Download - New Energy Technologies Issue 13

NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES #13

1. Single-Wire And Wireless Electric Power Transmission. N.V. Kosinov and others (Ukraine) 2. The possibility of almost complete transformation of thermal energy into mechanical one. S.N.

Doonaevsky (Russia) 3. Inventor Club. Review. Vector Propulsion Engine (Electromagnetic Version). A. S. Tukanov (Russia) 4. Inertial Dynamic Generator. S.N. Schmidt (Russia) 5. Latent Potential Energy of Electrical Field. V.D. Dudyshev (Russia) 6. News 7. Energy from Air. M.P. Beshok (Russia) 8. A Parade of Gravitational Aircrafts. V.A. Chernobrov (Russia) 9. Energy from vacuum. Review 10. Meeting of Nobel Prize Laureates in Saint Petersburg 11. Perpetual Motor With Magnetic Control Elements. Review 12. Who Needs The Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion? I.B. Kalugin (Russia) 13. Fuel cells. Edwin Cartlidge (USA) 14. Free Energy. Thomas F. Valone (USA) 15. Secrets of Nicola Tesla’s Experiments. S.S. Makukhin (Russia) 16. Alternative Cold. Review 17. High-Efficiency Technology of Magnetic Cooling. E.N. Tishina (Russia) 18. News 19. Interference Disc Electric Generator. Alan L. Francoeur (anonce of the future article) (Canada) 20. Howard Johnson and his Motor. Review 21. Bogomolov's Centrifugal Generator. V.I. Bogomolov (Russia) 22. News 23. Magnetic Motor. A.V. Vydrin (Russia) 24. Anomalous Hydrogen Reactor “Omega” 25. Gravitational Shielding. Harald Chmela (Austria) 26. Conception of Magnetic Gas

2 New Energy Technologies, Issue #4 July - August 2003

N.V. Kosinov, V.I. Garbaruk, Ukraine

E-mail: [email protected]

resistor (L) of 2~5 MOhm to the transmission linedoes not cause any considerable changes inoperation of the circuit [1]. In the article [2] theauthors assume that the efficiency of the devicedepends on the material which is used for thewindings of a generator (M). Therefore theybelieve it is necessary to check expediency ofusing nickel, iron, lead, etc. wires to make thewindings. At the same time, one of the authors ofthe article [2] considers their line to besuperconducting [3, 4].

Our Experiments on Single-WireElectric Power Transmission

The authors of this article carried out a numberof experiments on power transmission using

single-wire lines. To that end we developed a newsingle-wire power transmission circuit. In ourcircuit there was no “Avramenko plug”. Insteadof an “Avramenko plug” we used an ordinarybridge circuit. In our experiments the bridgecircuit turned out to be much more efficient than“Avramenko plug”. Moreover, we made someother changes into Abramenko’s circuit. Ourcircuit is presented in Fig.2. The transmitting unitconsists of a generator and a transformer. Thecircuit diagram of the transmitting unit is shownin Fig.2 (to the right of the transformer).

Single-Wire ElectricPower Transmission

The idea of single-wire electric power transmissionhas become especially attractive to manyresearchers after a demonstration of single-wire ACtransmission made by S.V. Avramenko [1] at theMoscow Scientific-Research Institute of ElectricalEngineering. Editor’s: We have already writtenabout similar investigations in our previous issues.The story began more than 100 years ago withTesla’s experiments.

Fig. 1

Single-wire power transmission circuit

by Avramenko[1]

At the heart of the device there is “Avramenko plug”representing two sequence semiconductor diodes(Fig.1). If the plug is connected to a wire under ACvoltage, then after a time in a discharger P there isobserved a run of sparks. The time gap fromconnection to discharging depends on the valuesof capacity (C), voltage, frequency of pulsation andthe size of the air gap (P). The connection of a

Fig. 2

Single-wire power transmission by a new circuit

3New Energy Technologies, Issue #4 July - August 2003

Figures in the circuit diagram (Fig.2) denote thefollowing: 1 – Generator, 2 – Extender of spectrum,3 – “Antenna”. The general view of the device isshown in Fig.3.

Fig. 3

General view of the device to demonstrate

single-wire power transmission

Electric energy is supplied to the device from a DCpower source B5-47 providing voltage of 0-30 V.An incandescent lamp of 220 V, 25Wt serves asload. The generator and transformer are enclosedinto a dielectric casing. The components of a powerreceiver (diodes, capacitor, lamp, elements 2 and3) are placed in a plastic casing under the lamp(Fig.3). The power receiver is connected to thetransformer with one wire.

The intensity of glow of the lamp depends on thegenerator power. The lamp of 220 V, 25Wt is almostfully incandesced when high output voltage of thepower supply is within the range of 16~18 V (Fig.4).

Fig. 4

Glow of the lamp at high voltage of power supply B5-47

in the single-wire power transmission line

The key points in increasing the efficiency of ourcircuit in comparison with Avramenko’s circuit arethat we used an entire standard bridge circuit andnot just a half of it. Besides there was used aspectrum expander. The load does not impede fullcharging of the capacitor since the spectrumexpander was used in the circuit. Neitherconnection of a resistor to the transmission line norusing a conductor of high specific resistance as a

transmission line can considerably affect the degreeof glow of the lamp. Our circuit of single-wirepower transmission has two independent lineswith different frequency spectra. The first line hasa narrow-band frequency spectrum and the secondline – a wideband one. In the first line the circuitcloses at the free end of the secondary winding ofthe transformer through an antenna (3) (Fig.2). Thecapacitor, spectrum expander and incandescentlamp form the second line.

Experiments with Burnt-OutIncandescent Lamps

Both good and burnt-out lamps glow in the above-described experiments on single-wire powertransmission. Results of the experiments with theburnt-out lamps are presented below.

There is a break of a filament of the incandescentlamp (Fig. 5). This photo was taken while the devicewas switched off.

Fig. 5

A burnt-out lamp of 220 V, 60 Wt before the experiment

Fig. 6 is a photo taken during the experiment.You can see a glowing filament and a brightspark in the break point of the filament. Neitherconnection of a resistor to the transmission linenor using a conductor of high specific resistanceas the transmission line could considerablyreduce the incandescence of the filament. Thedegree of incandescence of the filamentdepends substantially on the size of a gap in thebreak point of the filament. The experimentsrevealed that there was an optimal size of theburnt-out section when the incandescence of the


residual filament was maximal

Fig. 6

Glow of a burnt-out incandescent lamp of 220 V, 60 Wt

Practically each of us meets the glow of burnt-outlamps even without knowing it. For that it will beenough just to examine a burned-out lamp closely.Rather often you can notice that the internalcircuit of an incandescent lamp burns out in morethan one point. It is obvious that probability ofburnout of the filament of a lamp in several pointsat a time is negligible. It means that on losing the

integrity of the filament the lamp had beenglowing on before the circuit broke in one morepoint. This phenomenon occurs in most caseswhen incandescent lamps burn out in the circuitof 220V and 50Hz.

For one of the experiments we connectedstandard incandescent lamps of 220V, 60Wt tothe secondary winding of a step-up transformer.At idle running voltage of the transformer wasabout 300V. In the experiment there were used20 incandescent lamps. It turned out that theincandescent lamps burn out mostly in two ormore points. Moreover, not only the filament, butalso the conductive wires inside of the lamp wereburnt out. In addition, after the first break incircuit the lamps went on glowing for a long timeand even more intensively than before theburnout. A lamp had been glowing on up to themoment when one more subcircuit burnt out. Theinternal circuit of one of the lamps in ourexperiment was broken in four points! Moreover,the filament burnt out in two points and, inaddition to the filament, the both electrodesinside the lamps were burnt out as well. Results ofthe experiment are presented in Table 1.

Experiments on Wireless ElectricPower Transmission

Many scientists all over the world work at solution ofthe problem of wireless power transmission. Mostlythere are studied microwave fields used for thepurpose of wireless power transmission. However,the applied microwave systems are not harmless tothe man [5]. We present the information on ourexperiments on realization of wireless powertransmission without using the microwave field. Westudied probability to transmit power to an electricmotor without use of wires.

The system, which consisted of a power supply B5-47,a generator and a transformer, was used in ourexperiments as a transmitter. A special receiving unitfor wireless power transmission served as a power

receiver and contained an electronic unit and a DCelectric motor IDR-6. In Fig. 7 you can see the generalview of our wireless power transmission device.

Fig. 7

General view of the device for demonstration of wireless

power transmission

Table 1

Quantity oflamps used

in theexperiment

20

Quantity oflamps with

one burned-out point

8


two burned-out points

8


three burned-out points

3


four burned-out points

1

Quantity oflamps withfive burned-out points

0


The electric motor is mounted onto a conductiveplatform, which in its turn stands on a casing madeof insulating material (Fig. 8). There is an electronicunit inside the casing.

Fig. 8

Receiver for demonstration of wireless

power transmission

The electronic unit fills little space inside the casingof the receiver and it is made on a printed board.In Fig. 9 there is presented the interior part of thereceiver. It is designed for wireless powertransmission.

Fig. 9

Interior part of the receiver for demonstration of

wireless power transmission

When the transmitter switched on there wasobserved rotation of the electric motor, whichthe experimenter held in his hands. Neither theelectric motor nor platform was connected tothe transmitter. And there were no powersupplies inside the casing where the platform andmotor were enclosed. When the distancebetween the receiver and transmitter diminishedthe speed of rotation of the electric motorincreased. In Fig.10 you can see a fragment of theexperiment when the frequency of rotation of

the motor was sharply rising, if the electric motorwas in hands of two experimenters.

