NATURALISTIC INQUIRY: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
OVERVIEW
CLASS 2
Judith Anne Shaw, Ph.D., R.N.September 23, 2009
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A way to:
GAIN INSIGHTS THROUGH DISCOVERING MEANINGS
SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATIONS
UNIQUE TERMS & METHODS OF REASONING
LOGIC OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Holistic world viewnot a single realityreality is different for each personreality is based on perceptionsreality changes over timewhat we know is situation & context
bound
REASONING PROCESS
PERCEPTION:
PIECES TOGETHER TO MAKE WHOLES
MEANING IS PRODUCED MANY DIFFERENT MEANINGS
ARE POSSIBLE
GESTALT
A person has an initial way of perceiving (or ‘seeing’)
• naïve and inflexible
• one and only way of seeing(Ihde, 1977)
An Initial Gestalt
SEDIMENTED VIEW (natural view)
SEEING THINGS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A SPECIFIC FRAME OF REFERENCE, THEORY OR WORLD VIEW.
EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE
DECONSTRUCT
INITIAL SEDIMENTED VIEW
SUSPEND OR LAY ASIDE WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT AN EXPERIENCE
RECONSTRUCT ANOTHER VIEW
CHANGE YOUR FOCUSUSE INTUITIONNEW GESTALT ATTAINS STABILITY
OVER TIMEYOUR PERCEPTION IS NO LONGER
NAÏVE, CAN SEE IN MORE THAN ONE WAY
SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION
VIEWING DEEPER LAYERS OF A PHENOMENON
SEE MORE DEPTH AND COMPLEXITYMULTISTABILITY, GREATER CONTROL“ASCENDANCE TO THE OPEN
CONTEXT” (Ihde,
1977)
CHANGING GESTALTS IN NURSING
STRONG TRADITION QUESTION IDEAS SEEK NEW
PERSPECTIVES ABLE TO VIEW
PATIENT FROM SEVERAL PERSPECTIVES
SEDIMENTED VIEW
DECONSTRUCT RECONSTRUCT
SECOND-ORDER
DECONSTRUCTION“ASCENDANCE TO THE OPEN CONTEXT”
PHILOSOPHY & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
EACH QUALITATIVE APPROACH IS GUIDED BY A PARTICULAR PHILOSOPHY STANCE OR PARADIGM
PARADIGM
ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK
A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS OR VALUES THAT UNDERLIE HOW SCIENTISTS VIEW REALITY, TRUTH, AND RESEARCH
PHILOSOPHY & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PHILOSOPHY DIRECTS:
• THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ASKED
• OBSERVATIONS MADE
• INTERPRETATION OF DATA
RIGOR (TRUSTWORTHINESS)
OPENNESS SCRUPULOUS
ADHERENCE TO A SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
THOROUGHNESS IN COLLECTING DATA DURING THEORY DEVELOPMENT
DECONSTRUCTION
RIGOR (TRUSTWORTHINESS)
Logic of emerging theory
Clarity with which it sheds light on the studied phenomenon
Reconstruction
Ascendance to the open context-see more depth and complexity within the phenomenon
MAINTAINING OPENNESS
• EXAMINE MANY DIMENSIONS OF AREA BEING STUDIED
• FORM NEW IDEAS (RECONSTRUCTION)
• RECOGNIZING NEW RECONSTRUCTION AS ONLY ONE OF MANY VIEWS/WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA
Phenomenology
Philosophical Orientation
• not a single reality-each individual has his/her own reality
• reality is subjective; the experience is unique to the individual
Phenomenology
PURPOSE: TO DESCRIBE THE EXPERIENCES AS LIVED
• TO CAPTURE THE “LIVED EXPERIENCE” OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS.
Phenomenology
HOW TO:• Identify the phenomenon of interest
and explore with the participant the meaning of the phenomenon.
