![Page 1: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MYOLOGY
ANDREA HEINZLMANN
University of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Anatomy and Histology
Course of Human Anatomy
March 12nd. 2020.
![Page 2: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
HUMAN MUSCLES
Myology is the specialised study of muscles and muscle tissue
• the bones and the joints represent the passive part of the locomotor system
• the skeletal muscles form the active part of it
![Page 3: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HUMAN MUSCLES
CLASSIFY OF MUSCLES:
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
https://www.coursehero.com/sg/anatomy-and-physiology/function-of-the-muscular-system/
![Page 4: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HUMAN MUSCLES
FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLES:
1. to produce force and cause motion
2. locomotion of the organism itself
3. movement of internal organs
• cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival
• voluntary contraction of the skeletal muscles is used to move the body and can be finally controlled
![Page 5: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system
1. ORIGIN (Origo):
• is a less mobile bone
• at this point there is a muscle head
2. MUSCLE BELLY (VENTER)
3. ATTACHMENT (Insertion):
• is a more mobile bone by a tendon
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Muscle belly
Tendon
Origin
Tendon
Insertion
Origins
(heads)
Muscle
belly
Attachment
(tendo)
biceps brachi muscle
![Page 6: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FORM OF THE MUSCLES
• the disposition of the muscle fibers in a muscle can be parallel or oblique
I. TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)
1. FUSIFORM MUSCLES
2. FLAT MUSCLES
II. TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS
1. UNIPENNATE MUSCLES
2. BIPENNATE MUSCLES
3. MULTIPENNATE MUSCLES
![Page 7: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)
FUSIFORM (SPINDLE) MUSCLES
• long fibers
• short tendon
• produce extensive movement
• muscles of the extremities
m. rectus femoris m. quadriceps femoris muscle
![Page 8: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)
FLAT MUSCLES
• triangular in shape
• flat tendon or aponeurosis
m. rectus abdominis m. obliqus internus abdominis m. obliqus externus abdominis m. transversus abdominis
![Page 9: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH PARALLEL FIBERS (LONG MUSCLES)
FLAT MUSCLES
M. rhomboideus major M. trapezius M. latissimus dorsi
M. rhomboideus minor
![Page 10: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS
UNIPENNATE MUSCLES
• one muscle head
• the muscle fibers are attached to one side of the tendon – like the half of a feather
• long tendon
• origins from the tendon of the other muscles Mm. lumbricales
Mm. interossei plantares Mm. interossei palmares
![Page 11: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS
BIPENNATE MUSCLES
• the muscle fibers are attached to both sides of the tendon – like a complete feather
• they have long tendons
Mm. interossei dorsales palmares
Mm. interossei dorsales plantares
![Page 12: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS
MULTIPENNATE MUSCLE:
• consists of many bipennate structures set together on the muscles
1. deltoid muscle:
• which has three sections:
a) anterior
b) posterior
c) middle
M. deltoideus ventral view dorsal view
![Page 13: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES WITH OBLIQUE FIBERS
CIRCULAR MUSCLES:
• constriction of passage or orifice
M. orbicularis oculi M. orbicularis oris
![Page 14: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN
ONE - HEADED MUSCLES
![Page 15: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN
TWO - HEADED MUSCLES (BICEPS)
M. biceps brachii M. biceps caput longum M. briceps caput breve
![Page 16: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN
THREE - HEADED MUSCLES (TRICEPS)
M. triceps brachi caput longum M. triceps brachi caput laterale M. triceps brachi caput mediale
![Page 17: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
FORMS OF THE MUSCLE ORIGIN
FOUR - HEADED MUSCLES (QUADRICEPS)
M. rectus femoris M. vastus medialis M. vastus laterais M. vastus intermedius
![Page 18: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES
TWO - BELLY MUSCLES (BIVENTER):
