Download - Nature and Perspectives
A P H U M A N G E O G R A P H YU N I T 1
NATURE AND PERSPECTIVES
WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
• Is geography scientific?
• “The why of where”• AP Human vs. World
Geography Course:• Human vs. Physical • Topical vs. Regional
Approach• Descriptive vs.
Systematic
ORAL QUIZ: PAGES 14-17
#1: Define site and provide two examples.
#2: Define situation and provide two examples.
DO MAPS LIE?
Fuller’s
Mercator
DO MAPS LIE?
Percentage of Hispanic Total in the US0% - 0.3%0.3% - 0.7%0.7% - 1.9%1.9% - 4%4% - 9.9%9.9% - 19.4%19.4% - 34.4%
900 0 900 1800 Miles
N
EW
S
Hispanic Population by Percentage of US Total
Number of Hispanics0 - 4122341224 - 183465183466 - 462411462412 - 953407953408 - 3351242
Total Number of Hispanics
DOES YOUR MAP LOOK ANYTHING LIKE THIS?
• This is the one of the oldest known maps (Ga-Sur 2500BCE), drawn on a clay tablet in Ancient Babylon.
Line drawn image of the map
THE PROBLEM WITH PROJECTION
• Round object on a flat surface• Distorted shape• Relative size• Distance • Direction
…or…
PROBLEM OF PROJECTIONMercator
Robinson
Fuller’s
PROBLEM OF PROJECTIONEqual Area
Peters
PROBLEM OF PROJECTION
Conic—p.12-13 (atlas)
• Cylindrical—p.10 (atlas)
Planar (Azimuthal)--p.46 (atlas)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or
connection of one or more characteristics• Data Manipulation • Grid System
SCALEWashington State (1:10 million scale)
Seattle Region(1:100,000 scale)
Downtown Seattle, Washington(1:10,000 scale)
Western Washington(1:1 million scale)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or
connection of one or more characteristics• Data Manipulation • Grid System
MAP SYMBOLS
Cell Towers (Dot Map)
2008 Electoral Map (Cartogram—population)
Individuals living in Poverty, 2000 (Choropleth)
Multiple Symbol Map
MAP SYMBOLSRelief MapIsoline Map
in millions, (Proportional Symbols)
Pie chart map
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or
connection of one or more characteristics• Data Manipulation • Grid System
Total Number of African-Americans in each State1951 - 112460112461 - 300130300131 - 778035778036 - 14563231456324 - 2859055
900 0 900 1800 Miles
N
EW
S
Continental United StatesThis map shows the total number of African-Americans per state. Examine Georgia.
Misleading Scale
Number of African-Americans per County0 - 47914792 - 1219412195 - 2424124242 - 8260882609 - 324008
100 0 100 200 Miles
N
EW
S
GeorgiaIn the previous slide, Georgia had one of the highest number of African-Americans, but a closer look tells a different picture. The dark red is the Atlanta metropolitan area.
Misleading Scale
Percentage of Hispanic Total in the US0% - 0.3%0.3% - 0.7%0.7% - 1.9%1.9% - 4%4% - 9.9%9.9% - 19.4%19.4% - 34.4%
900 0 900 1800 Miles
N
EW
S
Hispanic Population by Percentage of US Total
Misleading Statistics
Percentage of Hispanics0 - 0.0470.047 - 0.1460.146 - 0.2960.296 - 0.5220.522 - 0.927
Percentage of HispanicsA similar comparison can be made with Hispanics living in the US. This map shows the total percentage of Hispanics in each county.
Misleading Statistics
Number of Hispanics0 - 4122341224 - 183465183466 - 462411462412 - 953407953408 - 3351242
Total Number of Hispanics This map displays the total number of Hispanics in each US county.
Misleading Statistics
These three Southern California counties (Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego) have a total Hispanic population of 5,045,726 which is greater than the total Hispanic population of Texas at 4,339,905. New Mexico has the greatest percentage of Hispanics (33%), it’s total Hispanic population is 579,224.
