Download - MY INTERACTIONS WITH ANIMALS
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MY INTERACTIONS WITH ANIMALS
• Personal – pets– falconry– birdwatching
• Professional– endangered
species– wildlife
conservation– biodiversity
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HUMAN-WILDLIFE HUMAN-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS
Knowledge, attitudes, preferences, values, activities and issues
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ONTOGENY OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS
• Key components develop early in life and may even be innate (the “biophilia hypothesis”)
• <8 years old--affected strongly by basic emotions related to animals (fear, cuddly things, etc.)
• 8-12 years old--most significant period, acquire “facts” about animals from personal experiences– outdoor interactions with wildlife are very important– reinforced by books, stories, classroom learning, and TV
(13% of children’s books have an animal in the title!)
• 13-16 years old--concepts, abstract ideas, ethics– begin to understand the complexity of relationships
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Human-animalrelationships
Basic attitudes towards animals
Knowledge ofanimals
Preferences forcertain animals
Values attributed to animals
Activitiesinvolvingwildlife
Opinions onkey wildlife
issues
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KNOWLEDGE OF WILDLIFE• Most Americans are surprisingly ignorant about
wildlife, but they often have strong “beliefs” that are thought to be factual (but often aren’t)
• Stephen Kellert’s 1980 study (T-F and multiple choice test), for example:– “Most insects have backbones” (57% correct)– “The manatee is an insect” (26% correct)– “The coyote is an endangered species” (26% correct)– “Raptors are small rodents” (13% correct)
• Overall, for the general population, 53% correct• Many errors could be traced to common “myths”
about wildlife
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KNOWLEDGE OF WILDLIFE• Americans were most knowledgeable
about:– Dangerous wild animals (63% correct)– Pets (56% correct)– Domestic animals (53% correct)
• Americans were least knowledgeable about:– Native predators (47% correct)– Taxonomic relatedness (38% correct)– Invertebrates (36% correct)
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KNOWLEDGE OF WILDLIFE• Most knowledgeable groups:
– birdwatchers, trappers and hunters, college educated, high income, members of nature groups, residents of Alaska and Rocky Mountains
• Least knowledgeable groups:– < high school education, >75 years old,
<25 years old, residents of large cities
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A SHOCKING DISCOVERY
• 2002 study of British school children (4-12 years old)
• Identification and knowledge of native wildlife versus Pokémon characters– Sex and age differences existed– Overall, kids knew much more
about Pokémon characters (78% correct) than native species (53% correct)!!!
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ATTITUDES TOWARD ANIMALS
• 1980 study by Stephen Kellert is a classic• Based on responses of Americans to a
battery of questions designed to reveal attitudes toward animals
• Used statistical methods to arrange respondents into categorical groups
• Revealed 10 groupings of basic attitudes• Subsequently validated by many other
similar studies
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10 ATTITUDES• Naturalistic: primary interest in wildlife and outdoors;
animals are the context for activities in natural setting (backpackers, nature study, sport hunting)
• Ecologistic: Primary concern for environment as a system, emphasis on wildlife interactions with other species (ecological study, conservation activism)
• Humanistic: Primary interest and affection for individual animals, especially pets and large attractive species (pet ownership, casual zoo visitation, anthropomorphism)
• Moralistic: Primary concern for ethically correct treatment of animals, strongly opposed to exploitation and cruelty (animal welfare/rights group member)
• Scientistic: Primary interest in studying the physical attributes and biological functioning of animals (scientific study, collecting)
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10 ATTITUDES (continued)• Aesthetic: Primary interest in the artistic and
symbolic features of animals (nature appreciation, wildlife art)
• Utilitarian: Primary concern for the practical and material values of animals (farmers, meat hunters, trappers)
• Dominionistic: Primary satisfaction derived from mastery and control of animals, typically in a sporting context (trophy hunters, animal spectator sports)
• Negativistic: Primarily concerned about avoiding animals because of fear and dislike (fear of animals, cruelty to animals)
• Neutralistic: Completely uninterested, passive avoidance due to indifference (avoidance of animals)
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WHO’S IN AND NOT IN THESE GROUPS
• Naturalistic: college educated, Alaska vs <6th grade, black• Ecologistic: college educated, Alaska vs <6th grade, black• Humanistic: 18-25 yrs old, female vs farmers, >60 yrs old• Moralistic: west coast, female vs rural, male• Scientistic: college educated,18-25 yrs old vs >60<12 yrs
old• Aesthetic: female, east coast vs <6th grade, farmer• Utilitarian: farmers, >60 yrs old vs college educated, urban• Dominionistic: farmer, male vs west coast, female• Negativistic: black, <8th grade vs college educated, rural• Neutralistic: urban, female vs rural, male
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HOW MANY ARE IN THESE GROUPS?