• any muscle with 2 muscle masses separated by fibrotendinous tissue
M. digastricus venter ant. tendo M. digastricus venter post.
Venter
posterior
Venter
anterior
Zwischensehne
![Page 19: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES
MULTI – BELLY MUSCLES:
• any muscle with 4 - 5 muscle masses separated by fibrotendinous tissue
M. rectus abdominis Intersectio tendineae
„Six Pack Abs”
![Page 20: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TYPES OF THE MUSCLES
Classification of the muscle according to the number of joints over which the muscle passes:
1. ONE – JOINT MUSCLES
2. TWO – JOINTS MUSCLES
3. MUTI – JOINTS MUSCLES
one – joint muscles
m. bracialis
two – joitn muscle
m. biceps brachii
multi – joint muscle
m. flexor digitorum superficialis
![Page 21: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
Classification according to the Orientation of line of pull in releation to the joint
FLEXORS (biceps on the shoulder joints) – if the line of pull passes anterior to the joint axis
EXTENSORS (triceps on the shoulder joint) – if the line of pull passes posterior to the joint axis
ADDUCTORS (adductors of the thigh) – if the line of pull passes medial to the joint axis
ABDUCTORS (dorsal interosseal muscles of the hand) – if the line of pull passes lateral to the joint axis
![Page 22: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
SPINCTERS
• circular muscle
• maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice
• relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning
Urethra
feminina
Uterus
Vesica
urinaria
Rectum
M. sphincter
urethrae int.
M. sphincter
urethrae ext.
![Page 23: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
SPINCTERS
Ampulla
recti
M. sphincter
ani ext.
M. sphincter
ani int.
![Page 24: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
ELEVATORS
• any muscles which lift or rises a bodily part including:
1. the skin
2. the bones
3. the internal organs
M. levator labii superioris aleque nasi
M. levator anguli oris
M. levator scapulae
![Page 25: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SYNERGISTIC (AGONIST) MUSCLES
• groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement
Example:
• biceps and brachioradialis muscle
• the bicep is the prime mover in elbow joint movement and the brachioradialis acts as a synergistic muscle to stabilize the joint, thus aiding in the motion
FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
https://boneandspine.com/types-of-muscles-and-there-functions/
![Page 26: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES
• a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist
• it is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position
example of this kind of muscle pairing is the biceps brachii and triceps brachii
• when the biceps are contracting, the triceps are relaxed, and stretches back to its original position
• the opposite happens when the triceps contract
FORM OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS
![Page 27: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AXILLARY FEATURES OF THE MUSCLES
FASCIA
• connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
• binding those structures together in much the same manner as a plastic wrap
• passive structures - transmit mechanical tension generated by muscular activities or external forces throughout the body reduce friction
• minimize the reduction of muscular force
Fascia
thoraco-
lumbalis
Musculus
trapezius
Musculus
latissimus
dorsi
Fascia pectoralis
Fascia
lata
![Page 28: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
• group of striated skeletal muscles
• innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
• control facial expression (mimicry)
![Page 29: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES Occipitofrontal muscle (epicranius muscle):
• covers parts of the skull
consists of two parts or bellies:
1. the occipital belly
2. the frontal belly
- moves the galea aponeurotica
- wrinkles the forehead
M. occipitofrontalis M. frontalis M. occipitofrontalis
M. occipitofrontalis M. occipitalis
scalp (galea aponeurotica)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/galea-aponeurotica
https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-
neurosurg/125/2/article-p419.xml
![Page 30: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Corrugator supercilii muscle:
• draws the eyebrow downward and medially producing the vertical wrinkles of the forehead
• principal muscle in the expression of suffering
Depressor supercilii muscle
Orbicularis oculi muscle:
• to close the eye
M. orbicularis oculi
![Page 31: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Procerus muscle
• contribute to an expression of anger
Nasalis muscle
• responsible for "flaring" of the nostrils
Depressor septi nasi muscle
• drawing the ala of the nose downward constricting the aperture of the nares
Mm. nasales M. procerus
![Page 32: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Zygomaticus major muscle
• arises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles
Zygomaticus minor muscle
• referred to as the "zygomatic head" of the levator labii superioris muscle
Levator labii superioris
• to retract (depress) and/or evert upper lip (sadness)
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
• the "lifter” of both the upper lip and of the wing of the nose
Levator anguli oris
M. zygomaticus major M. zygomaticus minor
M. levator labii superioris aleque nasi M. levator labii superioris
![Page 33: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Buccinator muscle:
• pull back the angle of the mouth and to flatten the cheek area, which aids in holding the cheek to the teeth during chewing
