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CHART OR MAP PROJECTION
The process of transferring information fromthe Earth to a map causes every project ion
to dis tort at least one aspectof the real
world either shape, area, d istance, o r
direct ion.
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AZIMUTHAL SURFACE CONIC SURFACE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE
EARTH
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1. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
Cyl ind r ical Project ionprojectsinformation from the spherical Earth to a
cylinder. The cylinder may be either
tangent to the Earthalong a selectedline, or may be secant(intersect the
Earth) along two l ines.
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TangentTouching at a sing le po int or
alonga sing le l ine. A tangent cone orcylinder touches the sphere or spheroid along
a single line. This l ine is a paral lel o f
lat i tude if the axes o f the geometr icf igures coinc ide.
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SecantCutting the sphere or spheroid
along a line or lines. A secant cone or
cy l inder intersects the sphere or spheroidalong two separate lines;these lines are
parallels of latitude if the axes of the
geometric figures coincide. A secant planeintersects the sphere or spheroid along a line
that is a parallel o f lat itud e if the plane is
at r igh t angles to the axis.
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A . MERCATOR PROJECTION
A CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION WHOSEPLANE IS TANGENT TO THE
EQUATOR. (INVENTED BY FLEMISH
CARTOGRAPHER GERARDKREMERMERCATOR) 400 YRS.AGO
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USES OF MERCATOR CHART
MOST WIDELY USED IN NAVIGATION.
RHUMBLINE APPEARS AS STRAIGHT
LINE.
GREAT CIRCLE APPEARS AS CONCAVE
OR CURVED LINE.
MERIDIANS AND VERTICAL LINES ARE
EQUALLY SPACED..
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B. TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
PROJECTION
A CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION WHOSE
PLANE IS TANGENT ALONG THE
MERIDIAN.
*USED FOR STAR CHART
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C.OBLIQUE PROJECTION
CYLINDER IS TANGENT AT ANYGREAT CIRCLES OTHER THAN THE
EQUATOR OR MERIDIAN.
*SIMILAR TO GNOMONIC CHART
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2.CONIC PROJECTION
ConicA map projection where the Earth's
su rface is p rojected onto a tangent o r
secant cone, which is then cut from apex to
base and laid flat. It is also the process of
transferring points from su rface of the Earthto a cone or ser ies o f cones.
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A .SINGLE OR SIMPLE CONIC
PROJECTIONONE STANDARD
PARALLEL
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C. POLYCONIC PROJECTION
PARALLEL (LATITUDE) LIMITATIONUSES SERIES OF CONES.
*NON CONFORMALNOT USE IN NAV.
*USED IN SURVEYING PURPOSES.
*WIDELY USED IN ATLASES,FOR
AREAS OF LARGE LATITUDE AND
LARGE LONGITUDES SUCH AS
CONTINENTS.
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POLYCONIC PROJECTIONS
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A .GNOMONIC PROJECTION
POINTS GEOMETRICALLY PROJECTED
FROM THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.
USE FOR GREAT CIRCLE CHART
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B.STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
A PROJECTION COMING FROM THE
ANTIPODE,CONCEIVED ASPROJECTED BY RADIAL LINES FROM
ANY POINT ON THE SURFACE TO A
PLANE TANGENT TO THE ANTIPODE. ANTIPODE= TWO PLACES WHICH IS
DIRECTLY OPPOSITE EACH OTHER ON
THE EARTH USED IN POLAR NAVIGATION.
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C. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
PROJECTING LINES EMANATING FROM APOINT AT INFINITY PERPENDICULAR TO
A TANGENT PLANE.
USED FOR PERSPECTIVE VIEWS OF THE
EARTH, MOON, AND OTHER PLANETS
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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
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SCALE RATIO OF A LENGTH ON A CHART TO THE
ACTUAL LENGTH ON THE SURFACE OF THEEARTH.
A. REPRESENTIVE FRACTION
( EX. 1:50,000 )
B. GRAPHIC SCALE
CHARTS ACCORDING TO SCALE:
1.SMALL SCALE - COVERS LARGE AREA
2.LARGE SCALE COVERS SMALL AREA
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1. A perspect ive azimuthal map
pro ject ion in which po ints on the
su rface of a sphere or spheroids areconceived as pro jected by radial from
the cen ter to the tangent p lane.
A. azimuthal projection
B. conic projection
C. gnomonic projection
D. stereographic projection
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2. A type of project ion in which points on
the surface of sphere or spheroids are
conceived as p rojected b y radial l ines
from any po int on the surface to a plane
tangent to the ant ipode of the po int of
project ion.
