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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Aerospace Physiology
• Review of iterative design approach• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Musculoskeletal• Vestibular• Neurological
© 2001 David L. Akin - All rights reservedhttp://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Overview of the Design Process
System-level Design(based on discipline-
oriented analysis)
Vehicle-level Estimation(based on a few
parameters from prior art)
System-level Estimation(system parameters based
on prior experience)
Program Objectives ✑System Requirements
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Organization of Spacecraft Disciplines• Crew Systems
– Space Physiology– Life Support Systems– Human Factors and Habitability
• Power, Propulsion, and Thermal– Propulsion Systems– Power Generation and Energy Storage– Thermal Analysis and Control
• Avionics Systems– Guidance, Navigation, and Control– Data Management and Information Technologies– Communication Systems
• Loads, Structures, and Mechanisms– Loads Estimation– Structural Analysis– Structures and Mechanism Design
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Lung Measurements
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Alveolar Pressures
From Roy DeHart,Fundamentals of AerospaceMedicine, Lea & Febiger,1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Gas Exchange in the Tissues
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Effects of Supplemental Oxygen
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Hypoxia Effective Performance Time
From RoyDeHart,Fundamentalsof AerospaceMedicine, Lea& Febiger,1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Respiratory Problems
• Hypoxia– Hypoxic– Hypemic– Stagnant– Histotoxic
• Hyperoxia• Hypocapnia• Hypercapnia
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Types of Hypoxia
• Hypoxic (insufficient O2 present)– Decompression– Pneumonia
• Hypemic (insufficient blood capacity)– Hemorrhage– Anemia
• Stagnant (insufficient blood transport)– Excessive acceleration– Heart failure
• Histotoxic (insufficient tissue absorption)– Poisoning
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Oxygen Toxicity
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Decompression Sickness
• Release of dissolved gases in blood followingpressure drop
• “DCS”, “Caisson Disease”, “The Bends”• J. B. S. Haldane modeled DCS as
supersaturation of dissolved nitrogen in blood:
• Experience indicates symptomatic DCS onset atlevels of 1.6-1.8
RP
PnominallyN
ambient
= =2 0 79. ( )
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Vestibular System
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Vestibular Sense Organs
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Otolith Responses
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Cardiovascular
• Cardiovascular deconditioning• Upper body blood pooling• Changes in blood volume• Increased calcium content
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Artificial Gravity
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2 4 6
Rotation Rate (rpm)
Lunar gravityMars gravity
0.5*Earth gravity0.75*Earth gravityEarth gravity
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Short-Term Dose Radiation Effects
• 10-50 rem - minor blood changes• 50-100 rem
– 5-10% minor nausea and vomiting• 100-200 rem
– 25-50% nausea and vomiting– 50% reduction in lymphocytes
• 200-350 rem– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, minor hemorrhage– 75% reduction in all blood cells– 5-50% incidence of death
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Aerospace PhysiologyPrinciples of Space Systems Design
Short-Term Dose Radiation Effects
• 350-550 rem– Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, emaciation– 75% reduction in all blood cells– 50-90% mortality within 6 weeks– 6 month convalescence
• 550-750 rem– Nausea and vomiting within four hours– Mortality approaching 100%
• 750-2000 - survival time <2 weeks• 2000+ - incapacitation within hours