• in neonates it is used to suckle
Orbicularis oris muscle
• closur of the mounth
M. buccinator
M. orbicularis oris
https://www.babanet.hu/gyerek/szoptatas/a-szoptatas-technikaja-gyakorisaga-mennyisege-gyakorlati-tanacsok/
https://nullahategy.hu/a-tapsbol-sok-minden-megtudhato-interju-elek-istvan-szaxofonmuvesszel/
![Page 34: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Risorius muscle:
• retracts the angle of the mouth to produce a smile
Risus sardonicus or rictus grin - abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning
- caused by tetanus
M. risorius
http://img.xatakaciencia.com/ 2007/07/sardonica.jpg
Risus sardonicus = „rictus grin”
![Page 35: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Depressor anguli oris muscle
• depresses the corner of the mouth which is associated with frowning
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
• depresses the lower lip
Mentalis muscle:
• allows the lips to "pout" externally
• its contraction causes wrinkling of the chin skin
• used in expressions of doubt or displeasure
M. depressor anguli oris M. depressor labii inferioris
![Page 36: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
THE FACIAL MUSCLES
Auricular muscles
1. anterior
2. superior
3. posterior
• in humans these muscles possess very little action
a) the auricularis anterior draws the auricula forward and upward
b) the auricularis superior slightly raises the auricula
c) the auricularis posterior draws it backward
![Page 37: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
THE MASTICATION
1. the masseter
2. the temporalis
3. the medial pterygoid
4. the lateral pterygoid
• in humans, the mandible is connected to the temporal bone via the temporomandibular joint which permits movement in all planes
• the muscles of mastication originate on the skull and insert into the mandible allowing for jaw movements during contraction
• during mastication, three muscles of mastication (musculi masticatorii) are responsible for adduction of the jaw
• the lateral pterygoid helps to abduct it
M. temporalis M. masseter M. pterygoideus medialis M. pterygoideus lateralis
![Page 38: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
MUSCULUS STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS
M. sternocleidomastoideus (SCM)
![Page 39: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
1. MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)
2. MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
3. MUSCLES OF THE PALM
![Page 40: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)
FLEXOR GROUP:
• anteriorly
M. biceps brachii M. coracobrachialis M. brachialis
![Page 41: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE ARM (BRACHIUM)
EXTENSOR GROUP:
• posteriorly
M. triceps brachii
M. anconeus
![Page 42: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
FLEXOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER:
• anteriorly
M. pronator teres M. flexor carpi radialis M. flexor digitorum superficialis M. flexor carpi ulnaris M. palmaris longus
https://www.handsurgeryresource.com/muscle-test-pl
![Page 43: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
FLEXOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER:
• anteriorly
M. flexor pollicis longus M. pronator quadratus M. flexor digitorum profundus
![Page 44: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
EXTENSOR MUSCLES, RADIAL GROUP
M. brachioradialis M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. extensor carpi radialis longus
![Page 45: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
EXTENSOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER:
• dorsally
M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor digitorum M. extensor digiti minimi
![Page 46: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
EXTENSOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER:
• dorsally
M. supinator M. extensor indicis M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis brevis
![Page 47: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
APONEUROSIS PALMARIS
• the central portion occupies the middle of the palm
• is triangular in shape
• great strength and thickness
covers:
• the superficial volar arch
• the tendons of the flexor muscles
• the branches of the median and ulnar nerves
• on either side it gives off a septum - which is continuous with the interosseous aponeurosis
• separates the intermediate from the collateral groups of muscles
Aponeurosis
palmaris
![Page 48: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP PALMAR ARCH
https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/curricula/first-year-medical-curriculum/sequence
-8-musculoskeletal/session-19-wrist-hand-and-foot/lablink http://www.meiwoscience.com/vascular-system/deep-palmar-arch-plastinated-specimens.html
Arcus palmaris profundus
https://pictures.doccheck.com/com/photo/28783-anatomy-of-the-hand
Arcus palmaris superficialis
![Page 49: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
MEDIAN AND ULNAR NERVE
http://www.bioblog.it/2007/01/02/videogiochi-pericolosi-per-i-tendini/2007600
![Page 50: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
CANALIS CARPI (CARPAL TUNNEL)
![Page 51: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROM
https://iythealth.com/know-carpal-tunnel-syndrome/
http://www.columbianeurology.org/neurology/staywell/document.php?id=33270
- medical condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel
- risk factors include obesity, repetitive wrist work, pregnancy, genetics, and rheumatoid arthritis
symptoms:
a. pain
b. numbness
c. tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring finger.