A. conic projection B. gnomonic projection
C. lambert projection
D. stereographic projection
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4.A con formal map pro ject ion in whichthe su rface o f the earth , sphere or
spheroid is conceived as developed on a
cy l inder tangent along the equator.
A. polyconic projection
B. mercator projection
C. conic projection
D. azimuthal projection
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7. A conic pro ject ion w i th two standard
paral lels in which the surface of a
sphere or a spheroid is conceived asdeveloped on a cone which intersects
the sphere or spheroid at two standard
parallels.
A. gnomonic projection
B. lambert conformal projection
C. polyconic projection D. stereographic projection
8 A conic map p roject ion in which the
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8. A conic map p roject ion in which the
su rface of a sphere or spheroid is
conceived as developed on a ser ies o f
tangent cones, which are then sp read out
to fo rm a plane.
A. azimuthal projection
B. gnomonic projection
C. polyconic projection
D. stereographic projection
9 A j t i i h i h th
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9. A map p roject ion in which the
su rface of a sphere is conceived as
developed on a tangent p lane, w ith theresu l t that bear ing of a poin t from the
center are correct ly represented .
A. azimuthal projection
B. conic projection
C. polyconic projection
D. stereographic projection
10 A j t i i h i h th f
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10. A m ap p roject ion in which the su rface
of a sphere or spheroid is conceived as
developed on a tangent o r secant cone orcones, which are the spread out to fo r a
plane.
A. azimuthal projection
B. conic projection
C. cylindrical projection
D. mercator projection
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12. In very h igh lat i tudes, the most
pract ical chart pro ject ion to use is the:
A. Azimuthal B. Gnomonic
C. Mercator
D. Lambert conformal
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14 When using a Lambert con form al
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14. When using a Lambert con form al
chart in h igh lat i tudes, ang le such as
bearing s are measu red in reference to :
A. The meridian through the object of the
bearing
B. The meridian through the ships position
C. The meridian midway between the shipand the object
D. Any meridian
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16. Which statement is true concerning a
simple con ic chart pro ject ion?
A. It is an equal-area projection B. It is conformal projection
C. Meridians appear as curved lines
D. The scale is correct along any meridian
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18 Which chart pro ject ion wou ld be most
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18. Which chart pro ject ion wou ld be most
su i table for mar ine surveying?
A. Gnomonic B. Lambert conformal
C. Polyconic
D. Mercator
19 You wou ld f ind var iat ion on a
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19. You wou ld f ind var iat ion on a
po lyconic chart :
A. On the compass rose B. On the mileage scale
C. Written on the chart title
D. At each line of longitude
20 A gnomon ic pro ject ion is based on
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20. A gnomon ic project ion is based on
a/an:
A. Plane tangent at one point B. Cylinder tangent at the equator
C. Cone tangent atone equator
D. Infinite series of cones tangent atselected parallels
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23 Wh ich o f the fol low ing s tatements is
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23. Wh ich o f the fol low ing s tatements is
correct concern ing a gnomonic
pro ject ion?
A. A rhumbline appears as a straight line
B. Distance is measured at the mid-latitude
of a particular course to be used C. Meridians appear as curved lines
converging towards the nearer pole
D. Parallels except the equator appear as
curved lines
24 A t h t i /
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24. A mercator chart is a/an :
A. Cylindrical projection
B. Polyconic projection C. Rectangular projection
D. Simple conic projection
25 Distance is measu red on a mercator
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25. Distance is measu red on a mercator
chart using.
A. Latitude scale at the middle of the scale B. Longitude scale at the middle of the scale
C. Linear scale near the title block
D. Latitude or longitude scale at the middleof the scale
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31. A convent ional representat ion
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p
usual ly on a plane su rface of al l or part
o f the phys ical features o f the earths
su rface intended p r imari ly for marine
navigat ion is cal led:
A. chart
B. map
C. marine chart
D. marine map
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34. A pro ject ion where po ints on the
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p j p
earth are transferred d irect ly to a plane
and the or ig in of the project ing rays is
the point oppos i te the planes po int of
tangency is called:
A. azimuthal projection
B. gnomonic projection
C. orthographic projection
D. stereographic projection
35. A project ions where po ints on the
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p j p
earth are transferred d irect ly to a plane
and the pro ject ing l ines are parallel to
each oth er is cal led:
A. azimuthal projection
B. gnomonic projection
C. orthographic projection
D. stereographic projection
36. A pro ject ion where the p lane is
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p j p
tangent to the earth and po ints are
pro jected geometr ical ly from the center
o f the earth is cal led :
A. gnomonic projection
B. polyconic projection
C. stereographic projection
D. orthographic projection
37. What is the type of chart pro ject ion
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yp p j
wherein the po ints on the surface of the
sphere are conceived as p rojected by
radial from the center of the tangent
plane?