• Naturalistic: 1978 (10%), 1995 (12%) • Ecologistic: 1978 (7%), 1995 (13%)• Humanistic: 1978 (35%), 1995 (22%)• Moralistic: 1978 (20%), 1995 (16%)• Scientistic: 1978 (1%), 1995 (<1%) • Aesthetic: 1978 (15%), 1995 (13%)• Utilitarian: 1978 (20%), 1995 (14%)• Dominionistic: 1978 (3%), 1995 (8%)• Negativistic: 1978 (2%), 1995 (15%)• Neutralistic: 1978 (35%), 1995 (40%)• Theistic: 1995 (<1%) a new category?• Note: totals are >100% because of overlap
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2002 CLASS
• Naturalistic: 24% (vs 12%)• Ecologistic: 22% (vs 13%)• Humanistic: 28% (vs 22%)• Moralistic: 19% (vs 16%)• Scientistic: 2% (vs <1%)• Aesthetic: 9% (vs 13%)• Utilitarian: 6% (vs 14%)• Dominionistic: <1% (vs 8%)• Negativistic: <1% vs 15%)• Neutralistic: <1% (vs 40%)• Theistic: <1% (vs <1%)• Note: totals are >100% because of overlap
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ANIMAL PREFERENCES• Not all animals are liked by people; favorites
exist• Kellert’s study ranked a range of species• Top favorites (among choices offered):
– dog, horse, swan, robin, butterfly, trout, salmon, eagle, elephant, owl, turtle, cat
• Bottom least favorites:– cockroach, mosquito, rat, wasp, rattlesnake, bat, vulture,
shark, skunk, lizard, crow, coyote
• We generally prefer animals that are:– beautiful, intelligent, related to us, large, useful,
economically valuable, not threatening, not predatory, graceful
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WHY WE VALUE ANIMALS• We have relied on wildlife as valuable resources
for >99% of human history• Today, we value wildlife in 2 basic ways:
– Instrumental value: We still value animals that are useful to us because they help us achieve our own goals (an anthropocentric view)
– Intrinsic value: We also value animals in their own right, regardless of their usefulness (a biocentric view)
• Many Americans do not value wildlife highly in either context and are willing to compromise human needs for only a few favored species
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PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES INVOLVING WILDLIFE
• American interact with wildlife in a variety of ways:– 78% watched nature shows on TV– 67% owned a pet– 59% feed birds– 45% visit zoos– 44% fished– 12% hunted– 11% belonged to a conservation organization– 8% birdwatched seriously
• How they interact with wildlife influences their relationship with wildlife (e.g., the “Bambi” effect)
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MOST ASPECTS OF HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE DYNAMIC
• Much variation exists within American public– gender, ethnicity, age, regional, etc.
• Differences exist between different cultures
• Changes take place over time• Education influences human-animal
relationships
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GENDER AND ATTITUDES
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ETHNICITY AND ATTITUDES
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USA VERSUS JAPAN
Rank USA J apan
1 Humanistic (38%) Humanistic (37%)
2 Moralistic (28%) Negativistic (31%)
3 Negativistic (26%) Dominionistic (28%)
4 UUUtttiiillliiitttaaarrriiiaaannn (23%) Naturalistic (22%)
5 Ecologistic (22%) UUUtttiiillliiitttaaarrriiiaaannn (22%)
6 Naturalistic (20%) Moralistic (18%)
7 Dominionistic (13%) Ecologistic (15%)
Knowledge 53% 48%
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CULTURAL VIEWS OF WHALING
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HISTORICAL CHANGES IN ATTITUDES
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EDUCATION AFFECTS ATTITUDES
naturalistic
moralistic
ecologistic
negativistic
utilitarian
dominionistic
“Negative” attitudes diminish; “positive” attitudes replace them
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EDUCATION AFFECTS ATTITUDES
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MANY AMERICANS PURSUE WILDLIFE-RELATED
ACTIVITIES• In 1996, there were 40 million “consumptive
recreational users” and 110 million “non-consumptive recreational users”
• 82 million feed birds, 60 million bird watched, 18 million photographed animals
• Most Americans support wildlife conservation and management
• Most Americans want stronger wildlife protection (e.g., 82% favor the Endangered Species Act in spite of special-interest opposition)
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OPINIONS ON WILDLIFE ISSUES VARY WIDELY
• In the USA wildlife species are held as a public trust and managed by government in ways that reflect “the public’s” views
• But, “the public” can be divided on key wildlife issues, reflecting differences between individuals/groups
• Divergent opinions can often be interpreted in terms of underlying knowledge, attitudes, preferences and values
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PEOPLE WANT GOVERNMENT TO TAKE CARE OF THEIR WILDLIFE
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VIEWS ABOUT HUNTING ARE COMPLEX
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SPECIES PREFERENCES AND WILLINGNESS TO SACRIFICE
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REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
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SPECIAL INTERESTS AND WILDLIFE
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EDUCATION AND VIEWS ON WILDLIFE ISSUES
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HUMAN-WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS CAN IMPROVE
• Better knowledge, improved attitudes, increased value, and broader tolerance promote an ethic of care and compassion
• Education makes a huge difference• Early experiences with animals are very
important• Messages and images conveyed by the media
can be very influential (e.g., whaling, tuna-porpoise, killing baby seals for fur, listing feral cats as unprotected animals, etc.)