Misleading Statistics
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or
connection of one or more characteristics• Data Manipulation • Grid System
SPATIAL DATA AND THEMATIC MAPSMapping Natural Disasters
Spatial Data Set
Spatial Data Set GRAPHED
Utah
Wyoming
Delaware
South
Carolin
a
Nevad
a
Marylan
dIda
ho
Massa
chus
etts
Michiga
n
Oregon
Vermon
t
Wiscon
sinMain
e
North C
arolin
a
North D
akota
Penns
ylvan
iaIow
a
Kansa
s
Nebras
ka
West V
irgini
aIlli
nois
Arkans
as
Alabam
a
New Y
ork
Oklaho
ma0
10
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80
90
Presidental Declarations of Disaster Areas, 1953-2010
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
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1967
1969
1971
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1977
1979
1981
1983
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1987
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0
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80Presidential Declarations of Natural Disasters: 1953-2010
Year
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
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1979
1981
1983
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2003
2005
2007
2009
0
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80Presidential Declarations of Natural Disasters: 1953-2010
Year
Dot Distribution Map
Proportional Symbol Map
Choropleth MapEQUAL FREQUENCY
Chropleth MapEQUAL INTERVAL
Choropleth MapNATURAL BREAKS (JENKS’ FORMULA)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or
connection of one or more characteristics• Data Manipulation • Grid System
FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOGRAPHY
• Scale: relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, similarities at local, regional and global levels (global vs. local)
• Place: location, or position, unique for its particular characteristics
• Region: unique and distinctive areas, area distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features
• Space: physical gap or interval between two objects, often concerned with density and pattern
• Connections: relationships among places
PLACE
• Toponym, Site, Situation (relative location), Mathematical Location (exact location)
• Mental Maps: using the concept of place…• Find a partner…on a piece of paper, draw a mental map of
your neighborhood, the Marietta/Cobb County area, and Atlanta. Include a home address in your map. Show as much detail as you can, and remember to make the map accurate in terms of what is important to you, such as the places you eat, work, walk, recreate, friends’ houses, landmarks, etc. Finally, make sure you include your own made-up symbols and associated legend/key…you don’t need to use a map, or electronic device for this activity.
PLACE• As you look over your map consider the following
questions…1. What do you personally consider to be the most important
features on your map? Why? How do these features/places shape your “sense of place?”
2. Why are certain businesses or houses located where they are? 3. How have people influenced the physical and/or cultural
environment in a particular area noted on your map?4. How long have you lived here? How has this affected your
mental map? “Egocentric vs. Geocentric perspective ”5. How do you get around? Do you drive, walk, or bike? How has
this affected your mental map? “Cognitive distance”6. What are the fringes of your map and how are those places
represented?
View of Kennesaw Mt., from Sweat Mt.
MATHEMATICAL LOCATION
• Why latitude and longitude?
• Latitude/Parallel• Equator
• Longitude/Meridian• Prime Meridian• International
Dateline
MATHEMATICAL LOCATION: TIME ZONES
The world’s 24 standard time zones each represent about 15° of longitude. They are oftendepicted using the Mercator projection.
MATH. LOCATION: TOWNSHIP & RANGE SYSTEM IN THE US
Principal meridians & east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwestMississippi & topographic map of the area.
EVOLUTION OF MAPPING
• Remote Sensing• acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite
orbiting Earth• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• acquiring, analyzing, processing, and displaying spatial data—such as location and various characteristics (ie. elevation, vegetation, population, slope, climate, etc.)—often in layers
• Global Position System (GPS)• accurately determines the precise position of something
on Earth
MAP INTERPRETATION
Example:1. HIV/AIDS , 2002. Figure 2-26, pg. 75 Rubenstein2. Equal Area Projection, choropleth, 3. Demonstrates capacity of AIDS to be a global reducer of
population and identify key global regions hardest hit by the epidemic.
4. Sahara Desert seems to serve as an obstacle to the diffusion of AIDS from the southern part which is primarily devastated by the disease.
• Other global parts that exhibit at least an above average problem with the disease are usually located in the tropics, with the exception of the Ukraine in eastern Europe.
5. It might be interesting to see differences within countries. I would also like some indication just how high the infection rate is in countries over 15%.
UNITED STATES MENTAL MAP
Divide the United States into regions. Your regions can be functional, formal, or vernacular. Every portion of the country should be located in at least one region. Be sure to identify the key characteristic as you name each region.