Fig. 10

Acceleration of rotation of the motor

Experiments that demonstratehow an incandescence lamp canglowin the experimenter’s hand

It is a common phenomenon when a gas-discharge lamp glows in the researcher’s hand atusing of alternating electromagnetic field. It isunusual that an incandescent lamp can glow inthe investigator’s hand when only one wire isconnected to the lamp. Undoubtedly, a glowingfilament of the lamp, which an experimenterholds in hands, can excite interest only in the casewhen there are no two wires connected to thelamp. It is known that Nicola Tesla demonstrateda glowing lamp that he was holding in his hand.We have not managed to find a description ofthat experiment, so we have developed our owndesigns. We have carried out experiments thatshow how an incandescence lamp can glow inthe experimenter’s hand. The results of theseexperiments are presented below. In Fig.11a andFig.11b you can see variants of the device fordemonstration of glow of a 220V incandescentlamp.

Fig. 11 a


Fig. 11 b

In the experiments demonstrating how anincandescent lamp glows in the researcher’s handwe used neither “Avramenko plug” nor receivingunits for demonstration of single-wire and wirelesspower transmission. The lamp in theexperimenter’s hand glows due to applyingelectronic units and due to design philosophy ofthe devices.

Fig. 12 and 13 represent close-up photographswhere you can see glowing of the lamps of 220V,15Wt and of 220V, 25Wt that the experimenterholds in his hands. At that the lamps are notconnected to the closed circuit. The higher voltagesupplied to the generator, the more intensive wasthe glow. For the sake of the experiment’s safetywe supplied to the generator voltage that madelamps glow at about their half incandescence.

Fig. 12

Glow of an incandescence lamp of 220V, 15Wt

Fig. 13

Glow of an incandescence lamp of 220V, 25Wt

In the lower part of the photos (Fig. 12 andFig. 13) you can see a conductor, which isconnected to the generator with one wire. Only onecontact of the lamp cap touches the conductor. Theother contact remains non-connected. Thus thelamp and the generator are connected with a singlewire.

Fig. 14

Authors while making ready their experiment

on single-wire power transmission

Fig. 15

Authors while making ready their experiment on

wireless power transmission


Perhaps experiments on power transmission byNicola Tesla were somehow similar to theexperiments carried out by us. At any rate theexperiments prove that single-wire and wirelesspower transmission has real perspectives.

In Fig. 14 you can see a photograph of the authorswhile making ready the experiment on single-wirepower transmission.

In Fig. 15 you can see a photograph of the authorswhile making ready the experiment on wirelesspower transmission.

Samuil N. Doonaevsky, Russia

Email: [email protected]

References

1. “Avramenko Resonance”http://www.skif.biz/energy/arhiv1-3.shtml2. N.E. Zaev, S.V. Avramnko, V.N. Lisin,“Conduction Current Test, Activated byPolarization Current”. Magazine of RussianPhysical Thought #2,1991.3. IR (“Inventor and Rationalizer” Magazine) #10,1994, pp. 8-9.4. http://ufo.knet.ru/proekt/00500/00100.htm5. N.V. Kosinov. “Vacuum Energy”.“Future Century Energy” Magazine #1, 1998,pp. 28-31

There is a description of thermodynamic cycle of a heat motor with heterogeneous working body. This cycleallows completely transforming a thermal energy into mechanical one. The proof of existence of the cycleand its characteristics is a logic consequence of the first law of thermodynamics. By means of realizing ofthe cycle it will be possible to create new types of heat motors, which have qualitative advantages incomparison with the known ones. The said advantages are possibilities either to almost completely transformhigh-temperature heat, which appears as a result of combustion of fuel, to the useful work or to do suchwork by transforming free heat, which is taken off the matter of environment.

Introduction

The main method to transform thermal energyinto energy of other types is using of heat motors(engines), which implement any of closedthermodynamic processes (cycles). Forfunctioning of such devices the presence of twothermal vessels with different temperatures of theheater and the cooler of a working body of a heatmotor is required.

In all known heat motors ambient matter is usedas a cooler. Therefore the doing of a useful workby known methods is possible only as a result oftransformation of high-temperature heat whichis created by combustion of fuel.

The main features of known thermodynamicprocesses, used for the transformation of heat intoother types of energy are as follows:

• efficiency of these processes is less than thatof Carno cycle for a used temperature interval;

• these processes can not be applied fortransformation of free heat, which is containedin the ambient matter.

Use of the invention under the Russian Federationpatent [1] will allow to implement the process oftransformation of heat, which is free fromspecified restriction. Federal Institute of theindustrial property (FIIP) has included theinvention in the list of prospective Russianprojects [2].

There is offered the method to do useful work bymeans of realization of the closed thermodynamiccycle, wherein at some stages matter of theworking body changes its aggregative statecreating heterogeneous system, consisting of


equilibrium of liquid phases and saturatedvapor.

In the offered method the working body doesuseful work in the process of adiabaticexpansion from initial state in the cycle attemperature of the heater up to achieving thestate with minimum temperature of the cycle (atthis temperature density of the liquid phase of aworking body is equal to initial one). Theprocesses of return of some parts of the workingbody into an initial thermodynamic state arevarious for matter of each phase:

• The matter of liquid phase has to bereturned in an initial state in the process ofisochoric heating, by transferring heat fromthe heater to the matter;

• The matter of vapor phase has to bereturned in an initial state by the adiabaticcompression up to achievement an initialtemperature, by restitution the heat exchangebetween compressed matter and the heater,by the isothermal compression up to aninitial density at transferring of heat from thematter to the heater.

Such realization of the cycle excludes any contactof working body with the cooler (withenvironment) as well as transferring heat fromthe working body to it. Due to that, the completequantity of heat, received in the described cycleby working body from the heater, equals the donework and is non-zero. Thus realization of thiscycle will ensure transformation of heat intomechanical work with some output which istheoretically equals 1.

The offered cycle can be realized in atemperature interval, which upper bound willbe in the region of temperatures, which arelower than temperature of matter of theenvironment. It will take place, if some matterof low critical temperature is used as a workingbody. In this case matter of environment canserve as heater and be a source of thermalenergy, which will be conversed into usefulmechanical work.

Thus there are qualitatively new results whichwill be got by using this invention. Among theseresults we can mention possibility to conversethermal energy into mechanical work with highefficiency as well as possibility to use thermalenergy taken off the matter of environment fordoing useful mechanical work. The proof ofthese possibilities is a consequence of the first

law of thermodynamics.

Let us note that this proof reveals thecontradiction which exists between the firstlaw of thermodynamics and some knownformulations of the second law. At that there isrevealed the logical incompatibility betweenboth laws and necessity to explain thisincompatibil ity . As the first law ofthermodynamics, being the law of conservationof energy, should not be called in question (aswell as all its consequences), then there is aconclusion on the necessity to improve someformulations of the second law and to acceptthe fact that these formulations have therestricted domain of applicability . Thequestion how to resolve the contradictionremains unclosed and does not concern theessence of the invention (the offered method).

Realization of the possibility to make the devicewhich can do useful work by using(conversion) heat energy taken off the matterof environment will allow to create new kindof sources of free mechanical energy which arethe most economical and ecologically safe.

The advantages of such devices before otherknown sources of free energy (hydraulic, wind,solar, geothermal etc.) are as follows:

• greater specific power (per unit of volume);

• working capacity does not depend onexternal conditions (geographical, weather,time etc.).

The obtained estimations of achievable usefulpower give the reason to consider i tappropriate to use the offered devices indifferent fields of engineering. Each user byusing these devices to satisfy demand forenergy or heat will get the possibility either toreduce consumption of energy carriers in 2-3times or totally remove such consumption.

Mass application of the invented devices canseveral t imes reduce requirements ofeconomics in natural energy carriers andtherefore to create the possibilities for radicalsolving of problems which appear because ofscantiness of fuel-energy resources andnonecology of the general used heat sources.

The construction diagram of the simplestpattern of the said engine is shown in Fig.1.

The parts of the drawing present: 1 and 2 working


cylinders wherein movable pistons 14 are placed.The pistons are connected by the crank shaft 3 withthe fly-wheel 4. 5, 6, 7 are reservoirs filled withmatter of the working body. 8 is the reservoir filledwith matter of the heater. 9 is the heat conductortransferring heat from the heater to the matter ofthe working body, which is placed in the reservoir6. 10 is the pump, which is set in motion by the shaft3 and is used for swapping of matter of the liquidphase of the working body from reservoir 5 to thereservoir 6. 11 are pipelines. 12 are the valves (theyare marked on the figure by letters), which provideone direction movement of matter of the workingbody along the pipelines. 13 is the valve, whichregulates the size of heat flow through the heatconductor 9.

The reservoir 5 contains heterogeneous matter ofthe working body at the chosen minimumtemperature of the realized thermodynamic cycle.The reservoir 6 contains a homogeneous matter ofthe working body with initial values ofthermodynamic characteristics. The reservoir 7contains a homogeneous matter of the working

Fig. 1

body. This matter has temperature of the heater andintermediate density.

The matter in housing 2 is in the state of thermalequilibrium with matter of the heater which is inthe reservoir 8. All details of the device haveadiabatic heat insulation which provides keepingof required temperature conditions.

