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Astronomy
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Al-Quran:
By Moon, Muslimsdetermined a lunar calendar
By Sun , MuslimsCalculate times for Prayer
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Abbasid Caliphate (750 - 1258)
Caliph Harūn (763-809)
Astronomy started among the Muslims during this period
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The Darul Hikima (House of Wisdom) founded by Mamun-ur-Rashid in Baghdad housed some of the
most eminent scholars of Astronomy
Caliph Mamun ar Rashid (786-833 A.D) House of wisdom Baghdad (8th Century)
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The Arabs were the first to build observatoriesDuring the reign of Mamun
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Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi(Persia 780 –850A.D)
Statue in Tehran
• Mathematician
• Astronomer
• Geographer
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Khwarizmi successfully determined the size & circumference earth
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Used for computational purposes
Eliminates the need for calculations in measurements
Khwarizimi invented Quadrant
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Used for accurate timekeeping by
the Sun and Stars, and could be
observed from any latitude
Sine Quadrant
Sine Quadrant was invented by Khwarizimi
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Ibrahim al-Fazari (b. 796) was the first Muslim in 8th century A.D to construct an “Astrolabe”
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Al Battani (born in Turkey in 858– died in 929 A.D)
accurately determined the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds
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Abul Hasan Mesudi ( b. 896, Baghdad, d. 956, Cairo, Egypt )
AL-Mesudi invented Telescope
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Abul Wafa ( 939 - 998 khorasan )
Introduced the use of the secant as well as the tangent into astronomical observations
SecantAbu Wafa (Khorasan)
Tangent
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Al-Biruni (973 -1048 A.D Ghazni)
First to conduct experiment related to astronomy
He established the fact by experimentation that that everything attracts toward the center of the earth
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Al Biruni famous diagram
showing different phases of moon indicates the moon revolving around earth and the earth revolving around the sun
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Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
He invented Planisphere• The earliest star chart • An early analog
computer• “Qanun-i-Masoodi”
discusses Planisphere
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.
fixed-wired knowledge processing machine
Al-Biruni’smechanical lunar solar calendar computer
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Astronomer
Mathematician
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Andalus,1029 – 1087)
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AL-Zarqali invented The Equatorium
A mechanical device for
finding the longitudes and
positions of the Moon,
Sun, and planets without
calculation using a
geometrical model
The Equatorium
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Al-Zarqali constructed
an improved type of
Astrolabe (a saJilza)
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Nizamul Mulk Tusi (vazir of Malik Shah Saljuqi)
In 1074-75 A.D established an observatory at Rayy or Neshapur
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Al-Tusi made the most significant work in developing the model of planetary system of his time.
He wrote a major astronomical treatise called, Al-Tadhkira Fi 'Ilm Al-Hay'a
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Al Tusi made an observatory under the guidance of Omar Khayyam where astronomical observations were made
Omer Khayyam(1048—1123, Iran)
Calendar : Al-Tarikh Jalali.
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Ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari (1136 – 1206)
Mathematician
Mechanical Engineer
Astronomer
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Al-Jazari invented the largest astronomical clock, "castle clock", which is considered to be the firstprogrammable analog computer
Features
• Displayed the zodiac and the solar and
lunar orbits
• Another innovative feature of the clock
was a pointer which traveled across the
top of a gateway and caused automatic
doors to open every hour
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Ulugh Beg (1394 - 1449)
Founder of a largeIslamic observatory inSamarqand, honored onthis Soviet stamp
observatory in Samarqand (1428-1429)
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Invented “plate of conjuntions”
Ibn Masud al-Kashi (1380 -1429 Iran)
Planetary conjunction
Conjunction means two celestial
bodies appear near one another
in the sky
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Ibn al-Shatir invented the astrolabe clock in 14th century Syria.