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NANOMATERIALS FROM BALL MILLING
W. COURTNEY FEB 7, 2006
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APPARATUS
• Mater. Sci. Engin. A 206, 1996, 24
Graphite Powder
Steel ball
Ar
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Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48,1993, 14
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Extended Milling Amorphization
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Ball Milling High energy
Ball Milling
Milling time < 1 hours 20-200 hours
Impact energy(W/g/ball)
0.001 0.2
Particle size m m (clusters)
Structural changes
No Yes
Chemical reactions
No Yes
Atmosphere No control Vacuum, gases
Temperature No control L-N2 -700 oC
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Impact Energy of Vibrating Ball Mill
MMbb V Vmaxmax f f
I* =I* = Mp Mp
Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48,1993, 14
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS DURING BALL MILLING
Ti (Zr, Fe, B) + NH3 nano-TiN (nano-ZrN, FeN, BN)
Ti (Fe, Zr) + O2 nano-TiO2 (nano-FeOx, -ZrOy)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
Time (s)
Te
mp
era
ture
(C
)
Normal Balls and 50 mT Magnet Directly Below Mill
Normal Balls and No Magnet
Small Balls and No Magnet
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Nanotube Precursor created by ball milling
Nucleation structures PentagonsMicroporesnanosized metal particlesFe, Cr
Disordered carbonas C atom source
Appl. Phys. A, 76 (2003) p. 107-110
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NANOTUBES CREATED FROM EXTENDED MILLING FOLLOWED
BY THERMAL ANNEALING
Chen et al, Phys. Rev. B 48,1993, 14
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OTHER REFERENCES• Guo XM et al. Mechanochemical formation of novel catalyst for preparing carbon nanotubes….• Scripta Materialia. 48(8):1185-1188
• Konya Z. et al, ,Large scale production of short functionalized carbon nanotubes. • Chemical Physics Letters. 360(5-6):429-435
• Gao B. et al, Enhanced saturation lithium composition in ball-milled SWNTs. • Chemical Physics Letters. 327(1-2):69-75,
• Kim YA. et al. Effect of ball milling on morphology of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes. • Chemical Physics Letters. 355(3-4):279-284
• Pierard N. et al. Production of short carbon nanotubes with open tips by ball milling.• Chemical Physics Letters. 335(1-2):1-8, 2001 Feb 16.
• Li YB et al. Transformation of carbon nanotubes to nanoparticles by ball milling process. • Carbon. 37(3):493-497, 1999.