The thermodynamic cycle begins when piston ofthe housing 1 is in the uppermost point. The valveA is opening in this moment and matter of theworking body from the reservoir 6 begins to fill theworking volume of the cylinder.

Some time later the valve A closes and after this inthe cylinder there takes place the process ofadiabatic expansion of the working body from theinitial thermodynamic state. The process results inseparating of the expanding matter intoequilibrium phases of liquid and saturated vapour.The process continues until the piston reaches thelowermost point. The valve B opens in this momentand the heterogeneous matter with minimal


temperature in the cycle is displaced in thereservoir 5 while the piston moves back. Thedisplacement continues until the piston reachesthe uppermost position and valve B closes. At therepeated motion of the piston from theuppermost point the saturated vapour is absorbedinto the working volume of the cylinder from thereservoir 5 through the valve C. When the pistonreaches the uppermost point the valve C closesand when the piston moves back there is theprocess of adiabatic compression of the matter ofvapor phase.

When the temperature of the compressed matterbecomes equal to that of the heater, the valve Dopens and compressed matter is displaced in thereservoir 7. The displacement is over when thepiston is in the uppermost position. At that valveD closes and the cycle of working processesrepeats in the housing 1.

The processes in housing 2 are organized in a likemanner: the working volume is filled through thevalve E when the piston of the cylinder is in theuppermost point. While the piston moves thematter is absorbed into the working volume fromthe reservoir 7. The absorption is over when thepiston is in the lowermost position, then the valveE closes. At that the backward movement of thepiston is accompanied by isothermal compressionof the matter in the working volume. When

density of the compressed matter is equal to theinitial one the valve E opens and compressedmatter is displaced into the reservoir 6. Thedisplacement continues until the piston reachesthe uppermost point. After that the valve F closesand the cycle of the processes repeats in thecylinder 2.

Stability of the device is provided by swapping thematter of the liquid phase of the working bodyfrom the reservoir 5 into reservoir 6 by means ofthe pump 10 and valves G and H. By means ofmovement of the pump piston from theuppermost point the working volume is filled withliquid from the reservoir 5 through the valve G. Atthe backward movement of the piston the liquidis displaced through the valve H into the reservoir6.

The initial temperature of the working body inthe working cycle of the described device can bechosen either greater or less than temperature ofthe environment. If we choose the first variantthen it is necessary to hold temperature of thematter of the heater at rather high level. It can beachieved by use of high-temperature heat, whichis produced as a result of fuel combustion and istransferred to the heater by means of someknown heating apparatus.

Fig.2


The main qualitative advantage of the device is itsgreater efficiency (achievable output), which cannot be achieved in the processes of functioning ofknown heat engines.

The realization of the second case, wherein theinitial temperature of the working body is less (orequal) than that of the environment, will allow touse the matter of environment as a heater and toconvert the heat, which is partaken from it, intouseful work. In that case the described device willrepresent a new kind of early unknown sources offree mechanical energy. The possible variant ofsuch source is represented in the Fig. 2.

The heater 8 is made as heat exchanger, which isconnected with the end of the heat conductor 9.The ambient matter is pumped through the heatexchanger by means of propeller 12. The cylinder2 and the reservoir 7 can be in the state of thermalequilibrium with the environment.

Below there are some estimates of parameters ofthe concrete variant of proposed thermodynamiccycle to illustrate technical capabilities of thedescribed heat engine:

• nitrogen (N2) is chosen as a matter of the

working body;

• the minimum and the initial temperatures ofthe working body are taken equal;

• 73 oC and -123oC (100 and 150oK);

• the initial pressure of the working body istaken equal to ~ 500 bar;

• the temperature of the heater is supposed tobe ~7 oC (the value is close to averagetemperature of environment);

• the specific quantity of heat (which theworking body gets from environment matter inthe cycle and which is converted into usefulwork) is equal to ~ 63 cal/mole;

• if the working volume of the cylinder 1 andduration of the cycle are taken equal toV ~1 litre and t ~0.02 sec, then achievable powercapacity of the device is ~130 kWt.

The achievable power capacity of the devicerepresented in Fig. 2 is defined by twoparameters:

• by cross-sectional area S of the heat exchanger,through which environment matter is pumped;

• by temperature difference in a flow ofenvironment matter at the inlet and outlet of theheat exchanger.

Let us accept the values equal to S = 0.25 m2 and “T= 10 î C for these parameters, then we get anestimation of power capacity equal to ~ 107 kWt.

Conclusions

1. There are received the estimations of anachievable useful power capacity of the deviceswhich are designed for effective conversion of heatinto work. These estimations allow to suppose wideuse of these devices in different fields of techniqueas possible and expedient.

2. Each user by using these devices to satisfydemand for energy or heat will get the possibilityeither to reduce consumption of energy carriers in2-3 times or totally remove such consumption.

3. The economy, which can be achieved as a resultof reduction of systematic coasts on purchasing offuel, will quickly cover a cost of the inventeddevices.

4. The qualities of the devices (high efficiency,autonomy, ecological compatibility) will ensurehigh and stable income to those businessmen whowill organize sufficiently considerable productionand realization of these devices.

The investors are invited to participate inrealization and commercial use of the invention.

References

1. The Russian Federation patent N 2101521(Int. Clas. 6F02B 75/02). The official journal ofRussian patent and trade mark agency, M., 1998,#1, p. 337 (in Russian)2. “The prospective inventions” #1, Ì., 2000,IEC of Rospatent (in Russian)3. Z.B. Shumilin “Inventor and rationalizer”magazine (Izobretatel I ratcionalizator) #1, 2001,p. 10 (in Russian)4. A.I. Veinic “Thermodynamics of realprocesses” Minsk, Nauka I Tehnika, 1991 (inRussian)5. N.E. Zaev “New energy technologies” #2(5), 2002, p.6.6. E.G. Oparin “Physical foundations of fuel-less energetics. Limitation of the second law ofthermodynamics”, M. 2003, Urss (in Russian).


Review by our correspondent Alla Pashova

Inventors are interesting people. This opinion isshared by common people as well as by journalists,for whom modern “Kulibins” are a reliable sourceof sensational information. And the inventorsthemselves will also say: “Our creations are of noanalogues and we themselves are noteworthy”.However, as Mark Twain said: “The man with a newidea is a crank until the idea succeeds”. But thesuccess of ideas of Russian innovators or, in otherwords, practical application of these ideas requiresinvestments. It has turned out that attractinginvestors’ attention is much easier when thecreators are united and promote their ideas to themarket by common effort.

One of such unions is “Inventor’s Club ofR u s s i a ” s i t u a t e d i n K r o n s h t a d t ( R u s s i a )(http://zavclub.chat.ru/zcp.html). Informationfrom all over Russia as well as from neighbouringcountries (Byelorussia and Moldova) concentratesin this quiet town near St. Petersburg, right in thehome computer of Alexander S. Tukanov (Head ofthe Club).

In his time Alexander S. Tukanov graduated fromMachine-Building Institute of Kurgan, but heworked little by his profession. As early as in Soviettimes, instead of attending to tractors and trucks,he took a great interest in computer technologies.In 1996 Tukanov moved from Naberzhnye Chelnyto Kronshtadt. Naturally, being engaged ininvention for all his life, he wanted concernedpeople to get to know about his achievements. Forthat purpose in the end of 1998 Tukanov createdhis own web site in the Internet and invitedinterested people to join the project. Y.A. Nechaev,specialist in electronics, became the first memberof the Club. Then he and Tukanov evolved the ideaof connecting the telephone and Internet lines tothe common power grid of 220V. Tukanov stillconsiders the idea to be promising, but at that timeit was not realized: there were nor materialresources no investors.

Bit by bit new people joined the Club. They hadinteresting inventions, but no opportunities to

apply them. The Club’s “Intellectual PropertyOnline Shop” is of much use for the inventors inthis case. “Russian online market of intellectualproperty does not practically exist,” – Tukanovclaims. – Extreme imperfection of Internet in Russiais a drag of its development. The Americans triedto cooperate, but failed. In Moscow, for instance,the Internet does function at a decent speed, butto download a web page created somewhere inIrkutsk will take about twenty minutes. That is whywe may say our Shop is quite unique. The offerspresented at the web site spark great interest. Forexample, about fifty people have responded to theoffer to build a magnetic motor-generator. Amongthem there is even a clergyman, Father Sergiy”.

The following system to apply inventions, availablein the USA, seems to be reasonable to Alexander S.Tukanov: “Have you heard about “Arthur de Little”,an American company that applied the penicillin?It has over 200 branches in different countries.“Arthur de Little” uses the following scheme. Firstof all it signs a one-year contract with the inventorand gets a detailed description of the inventeddevice. After that the patent searching follows andthe invention is patented. Then they find acompany that makes a prototype model and carriesout practical research work. Eight of one hundredinventions applied in such a way make profit andtwo of them make excess profit that covers all theexpenses. In addition “Arthur de Little” has fullinsurance against all the financial risks that it takeswhile applying every innovation. Such a business isregarded to be so much profitable that StatePension Fund of the USA places its capital ininnovations.”