A. Azimuthal projection
B. Gnomonic projection
C. Orthographic projection
D. Stereographic projection
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39 Charts o f larger than 1:50 000 scales
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39. Charts o f larger than 1:50,000 scales
used in harbours , ancho rage areas and
the smaller waterways. A. sailing chart
B. general chart
C. sailing chart D. harbor chart
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45. Charts used for plann ing f ix ing
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posi t ion at sea on a long voyage are
called:
A. pilot charts
B. general charts
C. sailing charts D. gnomonic charts
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47. The origin al date of issue of a new
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chart is shown at the.
A. top center margin
B. middle of a chart
C. lower left of the chart
D. lower right of the chart
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49. New edit ion is marked on the charts :
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A. upper left hand corner
B. upper right hand corner C. lower left hand corner
D. lower right hand corner
50. A pr int which does no t supersede a
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cu rrent edi t ion is cal led:
A. revised print
B. reprint
C. 2nd edition
D. 1st edition
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53. A good chart can be dist ingu ished
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f rom indi f ferent one by :
A. date of survey
B. date of printing
C. its edition
D. date of correction
54. Which of the fo l low ing pub l ications
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wou ld you refer to ob tain navigational
in format ion s when enter ing a fore ign
por t?
A. sailing direction
B. world port index
C. coast pilot
D. port catalogue
55. Which of the fo l low ing pub l ications
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can prov ide you advance informat ion on
the faci l i t ies o f a certain port?
A. coast pilot
B. world port index
C. sailing direction D. port catalogue
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58. This is a publ icat ion containing the
l t l i t i f l l li h t b d
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complete l is t ing o f al l ligh ts, buoys, day
beacons , ranges and other navigat ional
l ights w ith their locat ions, candle powerand character ist ic s.
A. sailing directions
B. light stations C. coast pilot
D. light list
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60. Notice to mariner is issued fo r
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correct ing:
A radio navigational aids B. world port index
C. charts and references
D. all of these
61. Which of the fo l low ing info rmat ion
canno t be fo nd on p i lo t chart?
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canno t be found on p i lo t chart?
A. Steamers route
B. Wind condition
C. Ocean current
D. Tidal information
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63. Wh ich pub l icat ion can g ive you
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in format ion on the kind o f fac i l it ies fo r
repairs o f any nearest po rt .
A. world port index
B. sailing directions
C. port pilot D. coast pilot
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65. The mos t reliab le way to check if
i b i t d t t
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any iceberg is expected to encounter
du r ing the voyage is refer to:
A. world port index
B. sailing direction
C. coast pilot D. all of these
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67. Which aid is not marked on a chart
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w ith a magenta circ le?
A. Radar station
B. Radar responder beacon
C. Aeronautical beacon
D. Loran station
68. What pub l icat ion contains
d i t i f th t l i b
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descr ip t ions o f the coast l ine, buoyage
sys tems a weather condi t ions, po rt
faci l i t ies, and navigat ion ins truc t ion for
the United States and i ts possession s?
A. Sailing directions
B. Port index
C. Coast pilots
D. Light list
69. When a buoy is in pos i tion dur ing
l t i i d f th h
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only a certain period o f the year, where
may the dates when the buoy is in
posi t ion be determ ined?
A. Light list
B. Notice to mariners
C. On the chart
D. Coast pilot
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71. What publ icat ion contains info rmat ion
regarding the dangers to navigat ion in
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regarding the dangers to navigat ion in
the Eng l ish Channel?
A. Channel Pilot Guide
B. World Port Index
C. Coast Pilot
D. Sailing Directions Enroute
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74. This is the angular dis tance from a
i t i l l d
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pr im ary great circ le or p lane measu red
no r th or south through 90.
A. longitude
B. rhumb line
C. course line D. latitude
75. A l ine on the sur face of the earth
ki th b l i l i th l l
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making the same ob l ique ang le w ith al l
meridians.
A. latitude
B. rhumb line
C. longitude line D. azimuth line
76. This is the d istance between the
two meridians at any given paral lel of
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two meridians at any given paral lel of
lat i tude, exp ressed in nau t ical m iles.
A. difference of longitude
B. great circle distance
C. difference of latitude D. departure
77. This is the angular dis tance along a
pr imary great circ le or the ang le between
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p y g g
a reference plane through the po lar axis
and a second p lane through that axis. A. great circle track
B. longitude
C. azimuth D. none of these
78. This is the lat i tude at wh ich the arc
leng th o f the paral lel separat ing the
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leng th o f the paral lel separat ing the
mer id ians pass ing through two spec if ic
po ints is exact ly equal to the departure in
proceeding from one po int to the other.
