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Nematicides delivered: 1/via resistant rootstocks 2/foliar-applied systemics
Michael McKenry,UC Riverside / Kearney
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Nematicides must travel through 5,000 lbs of soil / vine
to reach the 14 lb / vine of grape roots.
It is time to deliver nematicides via the 14 lb
of vine roots!
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A successful adult female in her gall at ~ 20 days
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The adult female of root-knot nematode changes plant cells into feeding cells, photo ~30 days after entry.
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Root-knot nematodes that enter roots at the wrong location are commonly greeted by a Hypersensitive Response (HR).
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Freedom and Harmony were the only sources of root-knot resistance. HR occurs as they enter root tips
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But, ---root knot populations began to develop that could slip by detection and HR
No HR
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By the early 1990s we had identified 5 rootstocks that were not so easily tricked.
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Rootstocks with broad and durable nematode resistance from my lab
include:• RS-3, medium vigor, available at nurseries• RS-9, low vigor, available at nurseries• 10-17A, medium-high vigor, some availability• 10-23B, medium vigor, propagation problems--
avoid• 6-19B, too low of vigor, some control lost--
avoid
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New resistant rootstocks have the ability to detect and provide larger HR as the juveniles enter.
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These rootstocks detect and defend as nematodes enter, line up along vascular bundles, or as they attempt to enlarge.
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The new rootstocks not only cause HR but possess several other resistance mechanisms after nematode entry.
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There are even mechanisms of defense that dissolve adult females ~20 days after entry.
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But for grape growers there are a dozen nematode types
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Grape growers need rootstocks with broad and durable
resistance. This is accomplished with activation of nematicides
wherever the nematode may feed.
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Table 1. Rootstock responses to selected soil-borne problemsPest-Disease Problem Harmony Freedom O39-16 RS-3 RS-9 10-17A
Meloidogyne spp R R S R R Raggressive Meloidogyne spp HS HS S R R RPratylenchus vulnus S MR S R R RTylenchulus semipenetrans S S S ss ss ssXiphinema americanum S S S S S SXiphinema index R R R MR R RMesocriconema xenoplax S S S MR S SParatylenchus hamatus S S S R R SRejection component, RP S S T? S S T?Grapevine Fan Leaf Virus IT IT T T ? IT
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The take home message is: broad and durable nematode
resistance mechanisms in rootstocks are the result of nematodes being detected and chemicals delivered precisely where needed.
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Nematicides delivered: 1/via resistant rootstocks
2/foliar-applied systemics
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2/ Where are we with nematicides delivered
systemically?
Two years ago we didn’t think a foliar-applied nematicide was possible?
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Foliar-applied and highly soluble in plants
• Hinders lipid biosynthesis
• Nematodes utilize stored lipids during egg-laying, molting, etc.
• The ai and/or its metabolites move quickly through plants, think days not weeks
MOVENTO
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P. vulnus in water suspension
Lipids
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X. americanum/250 cc soil as compared to untreated at Orosi-East
0102030405060708090
100
0 18 36 54 72 102 134
Movento 1TMovento 3T
Apr 24Nematodes extracted using sieve/mist
ns
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X. index/250 cc soil at Orosi-West expressed as % of untreated
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 18 36 54 72 102 134
Movento 1TMovento 3T
Apr 24
Nematodes extracted on cheese cloth
ns atP=0.05
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Control of ring nematode, as compared to untreated at Orosi-West
020406080
100120140160180
0 18 36 54 72 102 134
Movento 1TMovento 3T
Apr 24Nematodes extracted using sieve/centrifugation
ns atP=0.05
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Activity appears to pass quickly from the roots into the rhizosphere
• Impact on dagger nematode appears faster than impact on ring nematode. This is likely just an artifact attributable to our techniques.
• Impacts fungal and bacterial feeding nematodes
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Control of saprophytic nematodes while rejuvenating Ruby Seedless vines, expressed as a
% of untreated
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
J J A S O N
fosthiazate 1/2 lbAdmire Pro 14 ozAdmire+Mov 12.5 (2T)Movento 12.5 (2T)Movento 6.25 (4T)NatureCur 10K ppm
**
*** *
*
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Control of citrus nematode at or between drip emitters, July 31, 2008
(63 DAFMT)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
100groots
250 ccsoil
100groots
250 ccsoil
UntreatedNatureCur+MovMovento 4oz 3TNemacur
Sampled at emitters Sampled between emitters
a
ab
b b
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root-knot/g root as compared to untreated at Orosi-East
020406080
100120140160180200
0 18 36 54 72 102 134
Movento 1TMovento 3T
Apr 24
*
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Control of root-knot nematodes in brownish young roots July 7, 2008 at
Orosi-East
0100200300400500600700800900
/10 g roots /250 cc soil
UntreatedMovento 1TMovento 3T
a
b
ab
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Our studies with Movento as a possible systemic nematicide were begun two years ago. We know
that some % of the ai can be delivered via roots and beyond.
Our effort is now focused on timing and improved strategies.
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Nematicides delivered via the root system can provide post-plant
nematode control!
But, the grower needs an established vine!
They are not a useful replacement for pre-plant soil fumigation!
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Grapes after grapes vs grapes after almond (B. Peacock)
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And…old grape roots remain alive 8 year after vine removal, nematodes and
viruses too.
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In an attempt to conserve the resistance mechanisms in your
rootstock:
• Try not to unleash 8 years of huge nematode pressure on the new rootstock
• Consider “starve and switch” as an alternative to soil fumigation
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So, lets compare some new rootstocks and collect yield data
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Chardonnay yield (kg/vine) of nine rootstocks in 2001 + 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
8913-02RS-38913-2110-23B039-1610-17ABoernerRS-26-19B
TeloneMBuntreateda
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
a a
a
b
aa
a a
a
aa
b
aa
b
a
a
b
ab
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Thus, it is possible to find rootstocks having tolerance to
the rejection component of the replant problem.
Researchers will find this tolerance among pest resistant rootstocks having very different Vitis parentage
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“Starve and Switch”
Starve: kill old grape roots using February, March applications of Roundup applied to cut trunks and wait one full year.
Switch: Choose a rootstock with tolerance to the rejection component of the replant problem
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Conclusions: 1/ Rootstocks can detect nematode
entry and deliver a biocide to kill root cells to avoid pest build-up
2/ Foliar-applied nematicides are a possibility. We don’t yet know how
to use them correctly.
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Conclusions:
3) But for Lodi and south, there is more to the replant problem than nematodes. Does your rootstock have tolerance to the rejection component?
4) Don’t count on foliar systemics to solve the rejection component.
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Our studies to find an alternative to Nemacur have been underway 8 years with funding from the CA
Table Grape Commission
…it is now time to expand these studies to raisin and wine grapes