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THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA
PEMANFAATAN SDM
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Oleh:
Sakri Agung, dr
Weny Handri Imawatie, drg
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
(McShane, 2005, p. 191). “A psychological concept in which people experience more self
determination, meaning, competence, and impact regarding their role in the organization”
Self-determination—Empowered employees experience self-determination, which consists of freedom, independence, and discretion over their work activities.
Meaning—Employees who feel empowered care about their work and believe that what they do is important.
Competence—Empowered people have feelings of self-efficacy, meaning that they are confident about their ability to perform the work well and have a capacity to grow with new challenges.
Impact—Empowered employees view themselves as active participants in the organization; that is, their decisions and actions have an influence on the company’s success.”
(Empowerment, 2006) “the process of increasing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and to
transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes.”(Byars, 2004, p. 10) “a form of decentralization that involves giving subordinates substantial authority to
make decisions. Under empowerment, managers express confidence in the ability of employees to perform at high levels. Employees are also encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their work.”
Definitions of Empowerment
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Pemanfaatan SDMMenggali seluruh potensi karyawan
Untuk memajukan dan
mencapai tujuan organisasi
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Research on Staff Nurse Work EmpowermentPrincipal Investigator: Heather K. Spence Laschinger, PhD, RN
EMPOWERMENT
Autonomy/Control over NursingPractice/Accountability
Sabiston, 1994Kutzscher, 1994
Laschinger & Havens, 1995Huffman, 1995
Laschinger & Wong, 1999
Organizational CommitmentWilson, 1993
McDermott, 1994Beaulieu, 1995Dubuc, 1995
Influence of Leadership BehaviorsMcKay, 1995
Laschinger & Wong, 1997McMahon, 1997
Sproule, 1997Immediate Supervisors’ Power
Hatcher, 1993Wilson, 1993Frank, 1993
Laschinger & Shamian, 1994Sabiston, 1994
Kutzscher, 1994
Occupational Mental HealthHatcher, 1993
Laschinger & Havens, 1995O’Brien, 1997
McBurney, 1997Laschinger, Wong, McMahon,
1999
Job PerformanceGovers, 1997
Job SatisfactionWhyte, 1995
Huffman, 1995Laschinger & Havens, 1996
Self EfficacyLaschinger & Shamian, 1994
Work EffectivenessLaschinger & Havens, 1996, 1997
Govers, 1997Laschinger, Wong, &
McMahon, 1999
TrustLaschinger, Finegan, &
Shamian, 1999
Work TeamsKutzscher, Sabiston, &
Laschinger, & Nish, 1997
Research on Staff Nurse Work Empowerment Principal Investigator: Heather K. Spence Laschinger, PhD, RN
EMPOWERMENT
Autonomy/Control over NursingPractice/Accountability
Sabiston, 1994Kutzscher, 1994
Laschinger & Havens, 1995Huffman, 1995
Laschinger & Wong, 1999
Organizational CommitmentWilson, 1993
McDermott, 1994Beaulieu, 1995Dubuc, 1995
Baguley, 1999
Influence of Leadership BehaviorsMcKay, 1995
Laschinger & Wong, 1997McMahon, 1997Sproule, 1997Shephard, 2000Immediate Supervisors’ Power
Hatcher, 1993Wilson, 1993Frank, 1993
Laschinger & Shamian, 1994Sabiston, 1994
Kutzscher, 1994
Occupational Mental HealthHatcher, 1993
Laschinger & Havens, 1995O’Brien, 1997
McBurney, 1997Laschinger, Wong, McMahon, 1999
Baguley, 1999Blackwell, 2000
Job PerformanceGovers, 1997
Job SatisfactionWhyte, 1995
Huffman, 1995Laschinger & Havens, 1996
Casier, 2000
Self EfficacyLaschinger & Shamian, 1994
Avolio, 1998
Work EffectivenessLaschinger & Havens, 1996, 1997
Govers, 1997Laschinger, Wong, McMahon, 1999
Blackwell, 2000Shephard, 2000
TrustLaschinger, Finegan, &
Shamian, 1999Casier, 2000
Work TeamsKutzscher, Sabiston, &
Laschinger, & Nish, 1997
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Pemanfaatan SDM
Pengembangan kompetensi karyawan
Membangun lingkungan kerja berkualitas
Ketersediaan sumberdaya yang dibutuhkan
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Pandangan para ahli tentang pemberdayaan/pemanfaatan SDM
Menurut Carver • Empowerment is a process of setting the right
environment and structure in which people can make a full contribution with the best of their skills (1993)
• Pemberdayaan adalah suatu usaha untuk mendorong dan
memberi kepada setiap individu untuk mengambil tanggung jawab personel untuk memperbaiki cara kerja mereka sendiri dan memberi kontribusi pada tujuan organisasi (Carver,1999)
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Menurut Clluterbuck (2000),
• Finding new ways to concentrate power in the hands of the people who need it most to get job done – putting authority, responsibility, resources and rights at the appropriate level for each task
• The delegation of resposibility for decision – making as far down the management line as possible
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
• The controlled transfer of power from management to employees in the long-term interest of the business as a whole
• Creating for circumstances where the people can use their faculties and abilities at the maximum level in pursuit of common goals, both human and profit-oriented
• Psichological energy that activates us
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
A Downside to Empowerment?
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Tujuan pemanfaatan SDM
Menyediakan produk dan jasa
Menghasilkan value bagi customer
Memanfaatkan teknologi secara optimal
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Pemberdayaan / pemanfaatan karyawan akan berhasil dengan baik apabila organisasi berhasil menanamkan kesadaran dalam diri setiap manajernya bahwa • karyawan adalah sesama manusia, • manusia pada dasarnya baik, • birokrasi membunuh inisiatif, • manajer adalah orang yang menyediakan pelatihan,
teknologi, dan dukungan bagi karyawan, • nilai-nilai kejujuran dan kerendahan hatian harus
dijunjung tinggi.
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Di sisi lainnya, dalam diri karyawan juga harus diyakinkan bahwa
• pemberdayaan karyawan hanya dapat diwujudkan
berdasarkan kepercayaan yang tumbuh dari dalam diri manajer terhadap karyawan,
• kepercayaan manajer tumbuh oleh karena kompetensi yang dimiliki karyawan,
• di samping ini kepercayaan manajer tumbuh karena karyawan memiliki nilai-nilai kejujuran, keberanian, integritas, kesabaran, dan mental yang kuat.
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Pemanfaatan SDM Opportunity
Daya ungkit
Kemampuan memilih
Membangun citra
Refleksi kritis
Legitimasi
Disiplin
Persepsi kritis & kreatif
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Cara pemanfaatan SDM
Dididik dan dilatih
Dikontrol & dikendalikan
Dibina kearah perubahan pandangan
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Menurut Bowen and Lowler ( 1990 ) ada tiga tipe pemberdayaan
Suggestion involvement
Job involvement
High involvement
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Menurut Stewart, ada 6 jenis pemberdayaan SDM
Enabling
Facilitating
Consulting
Collaborating
Monitoring
Supporting
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
Delapan butir pemberdayaan menurut Stewart (1998)
Mengembangkan visi bersama Mendidik Menyingkirkan
rintangan
Mengungkapkan Memperlengkapi
Menyemangati
Menilai Mengharapkan
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
You will be expected to do things using TWO hands and TWO legs!!
THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF QUALITY, 5e, © 2002 South-Western/Thomson LearningTM
TERIMA KASIH