxa perspeqtiva!”19
Tavad giorgi jabadari reJisoris profesias daeufla germaniis
Teatralur akademiaSi maqs reinhardtTan, Semdgom wlebSi moRvaweobda
safrangeTSi andre antuanis gverdiT “Tavisufal TeatrSi”. zedmiwevniT
gaiziara moskovis samxatvro Teatris damaarsebelTa novatoruli ideebi
da praqtikul samuSaoebSic mosinja. am codniTa da gamocdilebiT
Seudga igi qarTuli Teatris “aRorZinebis” saqmes. misi studiis Seqmnas
xom swored “aRorZineba” uwoda im droindelma presamac da dramatulma
sazogadoebamac. mas studiis Seqmnamde dawerili hqonda ramdenime
samecniero naSromi, romelic Seexeboda msaxiobis xelovnebis swavlebis
sakiTxebs. jer kidev 1910 wels, Jurnali “Teatri da cxovreba” aqveynebs
giorgi jabadaris statiebs “diqcia” da “plastika”. studiis swavlebis
meTodologia evropuli da rusuli Teatrebis gamocdilebaze
-
dayrdnobiT SemuSavda, metyvelebis kulturis saxelmZRvanelo Tavad
giorgi jabadarma Seqmna da am disciplinas Tavad uZRveboda, plastikis
savarjiSoebi dal krozis sistemiT SemuSavda, cekvis gakveTilebi
klasikuri evropuli sabaleto skolis sistemis mixedviT, xolo
msaxiobis ostatobis Casatareblad studiam moiwvia valerian
SalikaSvili, romelic samxatvro Teatris principebiT warmarTavda am
kurss. giorgi jabadari, garda studiis xelmZRvanelobisa da sasceno
metyvelebis gakveTilebisa, studielebs ukiTxavda xelovnebis, maT Soris
Teatris istoriis zogad kurss.
idea, romlisTvisac Seiqmna es studia, gulisxmobda ori wlis
manZilze profesiulad moemzadebina msaxiobTa axali Zalebi. am ori
wlis manZilze maT ar unda mieRoT monawileoba sarepertuaro
warmodgenebSi. studiis damTavrebis Semdeg ki, swavlebis periodSi
Seqmnili warmodgenebiT unda warmdgariyvnen farTo sazogadoebis winaSe.
Tumca es idea ver ganxorcielda, radgan is dafinanseba, rasac giorgi
jabadars hpirdebodnen erTis mxriv, dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeobam
da meores mxriv, kerZo investorebma mxolod 25 %-iT Seasrules.
eqvsTviani dauRalavi Sromis Semdeg, studielebi aRmoCndnen mkacri
realobis winaSe da iZulebulni gaxdnen sarepertuaro warmodgenebi
gaemarTaT da am SemosavliT gaegrZelebinaT studiis funqcionireba. amas
isic daemata, rom studiis funqcionirebisaTvis vera da ver moxerxda
sakuTari Senobis gamoyofa da giorgi jabadaric iZulebuli gaxda
mTeli studielebi da pedagogebi mSobliur sagarejoSi waeyvana da iq
mama-papiseul saxlSi emuSavaT. eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi TbilisSi
Camousvlelad muSaobdnen sagarejoSi. euflebodnen msaxiobis ostatobis
safuZvlebs da amavdroulad amzadebdnen pirvel warmodgenas
mayurebelTa samsjavroze gasatanad.
pirvel warmodgenad SearCies bries musikaluri drama “sarwmunoeba”.
“Teatri da cxovreba” “sarwmunoebis” premieras maSinve gamoexmaura:
“...qarTuli klubis scenaze 1918 wlis 18 noembers warmodginda, romlis
repeticia 150-jer gamarTes da piesac zepirad Seiswavles”. 20 Jurnali
imasac aRniSnavda, rom warmodgena dagvianebis gareSe, zustad 8 saaTze
daiwyoo.
-
speqtakli “sarwmunoeba” mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani gamodga.
upirveles yovlisa, qarTul Teatralur afiSaze axali gvarebi gamoCnda.
maTi umravlesoba SemdgomSi qarTul samsaxiobo elitas warmoadgenda.
amas garda, pirvelad daidga saqarTveloSi iseTi speqtakli, romelSic
iyo mcdeloba mayureblisTvis profesiulad gamarTuli sanaxaoba
SeeTavazebinaT. “...pirobiTi Teatris esTetika, ara mxolod reJisoris
metaforul azrovnebaSi gamoxatuli, aramed aqtiorTa ansamblis
koordinirebis saSualebiT gacocxlebuli. miuxedavad amisa Teatr-
studia ar vardeboda ukiduresobaSi, erTi romelime principis aRiarebiT
da moicavda fsiqologiur, realistur Teatralur principebsac.
yovelive amiT ki, sruldeboda studiis arsebobis upirvelesi mizani -
izrdeboda srulyofili, axali Teatraluri cxovrebis wesiT mcxovrebi,
sinTezuri, universaluri msaxiobi, romelsac yovelgvari Teatraluri
modelis morgeba gauadvildeboda.” 21
studiam, Tavis garSemo Semoikriba im periodSi saqarTveloSi
moRvawe TiTqmis yvela Semoqmedi. akaki vasaZe igonebda: “man Tavis
studias “qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba” daarqva, valerian SalikaSvili,
kote SaTiriSvili, giorgi iSxneli hyavs mowveuli, plastikis
maswavleblad baletmaisteri vakareci da misi meuRle bauer-zaqsi; Salva
qiqoZe da giorgi erisTavi iqnebian Cveni mxatvrebi... Teatr-studiis
mTavar reJisorad da sasceno metyvelebis maswavleblad gvyavda giorgi
jabadari, reJisoris asistentebad Saqro beriSvili, vaso yuSitaSvili,
farikaobaSi – z.ciciSvili. Teatr-studiis garSemo Cveni inteligenciis
TvalsaCino Zalebi iyridnen Tavs: efemia mesxi, misi meuRle gepneri,
sandro yanCeli, petre qavTaraZe, niko erisTavi, Salva amirejibi, paolo
iaSvili, tician tabiZe.”22
studielebi muSaobdnen sxvadasxva epoqisa da literaturul-
dramaturgiuli esTetikis avtorTa nawarmoebebze. a.sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis
“Ralatis” paralelurad muSaobdnen e.rostanis “TeTr vaxSamze”.
msaxiobTa mosinjva xdeboda sul ufro met da met sxvadasxva grZnobaTa
bunebis gamomxatvel nawarmoebebSi. magaliTad, e.rostanis piesaze
muSaobisas, pirvelad qarTul TeatrSi, gamoCnda “komedia del’artes”
niRbebi. studielebma male daiwyes muSaoba g.hauptmanis “haneleze”.
reJisorma mixeil qorelma studielebi reJisoruli azrovnebis mkacr
-
modelSi moaqcia, Tumca msaxiobTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom “maT
sakmaod kargad gaarTves Tavi, axali, gansxvavebuli dramaturgiis da mis
safuZvelze gansxvavebuli stilistikis matarebeli speqtaklis
gaTavisebis rTul procesebs, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom maTi
profesiuli srulyofisaTvis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nabiji
gadaidga.”23
samwuxarod, miuxedavad TvalSisacemi progresisa, damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos mTavrobam ver uzrunvelyo studiis normaluri
funqcionireba. verc Senoba gamouyo da verc sakmarisi subsidireba
moaxerxa. amasTan, rogorc yvela axal saqmes, studiasac gamouCndnen
mowinaaRmdegeni, kritikulma azrma meti gasaqani hpova. arada, kritikis
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba swored is iyo, rasac Tavad giorgi jabadari
cdilobda SebrZoleboda. mas namdvilad ar undoda, rom studiaSi
swavlebis paralelurad, tipiuri sarepertuaro Teatris cxovrebiT
ecxovraT. daedgaT speqtaklebi, hqonodaT repertuari. Tumca finansuri
siZneleebi da xelisuflebisgan danapirebis Seusrulebloba mas
iZulebuls xdida am kompromisze wasuliyo.