“There is only one confusing point in this system,– says Tukanov in addition, – there is noprepayment”. However, Russian investors promiseto prepay neither. “Every investor in our countryconsiders himself to be an expert and insists ondetailed explanation of the invention, as if he werea patent attorney. Many investors in Russia havecriminal past in business. Such people want to gettheir surplus profit served an apple on a silver


Vector Propulsion Engine(Electromagnetic Version)

Alexander S. Tukanov, Russia


http://zavclub.chat.ru/zcp.html

platter. However nothing venture, nothing have!It takes from 5 to 8 years to grow the tree beforethe apple ripens. An apple tree gives only 4-6apples of its every hundred flowers and the restare barren flowers. But these barren flowers arenot useless and the tree spends its energy for themtoo. There are no useless actions in nature. Theidea of skimming the cream off is of no new andends up with failure or crisis. According to Marx,any profit over 25 % is a criminal profit. And inRussia even a profit of 250% attracts no investors!

They demand multiplying this figure by 10. Andthe myth of unlimited intellectual potential ofRussia will be destroyed soon. It is impossible tomake someone invent: money cannot buycreation”.

Editor’s: Below we publish a description of anexperimental device designed by Alexander S.Tukanov, and an article by Sergey N. Schmidt, oneof the permanent members of the Club.

The device is designed to generate unidirectional force which influences the wholeconstruction. The design is based on the principle of unbalancing within the circularpath of movement of mass of the weight. This path is limited by a sector locatedbetween two poles of an electromagnet (EM). Two electrical motors rotating indifferent directions generate centrifugal force. There is a weight (G) made of m-metal. It is mounted between two friction disks. The weight (G) is in oscillatorymotion. It moves from one pole of the magnet to the other by the circular path.The generated centrifugal force is cyclic in nature and imparts propulsive force tothe whole device. We can control it by increasing the number of rotations of themotor. We can change the direction of movement by turning the electromagnettogether with the weight relatively to the entire device.

Fig. 1

The centrifugal force changes from zero to maximum and back to zero. Its direction is invariablenotwithstanding that the direction of movement of the weight does change.

We can both increase and decrease the propulsive force by specifying mass of the weight, number ofrotations of the motor and magnetomotive force of the magnet.


Sergey N. Schmidt, Russia

http://invent.by.ru


Working model of the IDG

The device is the simplest prototype of theinertial dynamic generator. It consists of a motorand a DC generator, which has no exciting coils.The motor and generator are mounted coaxially.

On the shaft of the “motor-generator” systemthere is an unbalanced flywheel, which ismounted to convert the energy of rotation of theEarth. The generated excess torque sets inrotation the system consisting of rotors ofelectric machines and the flywheel.

The motor of the device is connected to a stabilizedpower supply of 14 V. In order to provide fail-safeoperation there is a ballast resistance, which isconnected in series to the motor. The generator isconnected with a load of lamps in series.

When the device operates with one lamp in thecircuit of the generator there have been registeredthe following data:

Power in circuit of the generator:W

g0 = 0.34 x 2.51 = 0.85 W

Power of the motor: Wd0

= 1.55 x 7.69 = 11.92 W

Power consumed from the power supply:W

0 = 1.55 x 14 = 21.7 W.

Then we are connecting lamps to thegenerator. For this design the maximum

quantity of lamps is seven. Under suchconditions the resistance in the circuit of thegenerator rises and it results in decreasing thecurrent and the moment of resistance.

The motor starts accelerating that, in its turn,leads to raising the voltage on the generatorterminals and increasing the current and thegenerated power.

At the moment of connection of all the sevenlamps the rate of input voltage will be equal to14 V (as well as in the first case). In this modeof operation there have been registered thefollowing data:

Power in circuit of the generator:W

g1 = 0.17 x 11.66 = 1.98 W

Power of the motor: Wd1

= 1.21 x 9.81 = 11.87 W

Power consumed from the power supply: W1

= 1.21 x 14 = 16.94 W.

As is obvious, the increase in power generationhas caused the decrease in power consumption.Power of the generator and power consumedfrom the power supply have not risen, but theyhave been even considerably reduced. Theenergy balance has been upset. We canunambiguously state that the system receivesexcess energy.

Certain pessimists will try to consider theprocess taking into account the redistribution

At the heart of a new experimental device called “Karusel” (carrousel) there is a “motor - unbalancedflywheel – generator” system. Sergey N. Schmidt has carried out an experiment that shows the generationof excess power or excess torque, which accelerates the rotor and the flywheel of electric machines. Moreover,during the experiment it has been observed that the generated power is increasing and power consumptionof the motor is decreasing. “Karusel” is just a reduction of a prospective industrial inertial dynamic generator(IDG). The IDG enables to convert the kinetic energy of the Earth’s movement and to apply it for doinguseful work.


of energy loss in the power source. However theauthor has carried out experiments with manydifferent power sources including chemicalones and in all the cases there has beenobserved acceleration of the unbalancedflywheel.

Prospect application of “unbalanced pulse”: from

prototype to industrial generator

If we irrefutably prove that behaviour ofelements in a loop system is tightly connectedwith parameters of movement of the system wewill be able to control such processes. It clearsthe way to creation of motors and generatorsof a new type, independent systems ofnavigation and to many other applications.

I assert that in all these cases the “unbalancedpulse” does arise in a mechanical loop systemand it does cause changes in the speed ofrotation of the unbalanced flywheel, whichmoves with steady speed relatively to agravitational object (the Earth, the Mars etc).

The idea of using the “unbalanced pulse” forconverting kinetic energy of the Earth firstcame on carrying out the first experiments andit was “provoked” by mass breakdowns and cut-offs of electric energy in the Far East. It isimpossible to remain indifferent watchingentire cities freeze out. As a result the problemof developing of a fundamentally new sourceof energy becomes the most urgent.To studythese processes I have developed anexperimental device named “Karusel”, whichis able to demonstrate all the possibilities ofusing the “unbalanced pulse”, including themotor and generator modes of operation,navigation and registration of geotectonicprocesses.

In Fig.1 you can see a mathematical model ofthe device. It consists of flywheels (M1, M2 andM3) that are driven by motors (D1, D2 and D3).On the flywheels M1 and M2 there arependulum arms (MR) with springing elements(Ue). The motors (D1 and D2) are mounted onarms (Pk1 and Pk2), which are hingedlyconnected with the flywheel (M3) and havespringing elements (Ue).

At the initial moment the pendulum arms aremotionless and their oscillating around thehinges is limited by the springing elements(springs). The prototype is a system of forced

oscillations that is able to “resonate” at a certaincombination of speeds of rotations of theflywheels.

The effect of resonance is quite undesirable forour investigation of the “unbalanced pulse”,but we have to take it into consideration.

Fig. 1

If we impart alternating torque to one of themotors (e.g. the motor D1) then the arms Pk1and Pk2 of the “carrousel” will start oscillating.

The system is very sensitive to changes in theparameters, so the registration of the“unbalanced pulse is based on this feature.

The flywheels of the physical model are drivenby the motors at steady speed of their rotation.Appropriate gauges control the process.Magnetic clutches make the flywheels rotate at“real” speed resulting from the influence of the“unbalanced pulse”.

In addition the pendulum arms will start movingand we will be able to register the movement withmeasuring devices. The arms of the “carrousel”will begin oscillatory movements and the gaugeswill register them as well.

At a certain combination of the parameters ofrotation, moments of inertia and rigidity of thespringing elements we can observe “sel f-acceleration” of the f lywheels , which wil lindicate that the installation has switched to agenerator mode.

At that time it will be enough just to registerdecreasing in the current power that isconsumed by the electric motors. Switching tothe full generator mode presupposes someproblems of technical nature. The most


important of them is the reducing of thecoefficient of friction in the supports – it shouldbe less than 0.001.

Preliminary calculations demonstrate a highercoefficient of friction, but “unforeseeableconsequences” should be taken into account aswell. For instance, let us take a device, whichprovides the generator mode, and consider thedependence of its mechanical output from thewidth of the area, which is represented by linearspeed of motion of points of the earth surface.

High-precision bearings create the necessaryconditions, but we should also take into accountcertain peculiarities of operation of the device.The “unbalanced pulse” produces alternatingloads to the bearing units. As a result of it thecoefficient of friction increases. It is necessary tomount magnetic supports that would be able totake both radial and axial loads. In that case wecould considerably decrease the coefficient offriction in many times.

We can register operation of the device in themotor mode by the degree of deviation of thearms of the “carrousel”. We will learn the valueof “propulsive” force by means of piezoelectricdynamometers, which are mounted between thearms and stationary construction of the“carrousel”.

Operation in the generator mode is based onoscillating of the pendulum arms in the hingedjoints (bearings). The idea of convertingmechanic energy of oscillation of the pendulumarms directly into electric energy usingpiezoelectric cells seems to be very promising.

The “touchy” point of converting mechanicalenergy of the pendulum arms is the use of ratherlow efficient ordinary electric generators. We canuse a “looped” mode of power takeoff of thegenerator to overcome this impediment.

At first the flywheel is accelerated with an“unbalanced pulse” up to critical speed of rotation(the maximum permissible speed, which dependson structural features of the materials). Then it isconnected to an electrodynamic generator andbraked down to the minimal speed in the “self-acceleration” mode.

After that the electrodynamic generator switchesoff and the flywheel spins up to the maximal speedagain.

Most probably, the device of an industrial

generator should integrate several flywheels,which rotate on the same shaft and havecontrollable linkage with it (clutches). Theclutches will regulate the top speed ofacceleration of the flywheels and the takeoffpower. It is necessary to work up a circuit ofautomatic regulation that depends on the load.

So the device starts resembling a computer harddisk. But, unlike the later, the generator disks areunbalanced. If the disks rotate at the same speedand we manage to design an appropriate bearingunit, then power density of the generator per amass unit can be very high!

