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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
When you are dead, you don't know that you are dead.
It is difficult only for the others... It is the same when you are stupid...
“Philippe Geluck, quote about stupidity”
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Chapter 7 Must know!
A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your classmate’s opinion.
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States of Consciousness
Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and
our environmentsFantasy Prone Personality
imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time fantasizing
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Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur
on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature
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Premenstrual Syndrome p. 274
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phaseActual Recalled mood
3
2
1
Negative moodscore
Recalled mood isworse than
earlier reported
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Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
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Sleep and Dreams p. 276Measuring sleep activity
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages p. 277
Alpha Waves slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain
Hallucinations false sensory
experiences Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages p. 277
Stages 3 &4- brain emits large, slow delta waves. Stage 3 is considered “transitional” and stage 4 is “deep.”
Delta waves- associated with deep sleep.
Stage 4- end of this stage marked by bed wetting and sleep walking (2-10 minutes).
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Typical Nightly Sleep Stages p.278
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
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Typical Nightly Sleep Stages p. 278
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
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Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration immune suppression irritability slowed performance
accidents•planes•autos and trucks
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Sleep Deprivation p. 281March 8, 2015 spring forward
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
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Sleep Disorders
Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep, 10- 15% of adults suffer.Narcolepsy- 1 in 2,000 is dangerous
uncontrollable sleep attacks- RustySleep Apnea- affects millions
cessation of breathing often associated with snoring repeatedly awakes sufferer
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Night Terrors and Nightmares p. 285
Night Terrors- kids occur within 2 or 3
hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal- appearance of being terrified
Nightmares occur towards
morning during REM sleep
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Night terrors/ sleepwalking- stage 4Nightmares- REM
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Dreams- Freud
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelingsManifest Content
remembered story lineLatent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning
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Dreams- Freud
He argues dreams are attempts by our unconscious to express our hidden desires, fears, and feelings. Furthermore, Freud believed dreams contain an encoded language. This language is highly subjective to the individual person because it is based on sensory symbolisms that are derived from personal experience
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Dreams
Jungian Dream Theorysaw dreams not as symptoms of
repressed desires but as our brains method of forming connections and relationships between our waking experiences
Jung also believed the manifest content of dreams are more important than the latent.
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Dreams
Activation-synthesis TheoryActivation synthesis theory argues
dreams are the result of randomly firing neurons during REM sleep.
The brain therefore constructs imaginative narratives using cached sensory memories from you daily life to make sense of the neuronal messages.
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Dreams
Continual-activation Theorychallenges activation-synthesis
theory by arguing the brain actually uses different mechanisms for REM sleep than for dreams. The theory was published by Jie Zhang in 2004.
It relies on the model of memory known as consolidation theory. "consolidation" of our waking experiences into long term memory.
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Dreams
As Information Processing helps consolidate day’s
memories stimulates neural development
REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
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Hypnosis
Hypnosis a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
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Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnotic Suggestibility related to subject’s openness to
suggestion ability to focus attention inwardly ability to become imaginatively absorbed
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Hypnosis
Unhypnotized persons can also do this
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Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the
same acts as the hypnotized onesPosthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
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Hypnosis and Pain
Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with othersHidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
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Hypnosis
Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?
Social Influencetheory:
the subject is so caughtup in the hypnotized role that she ignores
the odor
Attention is divertedfrom an aversive odor.
How?
Divided-consciousnesstheory:
hypnosis has caused asplit in awareness
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Remember the question we started with…
A classmate believes that alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine all have similar effects on behavior and that therefore all three drugs ought to be legalized. Carefully evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your classmate’s opinion.
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and alters mood
Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
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Dependence
Tolerance need for
progressively larger doses to achieve same effect
Withdrawal discomfort and
distress with discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
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Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
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Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-
manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory inputLSD
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Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
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Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
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Psychoactive Drugs
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in
marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
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Psychoactive Drugs
Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from tars) of well-being
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke
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Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
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Perceived Marijuana Risk
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentof
twelfthgraders
Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use
Used marijuana
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Near Death Experiences
Near Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
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Near Death Experiences
Dualism the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of the same thing