“studia Tavis daniSnulebas unda daubrundes, studiam xeli unda
aiRos sasezono warmodgenebis marTvaze, Tunda am warmodgenebs
gamarjveba sdevdes Tana. warmodgenebis samzadisi xels uSlis studiis
muSaobas da mowafeTa gawvrTnas. karg masalas frTxili movla-
patronoba da mudmivi Tval-yuris devna unda”. 24 giorgi jabadarma veRar
gauZlo im tipis kritikas, rac mas yvelaze kargad esmoda, Tumca sxva
saSveli ar iyo. Tanac isic daemata, rom kolegebisgan miiRo
araerTazrovani SeniSvnebi. am realobidan gamomdinare man studia
daxura. “Cemi mizani iyo dameyenebina Teatri iseT niadagze, rogorc
mowyobilia evropaSi. Semeqmna axalgazrda Zalebi, romlebic ZvelebiviT
niWierni Tu ar iqnebodnen, is upiratesoba mainc eqnebodaT, rom
SeiTvisebdnen erTgvar skolas. umecrebma Cven mogvnaTles “Ziebis
Teatrad”... yvelgan imas gaiZaxodnen, studiam “axali” araferi Seqmnao.
batonma axmetelma erT krebaze ganacxada: me studiaSi axali vera vnaxe,
iq mxolod warmodgenebi ufro “dauTovebuliao”. batonma a.faRavam Tavis
moxsenebaSi sTqva: studiis warmodgenebi “koreqtuliao” da sxva
araferio. es orni marTals amboben da mizanic jerjerobiT is iyo, rom
-
Cveni warmodgenebi “koreqtuli” da “dauTovebuli” yofiliyo, rom yvelas
scodnodaT rolebi da mizanscenebi da es rolebi Sesrulebuli
yofiliyo, intonaciis mxriv SegnebiT swored da ara ise yalbad, rogorc
winad iyo... Cven gvindoda dagvemyarebina disciplina Cvens saqmeSi,
disciplina mkacri da ara iseTi, rogorc aqamdis gamefebulia qarTul
TeatrSi. ai, jerjerobiT gvindoda amisTvis migveRwia da gana metis
gakeTeba SeiZleboda erT weliwadSi? qarTvelebi mouTmeneli xalxni
varT, yvelaferi uceb gvinda. erT weliwadSi metis gakeTeba SeuZlebeli
iyo, Tanac im pirobebSi... ara gvqonda erTi patara oTaxic ki, samadlod
xan vin Segvikedlebda, xan vin...
diax, 1918 wels daarsebulma studiam gamarTa ramodenime
“dauTovebuli” warmodgena. am warmodgenebSi monawileobas iRebdnen sul
axalgazrda Zalebi, ori-samis garda. Tu studiam warmodgenebamdis
miaRwia, es mxolod imitom rom saTaveSi erTi kaci edga da ara kolegia.
Caudga Tu ara kolegia – saqme daiSala.
exla Sedga axali gamgeoba dramatuli sazogadoebisa, e.i. istoria
iwyeba Tavidan, exlac, rogorc maSin, Seadgenen dass, aureven studielebs
ZvelebSi. Zvelebi iqonieben TavianT cud gavlenas, daaxSoben maT niWs,
SeaCveven udisciplinobas da qarTul Teatrs araviTari progresi ar
eqneba. dasi ustudiod ver Sesdgeba. es yvelasaTvis cxadia, imaTTvisac
ki, vinc ori wlis ganmavlobaSi hgmobda am studias.”25
istoriis Tavidan dawyebaSi giorgi jabadari gulisxmobda 1906 wlis
ambavs, roca Teatralurma sazogadoebam moisurva Teatraluri studiis
organizeba da es idea CaiSala kolegiuri mmarTvelobis gamo. g.jabadari
miiCnevda, rom pedagogika, iseve rogorc reJisura, “erTmmarTveli” unda
yofiliyo. koleqtiurad pasuxismgeblobis gadanawileba ki aseT saqmeSi
ar gamodgeboda. Teatris ganviTarebis Semdgomma wlebma daadastura, rom
giorgi jabadari marTali iyo. arcerTxel ar momxdara Teatris
istoriaSi erTmmarTvel xelmZRvanels, koleqtiurma mmarTvelobam
ajobos. aseve iyo studiis organizebisasac.
giorgi jabadaris studiis Rirseba Tu nakli, albaT, momavalSi
Teatris mkvlevarTa interesis sferoSi kvlavac moeqceva, Tumca erTi
ram aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom jabadaris studiam saqarTveloSi
dasabami misca axali kadrebis profesiul aRzrdas da mravali
-
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, am studiam arsebobis ori wlis manZilze,
mTavari misia Seasrula. qarTul Teatrs aRuzarda profesional
msaxiobTa axali Taoba, romelnic XX saukunis qarTuli samsaxiobo
skolis gamorCeul scenis moRvaweebad iqcnen. veriko anjafariZe, akaki
vasaZe, uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe, mixeil gelovani, mixeil Wiaureli
da mravali sxva, swored giorgi jabadaris studiis kursdamTavrebulebi
arian.
kuriozebisagan arc jabadaris studia iyo daculi. “xma dairxa, rom
giorgi jabadari Tavisi studiis gaZlerebas apirebs, axal Zalebs uyris
Tavso. ganuyreli megobrebi dodo anTaZe da uSangi CxeiZe gamocxaddnen...
gamocdisas dodos aqtioruli monacemebi ufro moiwones, vidre
uSangisa.”26 aseTi faqtebi nebismieri misaRebi gamocdis dros xdeba
xolme. amas rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia da rac
mTavaria, bevrwilad damokidebulia xolme abiturientis aRelvebis
xarisxze.
studiis Sesaxeb saintereso masalad iqca, iq aRzrdil msaxiobTa
STabeWdilebebi. akaki vasaZes xatovnad aqvs aRwerili studiuri muSaobis
epizodi, rodesac ori sxvadasxva ganaTlebisa da Teatraluri esTetikis
Semoqmedi giorgi jabadari da valerian SalikaSvili erTmaneTs
daupirispirdnen mxatvruli kiTxvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. valerian
SalikaSvili “leqsis kiTxvis dros riTmas araviTar yuradRebas ar
aqcevda. erT-erTi kamaTis dros, batonma giorgim veriko anjafariZes
sTxova waekiTxa Salva amirejibis leqsi-eqspromti... cxadia verikos
lirizmma yvela mogvxibla, amrigad kamaTSi gamarjvebuli giorgi
jabadari darCa, magram valeriani ar dacxra da Tavis mxriv moiTxova,
aba akaki vasaZes ilia WavWavaZis “muSa” wavakiTxoTo. me Wiris oflma
damasxa. sad SemeZlo Cemi, jer kidev mouqneli metyvelebiT verikos
Semdeg raime STabeWdileba momexdina. batonma valerianma Sematyo rom
vyoymanobdi da SemomiZaxa: aba, ar Semarcxvino gurulo, daiwyeo. da mec
zepirad, Txrobis kiloTi wavikiTxe es leqsi. wavikiTxe, rogorc
monologi.
-sainteresoa, kargia! – Tqva giorgi jabadarma, - am leqsis wakiTxva
sxvanairad arc SeiZleba. Tqveni xelwera Cans, batono valerian, magram
ilias “dedao RvTisas” wakiTxva rogor warmogidgeniaT?
-
-aseve.
-rogor aseve?
-ese igi, imave xerxiT da saSualebiT, riTac “muSas” kiTxulobda
akaki. Tqven mSvenivrad mogexsenebaT, rom ama Tu im monologis Tu
leqsis temporitmi maTive Sinaarsidan unda aRmocendes. amas xSirad ver
axerxeben msaxiobebi scenaze. magram es rodi niSnavs meTodis
uvargisobas.
-savsebiT geTanxmebiT, batono valerian, Tu erT aspeqtSi
ganvixilavT sasceno metyvelebis sakiTxs. magram qmediT sityvas rogor
daveufloT metyvelebaSi, Tu misi mJReradi Tvisebebi da erovnuli
xasiaTi ar gaviTvaliswineT? ama Tu im avtoris ganwyobis saidumlo xom
misi enis ritmSi imaleba, Tu ver miageni avtoris nawarmoebis ritms da
ver SesZeli scenaze amis gadatana, ver Seqmni avtoriseul saxes.”27
miuxedavad sxvadasxva Teatraluri Sexedulebebisa, muSaoba
mimdinareobda azrTa WidilSi, cxare kamaTSi, romelic dadebiT gavlenas
axdenda studielebze.
jabadaris studia ilaSqrebda Teatralur praqtikaSi fexmokidebuli
Stampebis winaaRmdeg. varskvlavi-msaxiobebis wina Taobam didi kvali
datova qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi, amitom sakmaod rTuli procesi iyo
stereotipiuli Sexedulebebis Secvla. arada, Teatri yovelTvis
cdilobs TviTganaxlebas. g.jabadars uyiJinebdnen d.erisTavis
“samSoblos” dadgmas. is ki miiCnevda, rom axali epoqa im periodis
Tanamedrove dramaturgiiT unda yofiliyo gamagrebuli. am mxriv,
umniSvnelovanesad miaCnda daviT kldiaSvilis gamoCena samwerlo
asparezze. Tu anton Cexovma Seqmna samxatvro Teatris gamomsaxvelobiTi
formebisa Tu sceniuri urTierTobebis erTgvari safuZveli, qarTuli
TeatrisaTvis analogiur avtorad daviT kldiaSvili moiazreboda.