There is an interesting question: is it possibleto create a generator of 5 kWt/kg, i.e. of thesize of a common hard disk? (Only theaccelerating unit is meant here.) For that oneshould swing a pendulum (weight is 1 kg,length is 0.1 m) up to the speed of 10000 rpmand make it brake within 1 second:

E=V2/2=(2π·0.1·10000/60)2/2= 4.93 [kJ/kg]

Editor’s: The author also offers a device, whichcombines unbalanced disks with non-lineardynamics and an electric machine.

Physical model of the inertialdynamic generator

The “carrousel” and flywheel are driven withDC motors (capacity is 20-30 Wt, voltage is12 V). The speed of rotation should becontinuously regulated within the rangefrom 0 to 1500 rpm. The shafts of theflywheel and electric motor are connectedwith a dirigible electromagnetic clutch (orwith permanent magnets).

The shafts of the “carrousel” and the electricmotor are connected by a drive-down with anelectromagnetic clutch (or drive belting). Allthe parameters of operation of the motors(current, voltage, power consumption, speedof rotation) should be monitored with highaccuracy.

The idea of converting mechanicenergy of osci l lat ion of thependulum arms direct ly intoelectric energy using piezoelectriccells seems to be very promising.


Fig. 2

The carrousel consists of a two-armed rocker, on the ends ofwhich there are mounted flywheels with drives. The arms ofthe rocker are connected hingedly with the driven disk of the“carrousel”. The reach of the arms is 0.2-0.4 m.

The radial stress inside the hinge must be controlled, as wellas the tangential forces of each arm (moment of action) tothe driven disk of the carrousel. The control is realized withpiezoelectric transducers in the mode of current time takinginto account spatial orientation of the arm in relation to thesupporting platform of the “carrousel” (See Fig. 2, Fig. 3 andcolour cover pictures).

Fig. 3

There are 6 oscillating arms mounted on each flywheel.Controlled springing elements (springs) with piezoelectricstress control are mounted between the arms. Angular

displacement of the arms inrelation to the radial directionmust be also controlled with highaccuracy. Methods to control theangular displacement are notregulated. It may be an optical ora contact electric system withresistance control. In the later caseit is necessary to take into accountthe changes in temperatureoccurring on the contact surfaceduring long-term operation.

At the same time the contactelectric system is much simpler andenables to bias resistance range atcontrolling the position of everyarm. So we may display all thegraphs of oscillations of the armssimultaneously. We can also easilyoutput tabular data in a discretetime interval.

The required control interval is tobe 1-100 microseconds. We are toget tabular data of control ofdisplacement of the arms inrelation to the radial direction atthe current moment of time. Inaddition there must be mademarks of orientation of theflywheel in relation to the arm andthe support platform.

The power unit containsseparated power channels tosupply the electric motors and theelectronics. The motors may haveone common neutral. The neutralof electronics is isolated as anindependent line. Supply voltageof motors of the flywheels is 12 V,one of the electronics – 5-6 V. Thevoltage of electric motor of thecarrousel is not regulated.

For each arm of the flywheel inthe control unit there is achannel leading from thevariable brush resistor and adouble channel from thepiezoelectric transducers. Eachflywheel requires a twenty-wire l ine . Meanwhile thepiezoelectric transducers may benot used, so there will be only aneight-wire line (Fig. 4).


Fig. 4

Energy and safety

How safe are the present methods of powergeneration? Let us consider and compare all theknown devices and technologies that provide thehumanity with electric power:

1. Wind energy conversion devices: wind motorintegrated with the electric generator2. Devices made to convert energy of fallingwater: hydroelectric power stations, tidal powerstations3. Devices made to convert heat energy, which isgenerated in combustion process: heat powerstations

4. Photocells5. Nuclear energy sources: atomic power stations,isotopic cells6. Water-hydrogen energy converters7. Non-linear dynamic generators.

Their comparative appraisal can be based on thefollowing parameters:1. Environmental impact2. Safety3. Service life4. Efficiency5. Probability of disastrous effects

Device Comparative parameters

1 2 3 4 5

1. Wind None Medium Medium Low None

2. Hydro High (-) High High High Extremely high

3. Heat High (-) Medium Medium Medium Medium

4. Solar None Low Low Low None

5. Nuclear High (-) Medium Low Low Maximal

6. Hydrogen Low Medium Medium High Medium

7. Non-linear Dynamic (+) High Medium High None


As for the general level of safety the non-lineardynamic generators rank the first place. Thewind and solar devices follow them. Thenuclear power stations and hydroelectricstations are the most hazardous. Potentialdisastrous effects of nuclear explosions,earthquakes or dam breakdowns bring tonaught all the assurances in their safety. Thehumanity has already faced such catastrophes.

The disastrous impacts of the hydroelectricpower stations include not only possibledestruction of dams, but also excitement ofgeotectonic processes as a result of operationof hydroelectric generators in the infraredmode of oscillations.

The non-linear dynamic generators can exertpositive influence over the environment bycreating oscillations of certain frequency. Thismakes possible to turn radioactive isotopes intoa stable state without upsetting the energybalance. Furthermore, the non-linearoscillations are able to reduce geotectonicstresses and to prevent catastrophicearthquakes.

Of course, the non-linear oscillations can beused for destruction as well, but it is not easy tofind an algorithm to control such processes andit is even more difficult to make an appropriatedevice for it. That is why we can say for sure thatit is really practicable to exercise an effectivecontrol over such attempts. Moreover, massapplication of low-powered non-lineargenerators will practically eliminate thepossibility of careless use of this technology.The system will start working in autosafetymode and neutralizes dangerous impacts.

New technologies and employment

Application of the inertial dynamic generatorswill not lead to mass unemployment in thedomain of production and processing ofnatural energy resources. It is essential tounderstand that the inertial dynamicgenerators cannot yet solve the problem ofusage of mineral oil at transport. Neither theheat power plants will be shut down at once.The process of changing over the inertialdynamic generator will take no less than 10years and it will give rise to competition, whichwill force owners of the heat stations to reduceprices as well as pay attention to the safety andecological compatibility of their heat powerplants. One may say that the inertial dynamic

generators merely optimize the productionand consumption of energy resources. It willbe possible to shut down the most hazardousobjects of power engineering and to turndown building new “doubtful” objects.

The advent of personal computers has notcaused mass dismissals of technicians-and-engineers. Neither the application of inertialdynamic generators will entail massunemployment. On the contrary, manyenterprises and hundred thousands of peoplewill be engaged in the field of the productionand maintenance of inertial dynamicgenerators. Cheap energy will let manyindustries develop and thereby millions ofpeople will get jobs.

It is important to notice that the newtechnology will help science and engineeringto get out of a “depression” and thus, naturally,will entail creation of new working places.

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

20 New Energy Technologies, Issue #4 July � August 2003

Valery D. Dudyshev, Russia


http://www.dud�epd.narod.ru

The present article makesan attempt to solve many ofthe most critical problems inPower Engineering andMechanics. The authorpresents and thoroughlysubstantiates a newprospective trend in EnergyScience, namely ElectricalField Power Engineering

and Mechanics. The author’s particularinventions illustrate a new efficient technologythat generates kinetic and electrical energy of thepotential energy of electrical field. The scientisthopes that the article will arouse keen interestof wide circles of readers and will contribute tothe progress of power engineering and ecology.

SOCIAL AND ENERGY PARADOXES

The process of evolution in the world powerengineering has resulted in a rather paradoxicaland contradictory situation: on the one hand,the modern civilization has a dire need forclean and cheap energy, on the other hand,nature and civilization themselves are underthe threat of dying�out due to increasingenergy and ecology crises. That is why it is timeto break this energy deadlock. Many far�seeingand enlightened people fully appreciate it.

But do we try hard enough? Scientists andspecialists know well that much valuableinformation on new energy technologies andenergy saving has already been accumulated inthe world, however, in fact, this information ishardly ever applied. The reason is that a drasticand fast progress in power engineering andenergy consumption technologies may beunfavourable for many of the worldmonopolies. Their profit depends directly onimperfections of this system. The less efficientthe power engineering is, the more expensive

energy is. And the less perfect technical devicesare, the more power they consume.

Civilization needs clean and inexhaustibleenergy very much, because, as a matter of fact,mankind has already come into a global energyand ecology crisis. Scientists and engineers donot yet know exactly what Energy is and for themoment determine it just as the capacity of amatter for doing work. At present the scienceoperates with laws of conservation of onlyknown kinds of energy.

On this vague theoretical basis official scienceoften rejects any concepts of devices that usethe latent energy of matter with high efficiency(with an output over 100%). At the same timescience is tolerant towards the heat pump withits extremely high energy datum. It is ofcommon knowledge that a heat pump uses andconverts low�grade ambient heat with anefficiency of 200�300 % [8].

Is there a way out of this psychological andenergy deadlock of the civilization and whereexactly does it lie? The simplest answer is thefollowing: for that we should go back to thebeginnings and revise our basic knowledge andfundamental principles of power engineeringand technology. But first of all we will have toanswer several seemingly easy questions.

What is energy?