Phenomenology
Sampling: purposive
Data Collection: varies; observation, interactive interviews, narratives, video-tapes and written description by participants
Phenomenology
Data Collection: varies
(observation, interactiveinterviews, narratives, video-tapes and written descriptions)
Phenomenology
Data Analysis
•begins when the first data are collected
•goodness (rigor) of the data can be demonstrated by examples of the data; often direct quotations
Phenomenology
RESULTS: • theoretical statements responding to
the research question
• identification of themes which describe the phenomenon
Phenomenology
Nursing Faculty who have used this research method include:
• Patti Hansen-Ketchum• Angela Gillis • Judith Shaw• Judith Cormier• Patricia Hawley
ETHNOGRAPHY
PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION:
•the major concept, CULTURE (and subcultures) is explored
• rather than an adequate theoretical description
•‘roots’ are in social anthropology
PURPOSE
to discover the meaning that actions and events have for the individuals of a culture (subculture)
to develop a “thick description”
THICK DESCRIPTION
To make explicit the detailedpatterns of culture and socialrelationships within the context
ETHNOGRAPHY
HOW TO:
• study human behaviour in the context of a culture
• start by asking broad, open-ended questions
ETHNOGRAPHY
Data Collection:
Participative observation; interviews, life histories, films, photographs
Collect data until meet saturationsaturated data are rich, full &
complete
ETHNOGRAPHY
DATA ANALYSIS: coding, transform data into
recognizable patterns, themes and link ideas….like putting together a
jigsaw puzzle
ETHNOGRAPHY
DATA ANALYSIS : “Emic perspective” - informant’s
perspective of reality“Etic perspective” - researcher’s
perspective of the studied setting/actions
Compare “emic”and “etic” perspectives and explore differences
GROUNDED THEORY
Philosophical Orientation:
Symbolic Interaction TheoryProcess of interaction between people
exploring human behaviour and social roles
How people’s beliefs are related to their actions
GROUNDED THEORY
HOW TO:
Start with an area of interestBased on data, allow relevant ideas to
developMost structured form of qualitative
research
Theoretical Sampling
sampling for participants who are able to add depth to the process under study-continue throughout the study and is not planned before the study
GROUNDED THEORY
constant comparison-
the researcher compares each section of the data with every other section throughout the study
GROUNDED THEORY
RESULTS:
emerging ideas are grounded in the data
development of a substantive theory
GROUNDED THEORY
NURSING FACULTY who have used this research approach include:
• Marian MacLellan• Judy Cormier• Judith Shaw
HISTORICAL
PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION:
initial philosophy developed by Voltaire, to look at general lines of development versus indiscriminate presentations of details
HISTORICAL
HOW TO:To give meaning to each fact within
an ensemble of other meanings
• formulate an idea
• develop a research question
HISTORICAL
SAMPLING:
documents, journals, personal papers, and person(s) who can provide oral
histories
HISTORICAL DATA COLLECTION:
helpful to review materials from one organization at a time
interview individuals who will provide oral histories
often an excess of information; establish data collection and analysis plan(s)
HISTORICAL
DATA ANALYSIS:
systematically screen for relevant material
seek to gain insights from individuals providing oral histories
HISTORICAL
RESULTS:• may compare the past with the
present
• apply insights gained from the past to present situations
• to better understand the process of change
CRITICAL SOCIAL THEORY
Philosophy
1920-30 German scholars,Frankfurt School
influenced by Karl Marx 1971 Habermas
CRITICAL SOCIAL THEORY PURPOSE
how people communicate and develop symbolic meanings
sociopolitical critique
transforming society versus mainstreaming the status quo
Possible Critical Themes to Explore
#1
Social institutions – transformation through interpreting the meanings of social life
Possible Critical Themes to Explore
#2
Historical problems of domination, alienation, and social struggles
Quantitative & QualitativeResearch Characteristics
Quantitative Research• Hard Science• Focus: Concise &
Narrow• Reductionistic• Objective• Reasoning: Logistic,
Deductive• Basis of Knowing:
Cause & Effect, Relationships
Qualitative Research• Soft Science• Focus: Complex &
Broad• Holistic• Subjective• Reasoning: Dialectic,
Inductive• Basis of Knowing:
Meaning, Discovery
Quantitative QualitativeResearch Research
• Tests Theory• Control
• Instruments
• Basic Element of Analysis: Numbers
• Statistical Analysis
• Generalization
• Develop Theory• Shared
Interpretation• Communication &
Observation• Basic Element of
Analysis: Words
• Individual Interpretation
• Uniqueness