d.kldiaSvils “qarTvel Cexovs” am mosazrebis gamoc uwodebdnen. swored
amitom giorgi jabadarma e.bries “sarwmunoebis” paralelurad
d.kldiaSvilis “irines bednierebaze” daiwyo muSaoba da ufro metic, es
ori, erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisa da Janris
nawarmoebi erT speqtaklad uCvena mayurebels. Tamar wulukiZe igonebda,
Tu ra gamoxmaureba hqonda am ori piesis erT saRamos Cvenebas. ilia
zurabiSvili am warmodgenas axal sityvad miiCnevda qarTul sasceno
-
xelovnebaSi. “giorgi jabadari Sepyrobili iyo erTaderTi ideiT –
qarTuli Teatri Tavisi doniTa da profesionalizmiT, evropis
saukuTeso TeatrebTan mieaxlovebina.”28 Tumca im sazogadoebaSi, sadac
qarTuli Teatris varskvlavma nato gabuniam uari ganacxada marTas
rolze “darispanis gasaWirSi” mxolod im motiviT, rom es piesa mTlad
mxolod marTaze ar aris Seqmnilio da mis am gancxadebas kritikis qar-
cecxli ar daatyda Tavs, rTuli iyo sakuTari ideebis bolomde
gatareba. amas emateboda isic, rom wina Taobis msaxiobebisadmi
mayurebelSi didi ndobisa da siyvarulis fonze, ufro rTuli iyo
siaxlis damkvidreba. axalgazrda msaxiobTa namuSevrebisadmi
undoblobas winaswarve, speqtaklebis naxvamde gamoxatavdnen. magaliTad,
veriko anjafariZis debiuti “sarwmunoebaSi” araerTgvarovnad iyo
aRqmuli. erTni imasac fiqrobdnen, rom qarTul TeatrSi meore nuca
CxeiZe ver daibadeboda. iyo sxva Sexedulebebic. rogorc yovel axal
wamowyebas, studiasac gauCndnen mtrebi. akaki vasaZe werda, rom visac ar
ezareboda Cvens studias sasikvdilod seravdao. miuxedavad kritikuli
gamosvlebisa, studiis dasacavad msaxiobTa kavSiris yrilobaze sityva
warmosTqva aleqsandre axmetelma: “batonebo, daanebeT Tavi g.jabadars,
Tqven Tqveni saqme gaakeTeT, da is Tavis saqmis gakeTebas SeZlebs, Tu
xels aravin SeuSlis”. 29
“yvelas unda lideroba. yvelas unda gainawilos erTi adamianis
garjiT mopovebuli warmateba. urTierTqiSpobis vneba iyo damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos safuZvlebis damangreveli Zalac!”30
am realobidan gamomdinare, sruliad gasagebi iyo, rom g.jabadars
Zalian gauWirdeboda, Tumca mis mier daarsebuli studia seriozuli
winapiroba gaxda, 1922 wels, akaki faRavas studiis Camoyalibebisa,
romelic zustad erT weliwadSi Teatralur institutad gadakeTda.
g.jabadaris studiis daxurvam isedac krizisSi myofi qarTuli
Teatri, faqtobriv CixSi Seiyvana. studielebi, romlebic g.jabadaris
erTgulni darCnen erTxans baTumis TeatrSi moRvaweobdnen. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo drama profesionali axalgazrda samsaxiobo kadrebis
seriozul deficits ganicdida. moyvarulebi ki, ufro da ufro
aqtiurobdnen, rom rogorme Teatris scenaze moxvedriliyvnen. giorgi
jabadaris winaswarmetyveleba axda, misma studiam koleqtiuri
-
mmarTvelobis qveS ver iarseba, 1920 da 1921 wlebis sezonebi Cavarda.
saswrafo zomebis miReba qarTuli TeatrisaTvis sasicocxlo
aucileblobas warmoadgenda. mTeli yuradReba qarTveli “mxatelebisken”
iyo mimarTuli. aleqsandre wuwunava nel-nela Sordeboda dramatul
Teatrs da misi moRvaweoba saopero TeatriTa da kinostudiiT
Semoifargleboda. valerian SalikaSvili am droisaTvis ukve
gardacvlili iyo. giorgi jabadaris mier, studiaSi, parizidan mowveuli
vaso yuSitaSvili kvlav emigraciaSi aRmoCnda. am yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli TeatrisaTvis momavali kadrebis aRzrdis
misia akaki faRavas, mixeil qorelsa da aleqsandre axmetels unda
ekisraT. am ukanasknelma, 1920 wels, s.SanSiaSvilis “berdo zmania”
ganaxorciela, Tumca manmade, ramdenime kritikuli gamosvliT, qarTuli
Teatrisa da saTeatro pedagogikis savalalo Sedegebi SeumCneveli ar
darCenia. aSkara iyo, rom studiis Camoyalibebis gareSe saxelmwifo
drama mxolod, ukve asakSi Sesuli, Zveli varskvlavi-msaxiobebiTa da
axalgazrda araprofesionali kadrebiT arsebobas veRar gaagrZelebda.
1921 weli politikuri TvalsazrisiT, metad rTuli aRmoCnda
saqarTvelosTvis. movida axali xelisufleba, saqarTvelom realurad
dakarga damoukidebloba da ukve axali komunisturi xelisuflebisa da
ideologiis pirobebSi unda momxdariyo axali Teatraluri studiis
daarseba. jer kidev menSevikuri mTavrobis pirobebSi daisva sakiTxi
ruseTSi moRvawe kote marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi Camoyvanis Sesaxeb,
Tumca sakiTxi mowvevamdec ar misula, banaluri motiviT – mainc ar
Camovao.
1922 wlis ianvarSi, akaki faRavas xelmZRvanelobiT, axali studia
daarsda. studia moTavsebuli iyo saxelmwifo dramis (dRevandeli
rusTavelis Teatri) sarkeebian darbazSi.
studiis gaxsnas daemTxva kidec kote marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi
sakuTari iniciativiT CamobrZaneba. rasakvirvelia, rogorc ki
marjaniSvili saqarTveloSi daigules, maSinve SesTavazes mas
samSobloSi darCena da daiTanxmes kidec, Tumca pirvel etapze Tavad
k.marjaniSvils namdvilad ar ecala studiis muSaobaSi CarTuliyo.
studiis Seqmnamde akaki faRavas iniciativiT ramodenimejer
gamocxadda damxmare TanamSromelTa miReba, magram Tamar WavWavaZis
-
garda veravin ver SearCies. studiis Seqmnis paralelurad, baTumSi
moRvawe g.jabadaris studielebsac SesTavazes saxelmwifo dramaSi
gadmosvla. am SeTavazebiT TerTmeti msaxiobi Seemata saxelmwifo
dramas. maTi SemomatebiT kidev ufro metad darwmundnen profesiuli
studiis daarsebis aucileblobaSi, imdenad didi iyo sxvaoba
studielebsa da moyvarulebs Soris.
studiis saqmianobis gansazRvrisas akaki faRavam gaiTvaliswina
g.jabadaris studiis problemebi da Seecada saswavlo procesi ise
daegegma, rom pirvel etapze mxolod aucilebeli disciplinebiT
Semofargluliyvnen. studiis daarsebisTanave man daiwyo muSaoba
respublikis xelmZRvanelobasTan, raTa saTeatro xelovnebis umaRlesi
saswavlebeli gaxsniliyo saqarTveloSi.
rogorc zemoT avRniSne, studiam muSaoba ianvarSi daiwyo. Tavidanve
ganisazRvra is, rom studiis damTavrebamde studentebs sarepertuaro
Teatrze ar efiqraT. mTeli dro swavlisTvis unda daeTmoT da
praqtikisTvis mxolod saxelmwifo dramis speqtaklebis masiur scenebSi
gamosuliyvnen.
Tavdapirvelad sasceno metyvelebasa da improvizacias Tavad akaki
faRava aswavlida. Tumca maleve es saqme mixeil qorels gadaabara.
praqtikul sasceno muSaobas aleqsandre wuwunava warmarTavda, xolo
mimodramis elementebsa da etiudebs aleqsandre axmeteli aswavlida.
metyvelebis teqnikaze Tavisufali xelovani konstantine daviTaSvili
moiwvia, romelic amavdroulad xmis dayenebasa da vokals aswavlida,
cekvisa da ritmikis pedagogad ki, yofili “mxatis” msaxiobi valentina
benderoviCi-JRenti moiwvia, romelic “aisidora dunkanis meTodiT
muSaobda. grimis xelovnebas rusuli Teatris msaxiobi iakob kruCinini,
xolo xmasa da diqciaze muSaobas revoluciamdeli Teatris
saxelganTqmuli dramaturgi niko SiukaSvili gvaswavlida.” 31
studiaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda disciplinas.