Energy is determined as the capacity of formsof matter to do work and as the generalmeasure of motion of the matter [10]. HoweverEnergy is much wider and yet unknown notionand phenomenon, because science is yet farfrom being fully aware what Matter is .Experimental data form the basis of scientificknowledge. However imperfect pastexperiments go out of date and new unusualand sensational experiments of modern

21New Energy Technologies, Issue #4 July � August 2003

scientist take their place [1, 3, 7, 8, 9]. Thus allthe known laws of energy conservation,formulated on the base of out�datedexperimental data, are of rather limited use andrequire correction. Moreover, many of thelatest experiments break the existent laws ofenergy conservation, so it is time to widen thenotion of Energy and the formula of itsconservation laws.

Under the impression of incontestable resultsof a number of tests and experiments (such asexperiments on cold thermonuclear fusion,vortex heat generation in water and others[8, 9]) more and more serious and objectivescientists become supporters of the AetherTheory. In particular, the experiments byN. Tesla and his followers show that Aether(being more subtle a matter than the knownmaterial world) is also full of energy and readyto supply it to us [10].

But are we ready to take it and in what way willit be easier to do? In view of these newexperimental data, to my mind, we havereached the point where it is necessary to revisethe fundamental notions of modern science,namely the notion of Energy and the law ofconservation of Energy. The first attempt toamend these basic concepts of physics ispresented below.

Energy is the reciprocal motion of all theknown particles of matter one relatively toanother, as well as the motion represented bytransmutation of these particles (elementary‘bricks’ of matter) from one form of matter toanother, as well as the rotation of elementaryparticles of matter.

Universal Law of Conservation of Energy(ULCE) should be interpreted as a constant ofthis total momentum. There is a possibility touse and convert latent energy of electrical fieldsinto real useful Energy and this is an importantpractical consequence of the ULCE. But howcan it be put into practice? Let us tell about itb e l o w.

Why do we need energy carriers at all?

This question seems to be simple only at firstsight � “to generate other kinds of useful energy:kinetic energy, electrical energy, as well as heat,cold and light” – you will answer. That is right.But then the next question follows: is it possibleto get all these secondary kinds of energywithout burning fuel at all? This will remind you

of the energy of the Sun, wind, rivers and seas.And then you will reply nevertheless: “No, allthese nonconventional energy technologiesare not yet perfect and they are far fromcovering the shortage of required power”. Butin this case, is there an effective and easy wayout of Energy deadlock at all?! It does exist andlies in the following:

• at first it is necessary to radically improveall the energy converters and thereby steeplydecrease fuel and energy consumption fordoing useful work;

• we need to learn how to generate, convertand use the latent energy of matter and therenewable Energy of ambient space in anefficient and easy way.

Where is the generated energy spent nowadaysand why are all the energy consumers

so imperfect?

The simple answer is the following: at presentover a half of al l chemical energy ofnonrenewable energy carriers (e .g . di f ferentkinds of fuel) is spent on heat loss and toxicemission. It happens because the energyconverters and consumers have yet extremelylow output for they use and consume primaryfuel and (or) electrical power to convert it intowork (e.g. in motor transport) and into otherkinds of useful energy (e.g. for lighting) in aquite inefficient way.

Let us consider output of an electric powerdevice as the ratio of the useful work to theexpended primary energy (the chemicalenergy of fuel and of energy carriers) itbecomes obvious that the existent powerengineering is extremely ineff icient indeed.For instance, the real output of modern heatmachines (including internal�combustionengines) does not exceed 30%.

The output of heat power plants during powergeneration is no more than 40%. The output ofelectrical light devices is quite low as well, e.g. oneof an incandescent lamp is just 5�7%! The outputof urban systems of heat generation, transmissionand distribution is no more than 50% and they areutterly unsafe, etc.

That is why we must urgently and efficientlyimprove the energy converters and carries inorder to al leviate the energy cris is of thecivilization. But how can we do it? There canhelp my inventions in the sphere of energy


conversion as well as new methods ofapplication of the latent energy of matter, inparticular , new technology of using thepotential energy of electrical field.

BASICS OF ELECTROPOTENTIALPOWER ENGINEERING

Doing useful work requires energy and force.As for the definition of energy it has becomemore or less clear. And what is force? Force isthe measure of action of a field (e.g. ofmechanic, electrical and other fields). In thisparticular case it is essential that any force isable to do work.

The notions of field and force are not yet clearlydetermined in science at all . Howevereverybody knows how to generate an electricalfield and Coulomb forces. All we have to do isfigure out how to use this force for commonbenefit.

Mysterious Coulomb force and useful workof electrical field

Free electrical charges and powerful electricalforces of their interaction (e.g. thunderstormphenomenon) exist in Nature regardless ofwhether we want it or not. The electrical forcesgenerate electrical charges and electrical fieldsand these forces are enormous. As everybodyknows from high school, Coulomb’s law (oneof the fundamental laws of physics) states thatthe force between two electrical chargesdepends only on the amount of the charges andthe distance between them, but does notdepend on weight of a body.

The potential Energy of electrical field as wellas huge Coulomb forces can be used for doingwork without fuel and at minimal energyconsumption. For doing work in this case wecan use just a single electrical potential. So theproposed method may be regarded as a newmethod of Electropotential PowerEngineering.

Physical substantiation of realizability andefficiency of new Electropotential

Power Engineering

One coulomb is def ined as the quantity ofelectricity transmitted by a conductor (e.g. bya f i lament of an incandescent lamp) in onesecond at a current of one ampere . Even inthe electrical supply network of an apartment

those coulombs of electricity can be found inabundance. And what wil l be the amount ofthe repulsive force of two electrical charges(1 coulomb each)?

Two identical bodies, which have a charge of1 coulomb and are initially set apart at a distanceof 1 meter, repulse one another with the forceof 1010 N (one can find the formula of Coulomb’sLaw in any physics textbook). The paradox is inthe following fact: it is common knowledge thatCoulomb forces are incredibly immense, but infact they have not been used in powerengineering till present times.

These forces are the most powerful forces inNature, second only to nuclear forces. Coulombforces arise everywhere, where there areelectrical charges and the task is to extract suchforces from bodies and make them work for themankind.

Power input to generate potent Coulomb forcescan be minimal. It is amazing that the generationof such huge forces requires neither high chargesnor high power consumption. Hence togenerate electrical charges of necessary amountwe will need practically no electrical energy and,of course, no high currents. In this case we dealwith electrostatics and that is the explanationwhy the use of Coulomb forces seems to be soadvantageous in practice.

We can vary Coulomb forces by adjusting theamount of the electrical charges.The ability oflike charges to repulse one another usingCoulomb force is the most promising andvaluable for the new electropotential powerengineering. It means that the effect of electricalbreakdown between two charged bodies isexcluded and the charge will not drain fromtheir surface.

Mechanical motion and mechanical workcreated by Coulomb forces of repulsion

As everybody knows from high school, worksis calculated by multiplying the length of thepath by the component of the force actingalong the path and like charges attract oneanother.

The mentioned Coulomb’s Law traditionallydetermines the effect of force interaction ofelectrical charges. These facts are well known toeveryone, however few people surmise thatCoulomb forces can be immense at certainconditions.


These forces are quite able to do useful workat minimal electrical power consumption forthey can make charged bodies move.

Let us explain it by the following example. Itis plainly understood that if a high electricalpotential is supplied instantaneously througha single conductor to two bodies , which areinitially in contact, the bodies will immediatelybe charged with electricity and start repulsingone another .

These powerful forces of electrical repulsionmake the charged bodies move in the oppositedirections.Consequently, Coulomb forces (forexample, repulsive forces) of l ike chargedbodies are able to do useful work at practicallyzero power consumption by converting theenergy of electrical field of a single potentialinto the kinetic energy of motion of the bodies.Let us once again emphasize that for suchconversion of the potential energy of electricalfield and charges into the kinetic work of thebodies we will need only one electricalpotential . That is why this type of energy iscalled Electropotential Energy.

EXAMPLES OF CONVERTION OFTHE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF

ELECTRICAL FIELD INTOKINETIC ENERGY

It is traditionally accepted that doing useful workrequires much energy. In particular, all themodern engines (both heat and electric) still havehigh energy expenditure (they consume muchheat and electrical energy while their output is atmost 30%).

The development of energy storage devices isone of the key open problems of the day. It hasto do, for example, with making efficientelectrical vehicles that could run long distanceswithout frequent recharge of their storagebatteries. But there is another possible solutionfor the engines, which consists in using thepotential energy of electrical field and powerfulCoulomb forces.

The author of this article presents new methodsto convert the potential energy of electrical fieldinto other forms of energy and uses them todesign ordinary electropotential motors, whichoutput is over 90% [1].

The design of the motors contains an electricalfield source (e.g. a high�voltage changer or a no�

current source of electrical field – an electret, anoscillatory circuit (of various types) and at leastone energy storage device) [1].

In Fig. 1 you can see the simplest model of anelectropotential motor of oscillatory type withopposing springs. This device demonstrates theprinciple of converting the potential energy ofelectrical field into work by means of Coulombforces of repulsion.

We supply a high electrical potential (roughly20kV) from an electrical field source (1) to twotightly fastened plates (3, 4) (Fig.1). Practicallyimmediately the plates 3 and 4 get like chargesand then Coulomb forces make them repulseone from another. After that the plates startmoving apart rapidly till they touch charge�collecting pins (9).