d. symptomes start gradually and during the night
![Page 52: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE HAND
THENAR MUSCLES:
M. abductor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis M. adductor pollicis M. flexor pollicis brevis
![Page 53: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE HAND
MESOTHENAR (METACARPAL) MUSCLES
M. lumbricales M. interossei palmares
M. interossei dorsales
![Page 54: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
BRIEF MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB
MUSCLES OF THE HAND
HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES
M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi brevis M. opponens digit minimi M. palmaris brevis
Aponeurosis
palmaris
![Page 55: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE HIP
In human anatomy, the muscles of the hip joint are those muscles that cause movement in the hip
divided into four groups according to their orientation around the hip joint:
1. the gluteal group
2. the lateral rotator group
3. the adductor group
4. the iliopsoas group
![Page 56: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE HIP
GLUTEAL GROUP:
• cover the lateral surface of the ilium
• the gluteus maximus, which forms most of the muscle of the buttocks
M. gluteus maximus M.gluteus medius M. gluteus minimus M. tensor fasciae latae
![Page 57: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE HIP
LATERAL GROUP
M. gemellus inferior
et
M. gemellus superior
tendon
of the
M. obturator internus
Musculus piriformis M. quadratus femoris
m. gemellus sup.
m. obturator int. ína
m. gemellus inf.
„Austrian flag”
![Page 58: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE HIP
ILIOPSOAS GROUP
M. iliacus
M. psoas major
M. psoas minor
M. psoas major
![Page 59: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB
• the lower limb is commonly called as the leg, this term strickly refers to the region between the knee and the foot
• above the knee there is the thight
MUSCLES OF THE THIGHT:
1. Anterior or Extensors
2. Posterior or Flexors
3. Medial or Adductors
![Page 60: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE THIGHT
I. EXTENSORS:
• laying anteriorly
• extens the knee
M. rectus femoris M. vastus medialis M. vastus laterais M. vastus intermedius
M. sartorius
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overview-of-
the-quadriceps-muscle-group-including-the-newly-
discovered-fifth-component_fig1_309686546
![Page 61: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE THIGHT
II. ADDUCTORS:
• laying medially
• adduct the thight
M. adductor longus M. adductor magnus M. gracilis M. adductor brevis
M. pectineus
m.
gracilis
![Page 62: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE THIGHT
III. FLEXORS:
• laying posteriorly
• extend the hip joint
• flex the knee joint
M. semitendinosus M. biceps femoris
Caput longum
M. semimembranosus M. biceps femoris
Caput breve
![Page 63: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE LEG
1. Anterior or Extensors
2. Posterior or Flexors
3. Lateral or Peroneal
![Page 64: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE LEG
I. EXTENSORS:
• dorsalflexion
M. tibialis anterior M. extensor digitorum longus M. extensor hallucis longus M. fibularis tertius
![Page 65: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE LEG
II. PERONEAL GROUP:
• plantar flexion
• pronation
![Page 66: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE LEG
III. FLEXORS:
SUPERFICIAL GROUP:
M. triceps surae (calves):
1. M. gastrocnemius med. et lat.
2. M. soleus
• Achilles tendon
M. triceps surae
Mm. gastrocnemii
Musculus soleus Musculus plantaris
Achilles
tendon
calcaneal tendon
https://noijam.com/2017/05/10/the-sural-
nerve-the-appendix-of-the-nervous-system/ https://lermagazine.com/cover_story/battl
es-of-achilles-how-the-debate-is-
informing-clinical-practice
![Page 67: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE LEG
M. triceps surae
Mm. gastrocnemii
Achilles
in
https://www.footdoctorpodiatristnyc.com/procedures/achilles-tendon-surgery/
acute rupture of Achilles – tendon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmonds%27_test
![Page 68: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
MUCLES OF THE LEG
III. FLEXORS:
DEEP GROUP:
• plantar flexion
• supination
M. tibialis posterior M. flexor hallucis longus M. popliteus M. flexor digitorum longus
![Page 69: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
the muscles of the foot have two primary functions:
1. they are responsible for the movement which is made during walking
2. help to maintain the arches of the foot
![Page 70: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ARCHES OF THE FOOT
• arranged both longitudinally and transversely
caused primarily:
1. by the conformation of the bones of the foot
2. by the ligaments which bind them together
caused secondarily:
1. by the muscles which act upon the bones
![Page 71: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
ARCHES OF THE FOOT
MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH:
• is higher on the medial side
• it forms the instep as can be seen on a foot-print
• is made up of the 1st three digits and their metatarsals, the cuneiforms, the navicular bone and the talus
LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH:
• is made up of digits 4 and 5 and their metatarsals, the cuboid and the calcaneum
• much shallower than the medial arch
TRANSVERSE ARCH:
• formed by the 5 metatarsal bones
A - C = Inner Arch / Medial Longitudinal Arch
B - C = Outer Arch / Lateral Longitudinal Arch
A - B = Front Arch / Anterior Transverse Arch
![Page 72: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF ARCHES OF THE FOOT
1. Pes Cavus (high Arches):
Pes cavus
normal
Pes planus
a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial longitudinal arch
2. Pes Planus (flat Footed): the longitudinal arches have been lost. Arches do not develop until about 2-3 years of age, meaning flat feet during infancy is
normal
https://www.canstockphoto.co.kr/%EB%B0%9C-%EB%B3%80%ED%98%95-52026035.html
![Page 73: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
PLANTAR APONEUROSIS (FASCIA):
• is a very dense organized layer of deep fascia
• runs down the middle of the sole
• helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
Plantar
aponeurosis
![Page 74: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
On the sole the muscles are divided into:
1. THENAR
2. MESOTHNAR
3. HYPOTHENAR
• plantarflexion
![Page 75: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
THENAR MUSCLES:
M. adductor hallucis M. abductor hallucis M. flexor hallucis brevis
![Page 76: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
MESOTHENAR MUSCLES:
M. flexor digitorum brevis Mm. interossei plantares Mm. interossei dorsales
Mm. lumbricales M. quadratus plantae
![Page 77: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES
• Opponens digiti minimi muscle
M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi brevis
![Page 78: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
![Page 79: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gray’s Anatomy
Keith L. Moor: Clinically Oriented Anatomy
R.M.H.McMinn: Last’s Anatomy Regional and Applied
Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2.
Werner Platzer: Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1. Locomotor System
http://wikipedia.com
http://plasticsurgerykey.com/forehead/
http://www.wesnorman.com
http://www.custommadeorthotics.com.au
![Page 80: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.de
http://www.embryology.ch/
https://academic.amc.edu
https://quizlet.com
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/
http://e-learning.studmed.unibe.ch/
http://flexikon.doccheck.com/
http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/
![Page 81: MYOLOGY · 2020. 3. 12. · MYOLOGY ANDREA HEINZLMANN University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy March 12nd. 2020](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052817/60b1bc1acd70bb16c07cc34c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.studyblue.com
http://musculoskeletalkey.com
https://academic.amc.edu/
http://www.anatomyexpert.com/
http://anatomy_atlas.academic.ru
http://radsource.us/palmar-bursae-and-flexor-tendon-sheaths/
https://www.thieme.de
http://www.medizin-kompakt.de/mimische-muskulatur
http://www.wesnorman.com