meTodologiurad, Tu g.jabadaris studia erTgvari nazavi iyo
m.reinhardtis, a.antuanisa da “mxatis” gamocdilebis, a.faRavas studiam
samuSaod pirdapir samxatvro Teatris skola-studiis modeli aiRo. akaki
faRavasTvis umniSvnelovanes amocanad gadaiqca saTeatro umaRlesi
saswavleblis daarsebis idea, aqedan gamomdinare igi aqtiur saswavlo-
-
pedagogiur process gaeTiSa da mxolod am saorganizacio saqmeebiT
dakavda. pirveli saswavlo weli 1922 wlis 3 oqtombers gaixsna. studiis
gaxsna Zalian pompezurad Caifiqres, raTa maSindeli xelisuflebis meti
yuradReba moepovebinaT. “ak.faRavam mokle sityviT gaxsna zeimi, ris
Semdeg misasalmebeli da, saerTod Teatris Sesaxeb warmosTqves sityvebi:
k.marjaniSvilma, m.qorelma, a.axmetelma, t.tabiZem, k.gamsaxurdiam da sxv.”32
ukve erTi wlis Tavze, saqarTvelos respublikis saxalxo komisarTa
sabWom gamosca dekreti: “Seqmnili iqnas Sesaferisi instituti sasceno
ganaTlebisa, romelSiac Cven aRvzrdiT da gavwvrTniT sabWoTa
aRmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro sasceno axalgazrdobas. aseTi saWiroeba
aris aramc Tu dramis, aramed operis dargSiac. risTvisac ganaTlebis
komisaris azriT, unda Seiqmnas axali dawesebuleba, sasceno xelovnebis
Sesaswavli umaRlesi skola saxelwodebiT “saTeatro instituti”,
romlis Semavali nawili iqneba: 1) dramatuli studia 2) dramatuli
skola 3) saopero studia 4) saopero gundi, klasi 5) plastikuri da
riTmuli gimnastikis klasi. pedagogebad mowveulni arian: kote
marjaniSvili, akaki faRava, aleqsandre axmeteli, mixeil qoreli,
profesorebi: i.javaxiSvili, g.CubinaSvili, r.naTaZe, d.andronikaSvili,
d.uznaZe, h.gronevaki, v.JRenti.”33
am dadgenilebiT dasrulda erTi didi etapi qarTuli saTeatro
pedagogikis ganviTarebis gzaze. giorgi jabadarisa da akaki faRavas
studiebma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula qarTuli Teatris
istoriaSi. saqarTveloSi saTeatro pedagogika sakmaod ganviTarda da
aucilebloba warmoiSva umaRlesi saswavleblis warmoqmnisa, romelSic
faqtobrivad gaizarda qarTuli samsaxiobo skolis warmomadgenelTa
absoluturi umravlesoba.
giorgi jabadarisa da akaki faRavas studiebis wyalobiT,
pedagogiuri azrovneba damkvidrda saTeatro xelovnebaSi. Tu pirveli
qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis samSobloSi dabrunebas
araerTgvarovnad Sexvdnen, gansakuTrebiT Zveli Taobis msaxiobebi, XX
saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi yvelas gaazrebuli hqonda
profesiuli studiis arsebobis aucilebloba. am gamocdilebis
gaziarebiT ufro meti da meti interpretaciis saSualeba miecaT
momavali Taobebis aRmzrdel reJisor-pedagogebs. yovelive amis
-
gaTvaliswinebiT zemoT xsenebulma orma studiam istoriuli roli
Seasrula qarTuli Teatris cxovrebaSi da profesiul WrilSi
gansazRvra kidec misi momavali.
Tavi III
kote marjaniSvili da aleqsandre axmeteli –
qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis fuZemdeblebi
saTeatro umaRlesi saswavleblis daarseba ociani wlebis
saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes movlenad iqca. 5 wliT adre, 1918
wels daarsda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti da iq moRvawe
profesorTa absoluturma umravlesobam araTu aitaca saxelovnebo
umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebis idea, aramed pirvelive saswavlo
wlidan Tavadac aqtiurad Caebnen saswavlo procesSi.
saTeatro institutis pirveli miReba 1924 wels ganxorcielda, imave
wels gamouSves pirvel studentTa nakadic, radgan intitutis daarsebis
brZanebaSi pirdapir iyo miTiTebuli, rom is akaki faRavas studiis
bazaze iqmneboda. studielebi institutis daarsebisTanave studentebad
iqcnen da pirvel gamoSvebadac CaiTvalnen.
studiisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifo biujetze myof umaRles
saswavlebelSi ukve mravali iseTi sagani iswavleboda, romelic
studiuri muSaobisa da dafinansebis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo.
ganisazRvra saswavlo wlebis Sesabamisi programebi. institut
damTavrebulis statusi gulisxmobda, students, romelsac gavlili da
Cabarebuli hqonda Semdegi disciplinebi: solfejio, akrobatika,
farikaoba, esTetika, xelovnebis istoria, fsiqologia, qarTuli ena,
anatomia, fiziologia, higiena, diqcia, mxatvruli metyveleba,
improvizacia, mimodrama, grimi, plastika, simRera, literaturisa da
dramis istoria, tanisamosis istoria da artistuli niWiereba.
disciplinebis CamonaTvalidan gamomdinare, cxadi iyo, rom saTeatro
instituti iZleoda TiTqmis sauniversiteto ganaTlebas. Seiqmna
-
pedagogiuri sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen: “profesori akaki SaniZe,
profesori dimitri uznaZe, profesori aleqsandre naTiSvili,
dramaturgi nikoloz SiukaSvili, msaxiobi iakob kruCinini, giorgi
didebuliZe, profesori giorgi CubinaSvili, profesori ioseb Sarlemani,
pedagogi i.falkoni, diriJori aleqsandre gvelesiani, pedagogi valentina
JRenti, profesori olga Sulgina, cirkis msaxiobi akrobati manioni.
pedagogiuri sabWos mdivani, docenti k.kapaneli, institutis samxatvro
xelmZRvaneli kote marjaniSvili, institutis direqtori akaki faRava.”34
im periodis rusTavelis Teatrs kote marjaniSvili
xelmZRvanelobda, mTavar reJisorad ki aleqsandre axmeteli iyo. igive
tandemi muSaobda institutSic. programa, romelic sasceno xelovnebis
swavlebas iTvaliswinebda savaraudod swored maTi da akaki faRavas
Sedgenili iyo. amis damadasturebeli utyuari, zusti cnobebi ar
moipoveba, Tumca iqedan gamomdinare, rom praqtikul mecadineobebs
swored isini atarebdnen, logikurad asec iqneboda.
instituti, iseve rogorc a.faRavas studia, rusTavelis TeatrSi
ganTavsda. es logikuric iyo, radgan iseve rogorc rusTavelis Teatrs,
institutsac k.marjaniSvili da a.axmeteli xelmZRvanelobdnen.
kote marjaniSvili aRiarebulia qarTuli Teatris reformatorad.
reforma ki Seexo, rogorc qveynis pirvel Teatrs, ise saTeatro
pedagogikas. yvela is gamocdileba, rac ki dagrovili iyo aTwleulebis
manZilze qarTul TeatrSi erT meTodologiur safuZvelSi moeqca da
swored aseTi myari safuZveliT daiwyo arseboba saTeatro umaRlesma
saswavlebelma.
Tavis mxriv, aleqsandre axmetels ukve hqonda pedagogiuri muSaobis
gamocdileba akaki faRavas daarsebul studiaSi. amasTan kote
marjaniSvilTan yoveldRiurma SemoqmedebiTma saqmianobam igi
Camoayaliba, rogorc erT-erT umniSvnelovanes reJisorad, aseve
pedagogad.
Cvenamde moaRwia TiToeuli praqtikuli sagnis saswavlo gegmam,
romlis gaaanalizebisas SeiZleba davxatoT suraTi, Tu ra prioritetebi
arsebobda momavali msaxiobebis aRzrdis saqmeSi.
TiToeuli jgufisaTvis kviraSi sami orsaaTiani gakveTili eTmoboda
xmis dayenebas, sunTqvisa da diqciis mowesrigebas. kote marjaniSvilic
-
da aleqsandre axmetelic udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen msaxiobis
xmisa da sametyvelo aparatis mowesrigebas. Tavdapirvelad, studentebi
gadiodnen sasunTqi organoebis mokle anatomiur mimoxilvas, amis Semdeg,
sxvadasxva saxis sunTqvas, maT Rirsebasa da nakls, mxolod Semdgom
gadadiodnen swori sunTqviT varjiSobebze, “sunTqviT gimnastikaze”.
calke uTmobdnen dros xmis dayenebas metyvelebisTvis da xmis dayenebas
simRerisTvis. Semdeg arkvevdnen maT msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas,
amuSavebdnen sametyvelo bel kantos, bgeris forte da piano
JReradobebs, intervalebs. amis Semdeg iwyeboda muSaoba warmoTqmaze,
metyvelebis naklovanebebsa da maTi gamosworebis saSualebebze, xmis
diapazonze, paTosiTa Tu antipaTosiT kiTxviT varjiSebze, metyvel da
mkvdar pauzebze. Semdeg iyo ukve poeturi da prozauli nawyvetebi, maTi
analizi, kiTxvis reliefuroba, koloriti, melodia. xmis tembris
modulaciebze varjiSi, agreTve saxasiaTo kiTxva, komikuri da
tragikuli intonaciebiT varjiSi, swrafTqmaSi anu sxvapasxupSi varjiSi,
sicilSezavebuli da tirilSezavebuli warmoTqmebi da bolos muSaoba
dialogze da monologze.
calke sagnad iyo gamoyofili mimodrama, romlis kursic akaki
faRavas studiaSi aleqsandre axmetels mihyavda. mimodramasTan erTad
a.axmeteli aswavlida disciplinas, romelsac improvizacia erqva.
saTeatro institutSi es ori sagani gaerTianda, mas kviraSi sami saaTi
eTmoboda.
am disciplinis Seswavlasac Tavisi programa gaaCnda, romelic ase
iyo Camoyalibebuli: “1. sasceno xelovnebis ZiriTadi elementebi: gancda,
sityva da moZraoba. 2. cneba mimodrama. 3. mimika da sityva. pirvelyofil
adamianTa da yru-munjebis Jestebis ena. 4. mimodrama da dialogi.
mimodrama, rogorc dialogis dasawyisi (dasabami). mimodrama TviT
dialogis dros da dialogis dasasruls. 5. xuTi grZnoba: mxedveloba,
smena, gemovneba, Sexeba da ynosva. 6. ganwyobileba da gancda. emociebi. 7.