At the same time springs (5, 6) contract andthereby acquire the potential energy ofcontraction. Coulomb forces vanish at themoment when the plates are discharging to thecharge�collecting pins (9) that are mounted onan earthing platform (10). The contractedsprings push the plates back from the reversalpoints (3�1 and 4�1) to the initial position tillthe moment of their contact. Then we repeat theprocedure. Let us mention that to actuate thisreciprocating electrical motor with low energyexpenditure we will need just one electricalpotential. The electrical charge of the plates (3,4) needs constant renewing, though Coulombforces in the motor are rather high even atminimal electrical charging rate of the plates.However, it is possible to make the design evenmore economical. For that we can eitherrecuperate the given total charge back to theplates (3, 4) or to shield the charges while theyreturn to the plates. For example, the plates (3,4) made of electrets can be shielded at theirreturn motion.

So while the plates are moving back to theirinitial position, for example, under the action ofthe contracted spring, such shielded charges willnot impede their return. As the given bodies(plates) come together, the shield must be takenoff one more time and the like charged bodieswill repulse each other again.

. . .there is another possible solut ionf o r t h e e n g i n e s , w h i c h c o n s i s t s i nu s i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y o fe l e c t r i c a l f i e l d a n d p o w e r f u lCoulomb forces .


Fig. 1

The simplest electropotential motor with return springs

1 – high voltage source; 2 – conducting currentcollector (spike); 3 – conducting plate (3�1 –return point); 4 – conducting plate (4�1 – returnpoint); 5 – spring (insulated from the plate);6 – spring (insulated from the plate); 7 – left stopof the spring; 8 – right stop of the spring;9 – charge�collecting devices (pins); 10 – earth.

Once induced electrical charges of the bodies canbe repeatedly used to set them in return motion.That is why the electropotential mechanics is veryeconomical.

Totally no�current “perpetual” electricalmotor of electret�mechanical type

with blinds

Fig. 2

Perpetual mobile using the potential energyof electrical field

The electrical motor (Fig.2) consists of a case (1)with two stationary stator electrets (2, 4), whichare fixed on the ends of the case, as well as of amoving electret rotor (3), which is supplied withlifting mechanisms (8�10) and two shieldingblinds (5, 6). The electret rotor (3) oscillatesbetween the stationary electrets (2) and (4).

In Fig.2 you can see that the electret (3), beingunder the action of electrical repulsive forces,moves from the electret (2) to the stationaryelectret (4), which is shielded by a blind. At thesame time the blind (5) starts going down with arocker (7) driven by gears (8, 9, 10) and therebyshields the electret (2). The shielding blind (6), onthe contrary, goes up and open the secondstationary electret (4). The electret rotor (3) stopsand, in consequence of the electrical repulsiveforces of the electrets (3) and (4), starts its returnmotion to the electret (2). Then the cycle ofmovement of the rotor is automatically repeated.As a matter of fact, the given device is a “perpetual”oscillatory electrical motor that uses the potentialenergy of the electrical field of the electrets (2),(3) and (4) and the electrical forces of repulsionof like charges, i.e. Coulomb forces.

“Perpetual” reciprocal electret motor withself�oscillating electromagnetic circuit

Fig. 3

Design of the electrical motor

Fig. 3 shows design of such a motor. It includesa free�running piston�rotor, which is made ofa charged monoelectret. Inside of a hollowchamber there are disks of an electrical


condenser. The chamber has the form of a hollow cylinder. The disks of the electrical aircondenser are mounted on the inner butt�ends of the cylinder (Fig.3). These conductive disksare connected electrically to the terminals of a high�voltage changer with adjustable amplitudeand frequency (a voltage inverter). An electrical inductance is connected in parallel to theterminals of the disks (Fig.4). The electrical condenser (capacitance) inside the motor and thementioned inductance form an electromagnetic oscillatory circuit. Generative inductance can becoiled onto the given cylindrical chamber that is permeable to the magnetic field.

Fig. 4

As a matter of fact the proposed design is anoriginal electromechanical oscillatory system thatcombines a resonance electromagnetic oscillatorycircuit and an electret mechanical oscillatorycircuit. The principle of operation of thisreciprocating (oscillatory) motor consists in cyclepolarity changing of the electrical charge on thedisks of this inner condenser.

As a result of the action of powerful Coulombforces the electret rotor accelerates and startsmoving inside the chamber towards an unlikecharged disk.

When voltage sign and the charge of the diskschange, it starts moving with acceleration to theopposite electrode. Let us note that as the electretaccelerates in the chamber, an emf arises insidethe inductance coil.This emf automaticallychanges the polarity on the condenser disks.Consequently, when the electret rotor approachesan unlike charged electrode, at first it decelerates.

Then, at the moment when the charge of theelectrode changes its polarity to the opposite one,the rotor starts moving to the opposite electrodeinside the chamber. The repulsive force

(acceleration) of the electret rotor and thefrequency of its oscillations between thecondenser disks depends on the charge of theelectret rotor and on value of the high voltageinitially supplied to the disks, as well as on theparameters of the oscillatory circuit. Since theelectrical currents in the circuit are low and as thecondenser and the inductance interchange theirenergy, then the energy loss is also very low andthe performance index of this device that convertsenergy of electrical field into propulsion andelectrical power is close to 1.

The output can be even more than 1 if only thepower line supply but not the energy of electricalfield is regarded as the electrical power input.

Hybrid electrostatic motor�generators(Fig. 5, 6)

It is astonishing, but using the potential energyof electrical field we can generate both kinds ofenergy at the same time (both kinetic energy ofmotion, e.g. energy of rotation, and concurrentlyelectrical energy). The amount of the kineticenergy and electrical energy, which aregenerated in the load from the potential energy


of electrical field, is regulated by changing theintensity of initial or induced electrical field andthe amount of charge. Let us consider somedevices of the kind.

Electret motor�generator of rotary type

Fig. 5

In Fig. 5 you can see even more original variantof the “perpetual” rotational electret motor�generator created by the author. The design ofsuch an unusual generator comprises two (ormore) paired segmental electret disks of freerotation (1), (2) and two (or more) charge�collecting plates (3) that are positioned parallelto these disks at a minimal gap. To start thegenerator it will suffice to begin rotating the disksin the opposite directions.

For the sake of simplicity the second charge�collecting plate with electrical load is not shownin the picture. An analogous device has beenalready functioning in France and there is anarticle describing it [6]. Unlike its analogue [6], thiselectrostatic generator is made of more advancedhigh�performance electret materials and has aconsiderably improved design. Thanks to highelectrical intensity and charge density of theelectret, the capacity of this generator increasesin many times comparing to the device [6] withsimilar speed of rotation and dimensions.

After forced spinup of the disks (1) and (2) tothe opposite directions, these segmental electretdisks go on rotating spontaneously. It resultsfrom power interaction of electrical charges ofthe electrets between the disks. The electricalfield induces an emf onto a stationary flatelectrode (3). The speed of rotation is determined

by the proportion of the design factors of thedevice and the parameters of the electrets. Theemf of generated voltage is proportionate to thespeed of rotation of the disks and to the numberof segments of the electrets. As a result of rotationof the disks and changes in the electrical fieldintensity, unlike electrical charges are cyclicallyinduced on the electrode (3) and AC electricalpower is generated in the load (4). Fig. 5 showsthe electrical load that has the form of a glowingbulb (4) and is connected into the circuit“electrode (3) – electrical load – earth”

Motor�generator set of linear�rotary type

Fig. 6

In Fig.6 you can see a simplest multifunctional“perpetual” motor generator. It consists of arotating segmental electret disk (8, 10) and twoelectrets (3, 4), which are mounted in a verticalshaft (1). When the stationary electret (4)repulses the moving electret (3), the latest startsmoving back and forth. Thereby it providescontinuous rotation of the segmental electretdisk (8, 10) using a transmission gear (9) thatreminds a children’s toy – whirligig. Rotationof the electret disk results in an emf of electricalinduction and electrical energy generation.

The generator circuit is similar to the circuit inFig. 5, therefore it is not shown here. Bychanging parameters of the device andparameters of the initial electrical field we canregulate the parameters of moving electrets,


which are generated by the electrical field, aswell as the amount of kinetic energy of motionof these bodies. The devices (Fig.5, 6) have beentested in working models and have provedtheir efficiency.

In Fig.7 you can see a variant of the design of lowexpenditure electrofield motors as applied toelectric vehicles. A crank gear converts the kineticenergy of back�and�forth motion of the electrical(or electret) rotor of this unusual lowexpenditure electrofield motor into ordinaryrotation of a distribution crankshaft of an electricvehicle.

Fig.7

Electrofield engine

The work chamber and contacting parts of themechanism (e.g. its rod) are insulated withspecial metal�ceramics. In order to preventdraining of electrical charges from workingplates of the electrical condenser we shouldregulate the propulsion, torque of the shaft andrpm of this electromotor not by increasingelectrical current (like in ordinary electricalmotors), but by changing voltage of the powersource and, as a consequence, by changing theamount of electrical charge on the plates of theelectrical condenser with constant polarity. In

order to increase the dielectric rigidity of thework chamber of this low expenditureelectropotential motor, we fill the chamber withinsulating gas, which has extremely lowviscosity.

At the website http://www.dud�epd.narod.ruyou can see an animation film that demonstratesthe operation of this original low expenditureelectromotor (Fig. 7).

EXAMPLES OF OTHER EFFICIENTDEVICES OF LOW EXPENDITURE

ELECTROFIELD POWERENGINEERING

In his previous articles [3�5] the author proposedand described new technologies of applicationof potential energy of electrical field, inparticular, the technology for pollution�freecombustion devices, fuelless orbit cosmonauticsand the low expenditure technology ofhydrogen generation from water.