A. mean latitude
B. middle latitude
C. difference of latitude
D. inverse latitude
79. To find out i f a pi lot serv ices are
avai lable on a certain port , wh ich
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avai lable on a certain port , wh ich
publ icat ion does provide th is
in format ion? A. coast pilot
B. world port index
C. sailing direction D. all of these
80. This is a graph ic p resen tat ion on a
p lane su rface of a sect ion o f the earth s
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p lane su rface of a sect ion o f the earths
sea surface cons tructed to inc lude known
dangers and aids to navigat ion. A. chart catalogue
B. nautical chart
C. coast chart D. light list
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82. This is shown in the most convenient
place in the chart so that no essent ia l
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place in the chart so that no essent ia l
navigat ional inform at ion is obscu red by
i t , and in the thumblabel on the
reversed o f the chart .
A. Date of publication
B. Source data diagram
C. Title of the chart
D. Chart corrections
83. In th is series there are five regional
sheets on the mercator p ro ject ion
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sheets on the mercator p roject ion
cover ing the North and Sou th A t lant ic,
Ind ian , North and Sou th Pacif ic Oceans.Pub l ished in a separate version for each
mon th o f the year. They are co rrected by
no t ice to mar iners and occasional newedit ions.
A. Passage Planning Charts
B. Routeing Charts C. CoTidal Charts
D. Magnetic Charts
84. Each weekly edit ion of the Notice
to Mar iners cons is ts of the fo l low ing
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to Mar iners cons ists of the fo l low ing
sect ions Except:
A. Corrections for Sailing Directions
B. Admiralty Notice to Mariners
C. Temporary and Preliminary Notices D. Navigational Warnings
85. Designed to give mariners early
in formation o f impor tant inc ident which
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in formation o f impor tant inc ident which
may const i tute a danger to navigation
such as particu lars o f recent dangerous
w reck, shoals depth, movement o f oi l
dr i l l ing r igs , su rvey operat ions and
mari t ime exercises.
A. Radio navigational warnings
B. Coastal radio warnings
C. Local radio warnings
D. Fleet notice to mariners
86. Rou teing charts include the
fol low ing data Except:
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fo l low ing data Except:
A. Ice limits B. Routes and distances between ports
C. Limits of loadline zones
D. Weather pattern
87. A pub l icat ion issued at intervals of
app rox imately six mon ths It reco rds the
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app rox imately six mon ths . It reco rds the
data of issue of the cu rrent edi t ions o f
each chart and of subsequent relevant
Notice to Mariners.
A. Cumulative List of Notice to Mariners
B. Fleet Notice to Mariners
C. Summary of Notice to Mariners
D. Semi-Annual Notice to Mariners
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89. The co rrect ion for the Adm iral ty List
of L ights and Fog Signals is contained
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of L ights and Fog Signals is contained
on what sect ion of the Weekly No t ice to
Mariners?
A. Section I
B. Section IV
C. Section VI
D. Section V
90. The number of longi tude un i ts in the
in the leng th o f a merid ian between the
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in the leng th o f a meridian between the
parallel o f that lat itude and the equato r.
A. departure
B. difference of longitude
C. difference of meridional parts D. distance
91. This is shown ou ts ide the bo t tom
righ t-hand and top lef t -hand corners o f
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r igh t-hand and top lef t -hand corners o f
the chart and in the thumb label on the
reverse o f the chart .
A. new edition of the chart
B. number of the chart
C. original edition of the chart
D. last edition of the chart
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93. The kind o f chart arrangement in
which charts are numbered in
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which charts are numbered in
geog raph ical sets and as far as possible
in numerical order and contained in a
buckram cover.
A. chart catalogue
B. chart supplies folio
C. chart folio
D. chart diagram
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94. This is shown by the date in the
thumb label on the reverse of the chart
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thumb label on the reverse of the chart .
A. Date of printing B. Date of publication
C. Date of new edition
D. Date of original publication
95. The letter PD alongsid e an
b t t i i d i t d th h t
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obstruct ion indicated on the chart mean.
A positive deviation
B. powerful disturbance
C. positively dangerous
D. position doubtful
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98. When a course is through var ious
lat i tudes the conversion may be ei ther
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lat i tudes, the conversion may be ei ther
by m idlat sail ing or mercator sai ling inwhich the pr inc ip le is invo lved in the
const ruct ion o f what char t?
A. Great circle chart B. Mercator chart
C. Polyconic chart
D. Gnomonic chart
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100. A k ind o f chart on a speci f ic scale
and pro ject ions show ing a grat icu le and
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and pro ject ions show ing a grat icu le and
compass rose designed to be used incon junc t ion w i th naut ical chart .
A. Gnomonic chart
B. Mercator chart C. Plotting chart
D. Position plotting sheet