SegrZnebis obieqti da energiis micema. energiis dagroveba. 8. grZnoba,
rogorc SegrZneba. 9. Sinagani da garegani dialogi. 10. sityva, rogorc
Sinagani dialogis gaxmaureba. 11. moZraoba. moZraobis riTmi, moZraoba,
rogorc gancdis Sedegi. moZraoba, SeCereba da moZraobis Secvla.
-
simkvrive da moZraobis tempi. moZraobis damokidebuleba ganwyobilebisa
da gancdisagan. moZraobaTa plastikuri forma.”35
yelis higienas kviraSi erTi saaTi eTmoboda, cekvasa da plastikas –
oTxi, aseve oTxi saaTi iyo gamoyofili tanvarjiSsa da farikaobaze,
grimze ki - ori saaTi kviraSi. danarCeni saaTebi msaxiobis
ostatobisTvis iyo gamoyofili, romelic kviraSi ocdaaT saaTs aRwevda,
amas emateboda is Teoriuli mecadineobebi, romelsac universitetis
wamyvani profesura warmarTavda. mniSvnelovan saganTa CamonaTvalSi iyo
fsiqologia. msoflioSi aRiarebuli mecnieri dimitri uznaZe, romelic
am sagans warmarTavda mWidro SemoqmedebiT kavSirSi iyo jgufis
xelmZRvanelTan. fsiqologiis disciplinis saswavlo programa
SemuSavebuli iyo kote marjaniSvilTan da aleqsandre axmetelTan erTad
da masSi swored msaxiobis profesiisaTvis aucilebeli niuansebiT iyo
gajerebuli. sagansac aseve erqva – fsiqologia – sasceno Semoqmedebasa
da sasceno TeoriasTan dakavSirebuli. “1.fsiqologia da misi roli
sasceno SemoqmedebaSi. 2.piesis teqsti da sasceno libreto. 3. sxvadasxva
saxis piesa. maTi Seswavla sasceno da fsiqologiuri mxriT. 4.
samecniero da samxatvro muSaoba aqtiorisa. 5. rolis detalebi. 6.
siyalbe da simarTle rolis SesrulebaSi. 7. msaxiobis muSaoba scenamde
da scenaze. 8. msaxiobis garegnoba. 9. analizi da sinTezi. 10. skola da
STagoneba. 11 SemecnebiTi procesi. 12. aqtiori da publika. 13.
mayurebelTa da koleqtivis fsiqologia. 14. mises en sene. mniSvneloba
msaxiobisa da reJisorisaTvis. 15. Segnebuli Semoqmedeba da STagoneba. 16.
Teatris popularizacia. saxalxo da intimuri Teatri. 17. aqtioris
saSemoqmedo masala: teqsti, remarka, xasiaTi, ansambli, reJisoris mier
micemuli amocana. 18. replika. 19. forma da Sinaarsi piesisa. 20.
monologi, dialogi, triada. 21. tempiT riTmi piesisa, roli, calke
scenebi. 22. msaxiobi – ilustratori da msaxiobi – mimbaZveli, Semoqmedi
aqtiori. sxvis sityvebisagan damokidebuli sakuTari sityvebi. sasceno
Sesrulebis tradiciebi. 23. repeticia da speqtakli. 24. loRikuri da
meqanikuri mexsiereba. 25. gansaxeba. sasceno yuradReba. 26. roliT
gamsWvalva. 27. moxerxeba. 28. grZnoba, mgrZnobeloba, nerviuloba da
nervianoba. 29. ganwyobileba. gancda. emociebi. temperamenti, gemovneba.
fantazia. 30. sasceno saxe da misi gansaxiereba. 31. samxatvro zoma da
-
taqti. 32. reali. cxovrebis gamosaxva. 33. impresionizmi. pirobiToba,
stilizacia. 34. morTuloba. sadekoracio nawili da misi kavSiri
aqtiorTan. 35. tanisamosi da grimi msaxiobisa. 36. yofa-cxovreba. 37.
paTologiuri rolebi. 38. Jestikulacia. borotad gamoyeneba Jestisa da
ekonomia Jestisa. 39. Segnebuli da Seugnebeli plastika. 40. poza. grimasa.
41. sicili, cremli, yvirili. 42. toni. 43. pauza. siCume da carieli
adgilebi scenaze. 44. scenis iluzia. 45. scenis optika. 46. reJisorisa da
aqtioris perspeqtiva scenaze. 47. rolis mistika. 48. gansaxierebuli saxis
rwmena. 49. tragediebis Sesruleba. berZenTa tragedia. tragedia
Seqspirisa. komedia, xumroba, vodevili. 50. Tanamedrove Ziebani. 51.
frangebis, italielTa, germanelTa da rusi aqtiorebis saxasiaTo
Taviseburebani. 52. moskovis samxatvro Teatri da misi mniSvneloba. 53.
miunhenis samxatvro Teatri. momavali Teatris roli.”36
kote marjaniSvili, vidre sakuTar beds moskovis samxatvro Teatrs
daukavSirebda, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis esTetikuri
azrovnebis gavlenas ganicdida. Tavadac yvarleli da didi ilias karis
mezobeli, pataraobidanve iyo CarTuli qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebis
saqmeSi. jer, rogorc mayurebeli, Semdeg artistoba daiwyo da akaki
wereTlis reJisorobiT ramodenime warmodgenaSic iTamaSa. vidre
ruseTSi wavidoda, mas kargad hqonda Seswavlili qarTuli Teatris
awmyo da albaT Tavisi Sexedulebebic hqonda mis momavalze. ruseTSi
yofnisas gaacnobiera, rom profesiul safuZvlebs moklebul qarTul
Teatrs Svela sWirdeboda. qarTuli Teatri msoflio Teatris
ganviTarebis ritms daSorda da es Soridanac kargad igrZnoboda. kote
marjaniSvilis erTi SexedviT SemTxveviTi Camosvla saqarTveloSi,
qarTuli Teatris gadarCenis tolfasad gadaiqca. saTeatro pedagogikis
mimarTulebiT, is programebi da gegmebi, rac SemuSavda faRavas studiis
institutad gadaqcevis Semdgom, garantia iyo saqarTveloSi profesiuli
Teatris damkvidrebisa. imdenad didi sxvaoba SeiniSneboda
profesionalsa da moyvarul msaxiobs Soris, rom ukve Semdgom wlebSi
aucilebeli gaxda saTeatro saswavleblis kontigentis gazrda. saxalxo
Teatrebis muSaoba erTi wuTiTac ar Senelebula XX saukunis
saqarTveloSi, Tumca saxelmwifo Teatrebi aqtiurad nadirobdnen
profesiul kadrebze, imdenad TvalSisacemi iyo sxvaoba
-
profesionalizmsa da diletantizms Soris. calke Temaa niWiereba.
yofila SemTxvevebi, rom gansakuTrebuli niWis adamianebi profesiuli
ganaTlebis gareSec miuRiaT TeatrebSi, Tumca es ufro meore msoflio
omis Semdgom periodSi mamakaci msaxiobebis deficitiT aixsneboda.
mTavari ki is iyo, rom 1923 wels saTeatro institutis daarsebam da
kote marjaniSvilisa da aleqsandre axmetelis pedagogiurma miRwevebma
gansazRvra Semdgomi aTwleulebis qarTuli Teatris profesionalizmis
xarisxi da igi Semoqmedebis axal, gacilebiT ufro maRal safexurze
aiyvana.
am ori reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi Tanaarseboba didxans ar
gagrZelebula, maTi SemoqmedebiTi konfliqtis Semdeg, saTeatro
instituts isev studiebad daSla eloda, Tumca imdenad mZlavri
pedagogiuri impulsi Caido im oTxi saswavlo wlis manZilze ocian
wlebSi saTeatro institutis arsebobisas, rom mis gareSe sul raRac 12
weli gaZlo qveyanam da 1939 wels kvlav aRadgines da dRemde aRar
Seuwyvetia arseboba, ufro metic uamravi fakulteti daemata, gaizarda,
universitetad gadakeTda da dRes erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
SemoqmedebiTi saswavlebelia.