Igor Panarin, 2008—was supposed to happen in 2010…
REGION
• “Areas of unique characteristics”
• Culture• What people care
about • What people take
care of • Cultural Landscape
REGION
• Formal (uniform)
• Functional (nodal)
The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; theareas of influence of various television stations areexamples of functional regions.
REGION
• Vernacular (perceptual)• What is “the West?”
Name 3 regions in which we live.
A number of features are often used to definethe South as a vernacular region, each ofwhich identifies somewhat different boundaries.
Most Famous Brand From Each State In The US
Every Country England Has Ever Invaded (all but 22 countries in the world)
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
• Study of “human environment relationships”
• Environmental determinism
• Possibilism• Polder
• Resources
CULTURAL ECOLOGY “THE AGE OF MAN”
“…Our impact on the planet’s surface and atmosphere has become so powerful that scientists are considering changing the way we measure geologic time. Right now we’re officially living in the Holocene epoch, a particularly pleasant period that started when the last ice age ended 12,000 years ago. But some scientists argue that we’ve broken into a new epoch that they call the Anthropocene: the age of man. “Human dominance of biological, chemical and geological processes on Earth is already an undeniable reality,” writes Paul Crutzen, the Nobel Prize...“It’s no longer us against ‘Nature.’ Instead, it’s we who decide what nature is and what it will be.”
http://science.time.com/2012/03/07/anthropocene-why-you-should-get-used-to-the-age-of-man-and-woman/
CULTURAL ECOLOGY “THE AGE OF MAN”
Population Cartogram—depicts night lights, major roads, railways, power lines, pipelines, overseas cables, air lines and shipping lanes
CULTURAL ECOLOGY: CLIMATES
Climate: the long-term average weather condition at a particular location
**Vladimir Koppen: basis for divisions are seasonal precipitation, B climates are based on temperature and precipitation**
CULTURAL ECOLOGY: BIOMES
Biomes: “plant communities”• Forest: trees form continuous canopy• Savanna: mixture of grass and trees• Grassland: grass covered (little precipitation)• Desert: little vegetation
CULTURAL ECOLOGY: SOIL & LANDFORMS
• Soils—10 orders, 12,000 types• Erosion
• Solutions...reduced plowing, choice of plants whose roots protect soil, and avoiding planting on steep slopes
• Depletion of Nutrients• Solutions…certain plants are
known to replenish soil, and adding fertilizers can offset depletion
• Landforms—• Helps to explain population
distribution and choice of economic activities
SCALE: “LOCAL TO GLOBAL”
• Globalization—a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
• Globalization of Economy:• Global: Interconnected and
interdependent (Transnational Corporations)
• Local: Increasing specialization• Globalization of Culture:
• Global: We are becoming more culturally uniform (ie. fast food, hotels, cars, cell phones, etc.)
• Local: Some are fighting to retain their local culture
SPACE• Distribution—How are
things arranged? Where are they located?• DENSITY: frequency with
which something occurs in space • Arithmetic Density• Physiological Density• Agricultural Density
• CONCENTRATION: extent of a feature’s spread over space• Clustered vs. dispersed
• PATTERN: geometric arrangement of objects in space
SPACE: DENSITY AND CONCENTRATION
By 2007, U.S. baseball teams were much more dispersed than in 1952, and
their number and density at a national level had increased.
CONNECTIONS• CONNECTIONS—How are
places and regions connected? How do they interact?• SPATIAL
INTERACTION• Networks &
transportation systems• Space-Time
Compression• Distance Decay
• Friction of distance
The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbitthe earth, illustrate how transport improvementshave shrunk the world. (1492-1962)
CONNECTIONS: DIFFUSION
• Relocation Diffusion
• Expansion Diffusion• Hierarchical –through
a social or physical hierarchy
• Contagious—from person to person
• Stimulus—spread of an underlying idea• “stimulated”
UNIT 1 EXAM REVIEW
1. Regions— types, examples, think about the breakdown of the US
2. Map types and interpretation• Scale—large vs. small• Longitude and latitude
3. Geography—fields, types, and history4. Key Terminology— site, situation, place, types of
density, cultural ecology (possibilism, environmental det.), cultural hearth, types of diffusion