Tu iliam da akakim wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis
daarsebiT farTo masebi Caabes ganaTlebis ferxulSi, kote
marjaniSvilma daagvirgvina giorgi erisTavis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki
wereTlis, vaso abaSiZis, lado mesxiSvilis, valerian gunias, giorgi
jabadaris, valerian SalikaSvilis, aleqsandre wuwunavas, akaki faRavas,
mixeil qorelisa da sxvaTa saqme da qarTuli Teatris reforma moaxdina.
“miqelanjelo, ticiani, rembranti da saerTod yvela didi mxatvari jer
kidev XV-XVI saukuneebSi im mizniT, rom sworad daexataT adamiani,
swavlobdnen da Tanac zedmiwevniT dawvrilebiT, anatomiasa da
mecnierebis sxva dargebs. codnis gareSe niWi nulia. unda Caujde
wignebs, unda iswavlo, kargad Seiswavlo yvelaferi, rac exeba
cxovrebiseul simarTles, bunebis kanonebs, mis damokidebulebas
mzisadmi – mxolod aseTi codniT SeiZleba didi saqmis keTeba
xelovnebaSi, xolo mciredis keTeba saerTod cxovrebaSi sazizRari da
gulisamrevi ramaa, xelovnebaSi ki – miT umetes.”37– werda kote
marjaniSvili.
-
saerTo ganaTlebisadmi udidesi yuradReba imTaviTve iqca saTeatro
institutis savizito baraTad. studenti valdebuli iyo skrupulozurad
Seeswavla avtoris epoqa, im qveynis istoria, sadac iwereboda piesa an
viTardeboda piesis siuJeti, avtoris sxva nawarmoebebi, kritika avtorze...
anu zedmiwevniT unda gacnoboda yvelafers, rac konkretuli
nawarmoebisa Tu avtoris irgvliv arsebobda. kote marjaniSvils miaCnda,
rom Teatris ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dramaturgiis
ganviTarebasTan erTad. igi gaxarebuli iyo daviT kldiaSvilis
gamoCeniT qarTul dramaturgiaSi. yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals Salva
dadianis, polikarpe kakabaZis Semoqmedebas.
Tavis mxriv aleqsandre axmeteli megobrobda sandro SanSiaSvilTan,
1920 wels dadga kidec misi piesa “berdo zmania”. repertuarSi misi sxva
piesebic Seitana. jer kidev 1912 wels a.axmetelma gamoaqveyna werili
“saxalxo gazeTSi”, romelsac “qarTuli Teatris krizisi” erqva.
aleqsandre axmeteli miiCnevda, rom Tanamedrove dramaturgia ar
asaxavda im suliskveTebas, rac realurad arsebobda imdroindel
saqarTveloSi. aqedan gamomdinare ar iqmneboda axali qarTuli drama.
qarTuli Teatri ki Teatri-gamrTobis funqcias asrulebda. sxva
funqciis Sesasruleblad ki, dramaturgiis ar arsebobis garda,
msaxiobebic ar hyavdaT. ar iyo skola, romelic axali sityvis, axali
azris gamomxatvel msaxiobs aRzrdida. “Cveni eris sulieri kveTeba
jerjerobiT dramatul formebSi Camoyalibebuli ar iyo”38 – werda
aleqsandre axmeteli.
aleqsandre axmetelma, romelic jer kidev akaki faRavas studiidan
moyolebuli aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli pedagogiur saqmianobaSi, 1923 wlis 2
ianvars, qarTuli Teatris dResTan dakavSirebiT, kidev erTi werili
gamoaqveyna, sadac Camoyalibebuli hqonda sakuTari mosazrebani, Tu
rogori unda iyos qarTveli msaxiobi. werili, romelic ufro metad
saaxalwlo milocvad SeiZleba miviCnioT, Seicavda mTel rig
Sexedulebebs, romlebic man rogorc pedagogma da Semdeg ukve rogorc
reJisorma praqtikaSi mosinja. “saWiroa, qarTuli Tvisebis qarTveli
msaxiobi rom Seiqmnas... qarTveli msaxiobi garegnulad mouxeSavia,
tlanqi, zanti – Teatri Cvenic mZimea, dinji, utemperamento. igi unda
daimsxvres, moizniqos, rom gaxdes moqnili, rbili, cecxlovani,
-
SuSpariani, rogorc TviT qarTveli. da gveqneba Teatri aRgznebis,
Teatri rixiani, gabeduli, gmiris, ze-pirovnebis. Teatri mona-morCilia,
usaxo, ucxvirpiro, gaubedavi. igi unda gaxdes nebismyofi, SfoTi,
gorozi, rixiani, kadnieri, rogorc TviT qarTveli, rom Sehqmnas Teatri
grZnobis, nebis, kadnierebis, namdvili qarTuli Teatri. amasTan Cven
gvaklia codna, gamocdileba, survili – siyvaruli Teatrisadmi.
namdvili codna, gamocdileba, Tavdaviwyebuli siyvaruli mogvcems im
axal Teatrs, romelic qveynierebis yursa da guls daimonebs.”39
Tavidanve studiaSi a. axmeteli improvizaciis xelovnebasa da
mimodramas aswavlida. msaxiobis ostatobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
Tvisebaa improvizacia. dResac ki, zogierT msaxiobs da ara marto
students, improvizacia avtoris teqstze sakuTari sityvebis damateba
hgonia. a.axmeteli da k.marjaniSvili, viTarebidan gamomdinare, students
ucvlidnen amocanas, aZlevdnen srul Tavisuflebas, raTa maqsimalurad
warmoeCinaT maT sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. improvizaciis unari
namdvilad aucilebeli iyo iseTi sinTezuri msaxiobisaTvis, rogoric am
or did reJisors esaWiroeboda. “...yovelmxriv gawvrTnili aqtiori,
romelic Tanabari siZlieriT flobs sityvasa da Jests, moZraobasa da
musikas, TamaSobs tragediasa da operetas, pantomimasa da dramas.”40
saTeatro institutis pirvel or gamoSvebaSi, romelTac umaRlesi
saswavleblis diplomebi aiRes, swavlobdnen: vaso goZiaSvili, Tamar
wulukiZe, pavle kandelaki, ivlita jorjaZe, maliko mrevliSvili,
grigol laRiZe, sesilia TayaiSvili, buxuti maRlakeliZe, vaniko laRiZe
da sxvebi. es swored is jgufebi iyo, romelic akaki faRavam aiyvana
studiaSi da Semdeg avtomaturad gaxdnen saTeatro institutis
studentebi. maTTan msaxiobis ostatobaze muSaobda mixeil qoreli,
mxolod 1923-1924 wlebSi maTTvis damamTavrebel saswavlo wels
aswavlida am jgufs kote marjaniSvili. k.marjaniSvilma gadawyvita
studentebTan ganexorcielebina Tamar vaxvaxiSvilis pantomima
“mzeTamze”. amas win uswrebda erTi faqti. marjaniSvils wesad hqonda,
rom sezonis dasasruls dasi mihyavda romelime kurortze dasasveneblad
da iq dasvenebis paralelurad, emzadebodnen momavali sezonisaTvis. 1923
wlis zafxulSi, akaki faRavamac sakuTari studielebi rusTavelis
Teatris dasTan erTad waiyvana, sadac agrZelebdnen studiur muSaobas
-
mixeil qorelTan erTad. swored im zafxuls moawyves saqvelmoqmedo
koncerti, studiis dasaxmareblad. koncerts didZali damsvenebeli
daeswro da soliduri Tanxac Seagroves. koncertSi mxolod studielebi
monawileobdnen. im koncertze SeniSna k.marjaniSvilma axal msaxiob-
studielTa jgufi, romelTanac moisurva pantomimuri warmodgenis
ganxorcieleba.
Tavdapirvelad, mis axal wamowyebas skeptikurad Sexvdnen,
gansakuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom msaxiobis aRzrdis
erTaderTi meTodi konstantine stanislavskis naSromebSi iyo
moTavsebuli, Tumca kote marjaniSvili sxvagvarad udgeboda sakiTxs. man
gailaSqra kidec samxatvro Teatris winaaRmdeg da miiCnevda, rom
Tanamedrove azrovnebis is formebi da meTodebi, rac am TeatrSi iyo
damkvidrebuli moZvelda da ganaxlebas saWiroebda. “samxatvro
TeatrisTvis cxovrebis yoveldRiuri yofa iqca TviTmiznad im dros,
rodesac mTeli azri mis sadResaswaulo bunebaSia, mis sixarulSi.
moskovis samxatvro Teatri mTlianad gadarTulia gancdaze, sakuTari
sulis siRrmeSi mimdinare procesebze, vinaidan misTvis arsebobis azri
msaxiobis gancdaSia. man uarhyo forma, is ar grZnobs cxovrebis ritms.”41
es erTgvari galaSqreba iyo lamis dogmadqceul saswavlo
meTodebze, romelic fexmokidebuli iyo im periodis rusul Teatralur
skolebSi. erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi konfliqtic qarTvel “mxatelebTan”
swored amis gamo arsebobda da Tu davakvirdebiT, gansakuTrebiT
rusTavelis TeatrSi ganviTarebul movlenebs a.axmetelis garda, Teatrs
reJisorad aravin SerCa, anu “mxatelebi” nel-nela CamoSordnen
rusTavelis Teatrs. es namdvilad ar gulisxmobda imas, rom kote
marjaniSvili aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege yofiliyo konstantine
stanislavskis ideebisa. piriqiT, igi Tavis maswavleblad miiCnevda
k.stanislavskis, Tumca miaCnda, rom XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX
saukunis dasawyisSi, arsebuli realobidan, politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu
socialuri fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, im dramaturgiis dabadebiTac
(a.Cexovi, m.gorki, l.andreevi) kanonzomieri iyo is, rogori ganviTarebac
miiRo rusulma Teatrma. Tumca XX saukunis aTiani wlebidan, roca is
Seawuxa “Tavisufali Teatrisa” da sinTezuri msaxiobis ideam, miiCnevda,
rom Teatrica da Teatraluri pedagogikac mudmiv TviTganaxlebas unda
-
daqvemdebareboda. miT ufro, unda gaTvaliswinebuliyo qveynis erovnuli
tradicia, genetikuri tempo-ritmi da fesvebi ar unda damorCileboda
brmad, romelime sxva eris Teatris ganviTarebis gamocdilebas.
swored amitomac, rodesac 1925 wels samxatvro Teatrma didi
gastroli moawyo TbilisSi, aRfrTovanebuli qarTveli mayureblisa da
ukve profesionali msaxiobebis Sefasebebi garkveul analizs efuZneboda.
“STabeWdilebis aseTi grandiozuli doziT miRebam SeiZleba daabnios
kidec axalgazrda msaxiobi, Tu mas erovnuli xelovnebis tradiciuli
kultura ar eqneba. vaso abaSiZisa da lado mesxiSvilis tradiciebze
aRzrdils, mitacebda da maocebda samxatvro Teatris msaxiobTa TamaSi,
magram ucodinariviT ar maSterebda da ar mabnevda. vuyurebdi
warmodgenebs, Semdeg vixsenebdi qarTul scenis saxelovani korifeebis
mxatvrul saxeTa galereas, Cveni Taobis axalgazrda Zalebis
monacemebsac viTvaliswinebdi, warmovidgendi Cvens SesaZleblobebs da
qarTuli saTeatro xelovnebis didi momavlis saocari rwmena
mesaxeboda.”42 – werda akaki vasaZe.
kote marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde, erovnuli Teatris
ideis garda, swored am azrebs aviTarebda sandro axmetelic, Tumca
marto darCenili sakuTar azrebTan, rTulad axerxebda winaaRmdegobebis
daZlevas. misi pirveli speqtaklis, s.SanSiaSvilis “berdo zmanias”,
pirvel repeticiaze msaxiobebs boikotis gamocxadebac ki hqondaT
Cafiqrebuli, Tumca man ise waiyvana procesi, rom repeticiis dasasruls
taSiTac daajildoves. oskar uaildis “salomeas” dadgmis Semdeg ki, rom
ara kote marjaniSvili da misi Zalian dadebiTi mosazrebani sandro
axmetelis reJisorul alRosTan da SemoqmedebiT miswrafebebTan
dakavSirebiT, SesaZloa speqtakli kritikis qar-cecxlSi gaetarebinaT.
arada, k.marjaniSvilis Camosvlamdec interesi mis mimarT sakmaod
cxoveli iyo. faqtobrivad sajaro gamosvlebisa da werilebis garda,
romelsac a.axmeteli dro da dro aqveynebda im periodis periodul
presaSi, sareJisoro miswrafebani masSi ar SeiniSneboda, Tumca mainc
moxvda jer dimitri arayiSvilis yuradRebis centrSi, romelmac saopero
studiaSi sakuTari operis “Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelzes” dadgma
SesTavaza, xolo Semdeg mixeil qorelisa da qarTveli “mxatelebis”
interesi gamoiwvia. jer kidev 1918 wels qoreli swerda akaki faRavas
-
axmetelis Sesaxeb. xolo 1920 wels roca g.jabadaris studia daixura da
qarTuli Teatri suls Rafavda, valerian guniam yvelasaTvis
moulodnelad saxelmwifo dramis reJisoroba SesTavaza mas.
aleqsandre axmetelis SemoqmedebiT-pedagogiur potencials kote
marjaniSvili saqarTveloSi dabrunebisTanave aqtiurad akvirdeboda da
sul ramodenime TveSi gverdSi amoiyena da erTad Seudgnen im ideis
ganxorcielebas, rasac sinTezuri TeatrisaTvis axali tipis msaxiobis
aRzrda erqva.
kote marjaniSvili da aleqsandre axmeteli TavianTi xasiaTiTa da
SemoqmedebiTi kredoTi erTmaneTs abalansebdnen. Tu kote marjaniSvilis
sarepeticio Tu saswavlo procesi foierverkebiT iyo aRsavse da
erTgvar bohemur xasiaTsac atarebda, aleqsandre axmetelis leqcia-
repeticiebze SeiniSneboda gansakuTrebuli disciplina da
momTxovneloba. mimodramis pedagog a.axmetelisTvis umniSvnelovanesi
aRmoCnda k.marjaniSvilis idea studielebTan pantomimuri warmodgenis
ganxorcielebisa.
Tumca mTeli es periodi saTeatro institutis arsebobisa Znelia
ganvixiloT damoukideblad, rusTavelis TeatrSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis gareSe. garda imisa, rom rusTavelis Teatri da instituti
erT SenobaSi Tanaarsebobdnen da erTi xelmZRvanelobis qveS
imyofebodnen, studielebi, Semdgom ki studentebi aq-iq monawileobdnen
sxvadasxva warmodgenebSi da aqedan gamomdinare xSir SemTxvevaSi
TeatrSi mimdinare movlenebis epicentrSic eqceodnen.
1924 wlis 29 ianvars speqtakl “interesTa TamaSis” rigiT
warmodgenaze korporacia “durujis” gamocxadeba-dafuZneba, korporantTa
manifesti, am movlenis Semdgom ganviTarebuli peripetiebi adekvaturad
aisaxeboda studentur cxovrebazec. TavisTavad droSi iweleboda
“mzeTamzes” dadgmac, romelic mxolod 1925-1926 wlebis sezonSi
ganxorcielda, maSin roca studentTa absoluturi umravlesoba ukve
rusTavelis Teatris dasis wevrebi iyvnen. “pantomimaze muSaoba Zalian
gagviWianurda. konstantine aleqsandres Ze ar Cqarobda mizanscenebis
scenaze gadatanas. Cven ukve karga xania davamTavreT institutic da
TeatrSic CaviricxeT, Tumca “mzeTamzes” repeticiebs bolo ar uCanda.
ufrosi Taobis zogierTi msaxiobi ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda da
-
saerTod ver acnobierebda ra aucilebloba iyo pantomimis dadgma. es
xmebi batoni kotes yuramdec aRwevda. is brazobda. “nuTu ver xvdebian,
ramxela mniSvneloba aqvs msaxiobis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi pantomimas?”
ase iyo Tu ise “mzeTamzes” premiera mainc Sedga. presaSic mravali
saqebari sityva daiwera, Tumca speqtakli im sezonis bolomde sul
ramodenimejer viTamaSeT da morCa.”43 – igonebs “mzeTamzeSi” mTavari
rolis Semsrulebeli msaxiobi Tamar wulukiZe.
cnobili Teatrmcodne eTer guguSvili monografiaSi “kote
marjaniSvili” “mzeTamzes” mniSvnelobaze mogviTxobs, rogorc
studielebis, ise rusTavelis Teatris cxovrebaSi, “pantomimis JanrSi
muSaobisas kote marjaniSvilma wminda esTetikuri xasiaTis amocana
dausaxa sakuTar Tavs. mas surda, rom rogorc Teatris msaxiobebs, ise
axalbeda gamoucdel studielebs plastikisa da Jestis xelovneba
SeeswavlaT... misi survili iyo msaxiobebSi gaemZafrebina ritmis
SegrZneba, musikaluroba... rusTavelis TeatrSi misi moRvaweobis bolo
wlebSi sul ufro da ufro xSirad anawilebda studentebs speqtaklebSi.
swored am periodSi avdotias TiTqmis usityvo rolSi, speqtaklSi “mzis
dabneleba saqarTveloSi”, gaibrwyina jer kidev studentma sesilia
TayaiSvilma. imave “mzis dabnelebaSi” mosamsaxure ivanes rolSi Sedga
vaso goZiaSvilis debiuti. institutidan Teatrs Seematnen pier kobaxiZe,
emanuil afxaiZe, goguca kupraSvili, maliko mrevliSvili, sergo WeliZe,
poko murRulia da sxv.”44
garda samsaxiobo jgufebisa, rogorc Tavdapirvel brZanebaSi iyo
naTqvami saTeatro institutSi Seiqmna saopero studiac. kote
marjaniSvilma cnobili diriJori ivane faliaSvili amoiyena gverdSi da
dramis msaxiobTa aRzrdis paralelurad, saopero studiaSic didi
SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba gaiSala. kote marjaniSvili da aleqsandre
axmeteli am saqmianobaSic aqtiurad Caebnen. saopero studiis pirvel
gamoSvebaSi iyvnen XX saukunis qarTuli saopero xelovnebis korifeebi:
daviT badriZe, daviT andRulaZe, petre amiranaSvili, nadeJda comaia da
sxvebi. Teatris orkestrSi ukravdnen evgeni miqelaZe, Salva
azmaifaraSvili, iona tuskia, vano gokieli... kote marjaniSvilma maTTan
dasadgmelad Cimarozas “faruli qorwineba” SearCia. k.marjaniSvili
saopero studiis studentebTanac zustad ise muSaobda, rogorc
-
dramatuli studiis studentebTan. isinic euflebodnen msaxiobis
ostatobas, sasceno metyvelebas, plastikas...
akaki vasaZe erTxans sasceno metyvelebis pedagogad miiwvies
institutSi. imis gamo rom “faruli qorwineba” reCitativebiT iyo savse,
mas uSualod am warmodgenazec mouxda studielebTan muSaoba. “operaze
reJisorisa da diriJoris muSaobis wesebma damainteresa da maT
erTobliv repeticiebs veswrebodi. aseT repeticiebze CemTvis naTeli
gaxda, rom reJisorisa da diriJoris mxatvruli Canafiqri nawarmoebis
partituras unda emyarebodes. partituris mixedviT ganisazRvreba misi
Janrica da moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebic.”45
akaki vasaZes kote marjaniSvilma neba darTo pirvelkurselebTan
daedga J.b.molieris “barbulies eWvianoba”. “...sixarulisagan meSvide
caze viyavi, radgan bevri icina batonma kotem da ras vifiqrebdi, Tu
speqtaklis damTavrebis Semdeg, swored im adgilebs damiwunebda,
romelTac, Cemi azriT, yvelaze meti STabeWdileba unda moexdina
maswavlebelze. –Cemo akaki, roca uSualo improvizaciiT migyavs
barbulie – es sasaciloa, swored ase unda muSaoba molieris erTaqtian
piesebze, sadac is “komedia del’artes” didi gavlenis qveS imyofeba,
magram roca “gaaznaurebuli mdabiodan” sesxulob mza formebs, jer
erTi, yoveli gadmotana xelovnebaSi mxolod gadmotanaa da meorec,
saqmes es ar Svelis... reJisura valdebulia avtoris azrs Cawvdes,
avtoriseuli forma ganaxorcielos.”46
amasobaSi SemoqmedebiTma konfliqtma kote marjaniSvilsa da
aleqsandre axmetels Soris piks miaRwia. marjaniSvilma datova rogorc
rusTavelis Teatri, ise saTeatro instituti. am faqtis gamo saxelmwifo
dafinanseba minimumamde Seumcires umaRles saswavlebels da aleqsandre
axmetelic iZulebuli gaxda saTeatro instituti kvlav rusTavelis
TeatrTan arsebul studiad gadaekeTebina.
saTeatro umaRlesma saswavlebelma pirvel etapze mxolod oTxi
saswavlo weli iarseba, Tumca ukve mTel qarTul TeatrSic da
sazogadoebaSic gaamyara mosazreba profesiuli ganaTlebis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. instituts garda maRalprofesionali kadrebisa
da mecnierebisa, romlebic aswavlidnen - hqondaT kargad damuSavebuli
saswavlo programebi, riTac sargeblobdnen Semdeg wlebSi saqarTveloSi
-
arsebuli studiebi, rogorc rusTavelis TeatrSi (1927-1939 wlebSi), ase
marjaniSvilis TeatrSi (1931-1935 wlebSi) da kinostudiis bazaze gaxsnil
studiaSic.
kote marjaniSvilisa da aleqsandre axmetelis pedagogiuri muSaobis
gaanalizebis dros, gverds ver avuvliT maT sareJisoro namuSevrebs
rusTavelisa Tu marjaniSvilis TeatrebSi, sadac gamovlinda
institutdamTavrebul msaxiobTa didi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali. daibada
msaxiobTa legendaruli Taoba, romlebmac gansazRvres XX saukunis 60-
70-ian wlebamde qarTuli Teatris SemoqmedebiTi saxe.
studiebSi ZiriTadad kvlav a.axmeteli da k.marjaniSvili
agrZelebdnen muSaobas. amitom msaxiobTa Semdgomi pleadac sergo
zaqariaZe, giorgi SavguliZe, Tamar baqraZe, nunu maWavariani, giorgi
saRaraZe, valerian doliZe Tu sxvebi swored am studiuri muSaobiT da
TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli rolebiT, am bumberaz reJisor-pedagogebTan
xvewdnen profesionalur dones da imaRlebdnen ostatobas. kote
marjaniSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg, marjaniSvilis studias saTaveSi
misi mowafeebi: uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe da dodo anTaZe Caudgnen.
rusTavelis Teatris studias axmetelis daRupvis Semdeg erTxans akaki
vasaZe kurirebda. im periodSi es studia aWarisTvis axal samsaxiobo
kadrebs amzadebda. saWiro iyo reJisori, romelic studielebTan
sadiplomo speqtaklsac ganaxorcielebda da Tan maT gahyveboda
samuSaod baTumSi, raTa ukve TeatrSi gaegrZelebinaT Semdgomi
daostateba. aseTad a.vasaZem SearCia arCil CxartiSvili, romelic
erTxans a.axmetelis TanaSemwed muSaobda rusTavelis TeatrSi. im
periodSi ki CeCneTSi Teatrs xelmZRvanelobda. a.CxartiSvilis muSaoba
baTumSi axali etapi iyo Teatris istoriisa. studielebis iusuf
kobalaZis, nunu TeTraZis, murad xinikaZis, Tamar sulxaniSvilis da
sxvaTa saxelebi mTels saqarTveloSi gaxda cnobili. akaki vasaZis
winaSe idga ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: a.axmetelis daxvretis Semdeg,
rusTavelis Teatric gadasarCeni iyo da studiac. irakli gamrekelis
rCeviT man TeatrSi moiwvia sruliad axalgazrda dimitri aleqsiZe. masve
daevala studielebTan k.goldonis “sastumros diasaxlisis” dadgmac.
-
umaRlesi Teatraluri saswavleblis gareSe saqarTvelom didxans
veRar gaZlo da ukve 1939 wels zemoTxsenebulisa da sxva studiebis
bazaze aRorZinda SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri instituti.
Tavi IV
qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis
ganviTarebis etapebi
akaki xoravasa da akaki faRavas iniciativiT isev daisva sakiTxi
saTeatro umaRlesi saswavleblis aRdgenis Taobaze. kvlav SoTa
rusTavelis TeatrTan arsebuli studiis bazaze unda Seqmniliyo es
umaRlesi saswavlebeli. Tumca gansxvavebiT 1923 wlisa, im periodisaTvis
ukve ara erTi da ori Teatraluri saswavlebeli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi
da saswavlo gegmebis, meTodologiis, kaTedrebad Camoyalibebisa da sxva
administraciul-organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvareba centralizebulad
moskovidan imarTeboda. a.xorava institutis reqtorad dainiSna,
proreqtorebad a.faRava da a.kiknaZe. Seiqmna institutis samecniero
sabWoc, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevidnen pavle ingoroyva, Salva
dadiani, ioseb griSaSvili, irakli abaSiZe, simon Ciqovani, giorgi
CubinaSvili, veriko anjafariZe, daviT kakabaZe, iona tuskia, dimitri
janeliZe, maliko mrevliSvili, mixeil Wiaureli, konstantine kapaneli,
grigol kilaZe, besarion JRenti da sxvebi. msaxiobis ostatobis kaTedra
Caibara akaki vasaZem. man samsaxiobo fakultetze pedagogebad moiwvia
dimitri aleqsiZe da axalgazrda giorgi tovstonogovi, romelic
sxvadasxva dros muSaobda Tbilisis rusul mozard mayurebelTa
Teatrsa da a.griboedovis saxelobis TeatrSi.
dimitri aleqsiZe da giorgi tovstonogovi!
swored am ori reJisor-pedagogis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba gaxda
Tanamedrove qarTuli sareJisoro da samsaxiobo Zalebis momzadebis
safuZveli.
miuxedavad centralizebuli sakavSiro saswavlo gegmebisa, romlis
ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofac davalebuli hqondaT saqarTvelos
-
respublikis umaRles saswavleblebs, pedagog-Semoqmedni yovelTvis
axerxebdnen studentTaTvis saswavlo procesi dResaswaulad gadaeqciaT.
dResaswaulis arsi garToba sulac ar iyo, aramed sakuTari profesiis
Rrmad Seswavla analizisa da inteleqtualuri bazis gazrdis
safuZvelze.
“sta