Above in this article we have already mentioneda number of efficient methods and devices forgeneration of kinetic energy of motion andelectrical energy.

Let us cite some other examples of the simplestefficient devices of this new electrofieldmechanics. Potent Coulomb forces of repulsionof like charged bodies can be successfullyapplied in the nearest future, e.g. to bearings.

Perpetual contactless electret bearings

Bearings are a base and a movable support of allmoving and rotating devices. Howevermechanical bearings are wearing parts and notreliable enough in service, for they requireregular control and maintenance (lubrication),besides, their service life is limited.

Levitation of bodies in electrostatic field

Coulomb forces of repulsion of like charges canbe applied to bearings of new a generation. Theauthor presents a new type of contactlessbearings. It is made on the base of electrostatic(electret) suspension of the inner and outerrings of a bearing.

There can be many variants of such contactlesslevitation (suspension) using Coulomb forces.The simplest way to realize it is either to usetriboelectric effect or to apply new polymeric


materials i.e. monoelectrets [3]. Electrets havebeen serially produced since long ago. Electretsare manufactured in the form of a thinpolymeric film with an electrical charge ofcertain density “trapped” into it. The charge canbe stored in the film for arbitrary long time.

Currently electret film is widely used inmicrophones and telephones. But it can be usedfor electrostatic suspension of bodies as well. Inparticular, it will be expedient to apply this filmto our new type of “perpetual” contactlesselectrostatic bearings.

Electrical repulsion force in such a bearingis millions of times more potent than magneticrepulsive force in a magnet bearing of thesame dimensions and same masses of chargecarriers. These contactless electret bearings arethe future.

In Fig.8 you can see a contactless supportelectrodynamic suspension of bodies. It is basedon the principle of repulsion of two no�currentsources of electrical field (electrets) that aretightly connected with levitated bodies.

Fig.8

Fig.9 shows a “perpetual” contactless electretbearing of rotary type. The work surfaces ofgrooves (3, 5) and balls (4) have electretcovering. The electret bearings are highlyresistant to dynamic stress thanks to their specialsulcate design and small gaps.

The design of this rotary bearing is rather simple:in order to provide such electrostatic levitationof the rings one inside another it is enough tocover its work surfaces with an electret film.As a result a contactless rotary bearing (CLRB)

with such electret films is able to bear dynamicalstress up to 2�3 tons.

These films are sprayed onto the inner surfaceof the groove of the outer bearing ring and ontoouter surface of the inner ring with just a1 mm gap. The author has carried outelectromechanical simulator study of the CLRBusing special PC program and test operation.

It has been proved that the application ofmodern electret materials for CLRBs providestheir safe performance at much higher dynamicstresses comparing to ordinary mechanicalbearings of the same dimensions.

Fig.9

Contactless electret bearing

Electrostatic acceleratorsof solids and liquids

Potent Coulomb forces can ef f icientlyaccelerate solids and liquids in one direction.The author has already tested in practice suchphysical ef fects of this low expenditure


process of electrical acceleration of bodies inelectrical field.

In Fig.10 you can see a simple experimentaldevice that is used to generate an electricallycharged jet of potential energy of electrical field.Power inputs for generation of such an electricaljet are just 5�10 W at the speed 50�100 m/c. Theexperiment is described below.

F i g . 1 0

Electrical water jet

1 – positive electrode; 2 – glass tube; 3 – rubberplug; 4 – glass vessel; 5 – air; 6 – water or otherliquid; 7 – negative electrode; 8 – high voltagechanger; 9 – storage battery.

Experiments on electrical acceleration ofliquids in capillaries by means of a pulse

The author of this article revealed andexperimentally studied the effect of highacceleration (ejection) of dielectric liquids incapillaries under the action of Coulomb forcesin a strong electrical field (about 10�20 kW). Thetechnical realization of the method is rathersimple and can be as follows: a dielectric liquid

(e.g. diesel oil) is poured to a tube of smalldiameter (about 1�3 mm) and a strong electricalfield is supplied to it instantaneously.The liquid ejects from the tube withacceleration. Two electrodes of a low�powervoltage changer generate an electric filed in thecolumn of initially motionless liquid. Theelectrical field arises in a certain directiondepending on the polarity of an electricalpotential inside the liquid.

The effect of acceleration of the liquid is mostpronounced (evident) when one of electricalpotentials is supplied into the liquid itself thatis poured in a bent tube and another potentialis located at a certain distance from the cut of atube. The nature and principle of operation ofsuch an electrical liquid accelerator are clearenough. Under the action of even one electricalfield potential in dielectric liquid, all the liquidgets an electrical charge of a certain polarity.Molecules and clusters of the liquid becomepolarized and long chains of interconnectedand polarized molecules are formed. When thesecond potential is supplied to the cut of thetube, there arises potent electrostatic energy ofthe attraction between these molecular chainsand an outer electrical potential (ringelectrode).

In order to raise the pressure in the tube electricalfield should be supplied to the liquidinstantaneously at the moment of ejection. Toincrease the intensity of acceleration of the liquidjet it is expedient to take off field potentials rightat the moment of ejection.

Pressure measurement of the liquid shows thatwhen the electric filed is suppliedinstantaneously to the liquid, the pressure on thecut of the tube rises (roughly 10�50atmospheres) at the moment of jet detachmentand the speed is about 100 m/c depending onapplied high voltage (10�35 kW). When thisoccurs the energy inputs for polarization andacceleration are insignificant. It could beexplained by the fact that in this case there is nocurrent circuit of discharge of voltage supply.

(To our mind, the mentioned method can besuccessfully applied to ordinary contactless fuelelectrostatic high�pressure pumps, e.g. inautomobile injection motors).

We could continue citing examples of efficientelectrofield devices that could be built on thebase of the author’s inventions, if we were notlimited by the frames of this article.


Fuel energy companies invest money in alternative power engineering

http://www.eco.com.ua/cgi�bin/index.cgi?id=1577

http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=hydrogen�en

Constructive responses to this publication willbe greatly appreciated. The author is alsointerested in comprehensive creativediscussion of his article and in mutuallybeneficial cooperation with companies thatwould put his numerous new technologies anddevices into practice.

The giant British�Dutch oil company Royal Dutch/Shell Group has announced its intention to putannually from 500 million to one milliard US dollars into alternative power engineering. Shell Grouphas already founded an independent company that specializes in hydrogen technologies. As a numberof other oil giants, Shell is getting ready in advance for hard times when exploitation and extraction ofhydrocarbon raw materials will make no commercial profit. One of the latest projects of Shell in thefield of hydrogen power engineering is the first hydrogen refuelling station in Tokyo that providesspecial transport with liquid hydrogen. The practical realization of the project belongs to Showa ShellSeikyu KK (Show Shell), which is a Japanese company 50 per cent owned by the Royal Dutch/ShellGroup of Companies (Shell).

The concern British Petroleum, London competitor of Shell, is also interested in problems of alternativepower engineering as well. As soon as by 2007 BP expects to get no less than 1 milliard dollars fromselling electrical energy generated by solar cells. Companies engaged in motorcar industry have theirdevelopments in this sphere as well. In 2003 the Japanese company Honda Motor starts line productionof FCX�V4, a hydrogen cell�powered vehicle. However the company prefers not to enter into apartnership with other companies that have a concern in industrial application of hydrogen fuel andplans to begin mass production of pollution�free motor vehicles no sooner than in 2015 for the newtechnology is still very expensive.

It is evident that transnational corporations do not want to lose their control over the world economy.Foreseeing a collapse of the traditional system of energy carriers and a changeover to alternativeenergy sources, fuel and motorcar industries appropriate promising developments, attract necessaryspecialists into their laboratories and form packages of patents for key technologies ahead of time.One may expect that the development of alternative power engineering will accelerate thanks toefforts of large manufacturers.

R e f e r e n c e s

1. V.D. Dudyshev Method of ElectromechanicalEnergy Conversion. Patent of Russian Federation#98122340, 1998, Federal Institute of IndustrialProperty.2. “New Energy News” magazine, May 1994 (p.1�4)3. V.D. Dudyshev New Electric Fire Technology //

“New Energy Technologies” magazine, #1, 20034. V.D. Dudyshev New Effect of “Cold” Evaporationand Dissociation of Liquids Based on CapillarElectroosmosis // “New Energy Technologies”magazine, #1, 20035. V.D. Dudyshev New Fuelless Space PowerEngineering // “New Energy Technologies”magazine, November�December #6, 20026. G.A. Luscheykin Polymeric electrets. Moscow,Chemistry, 1986.7. Testatika. Electrostatic energy generator //“New Energy Technologies” magazine, #1, 20038. Y. Potapov Rotation Energy. Moscow, 20009. Ph.M. Kanarev, T. Mizuno (Japan) Cold Fusionby Plasma Electrolysis of Water //“New Energy Technologies” magazine, #1, 200310. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol.2, p.699,Moscow.


Mikhail P. Beshok, Russia

338-110 Lunacharsky Str., Saint Petersburg, 195265

Tel.: +7-812-532-3803, +7-812-311-3931


Air is considered to be one of the alternativesources of energy. As a rule, the energy of air flowsis meant here. Meanwhile as everybody knowsfrom the molecular-kinetic theory of gases themolecules of air move at speed 500 m/sec (nomatter what the speed of an air flow is). Theweight of one cubic meter of air is over 1 kg. It iseasy to calculate that the Earth’s atmospherecontains huge amount of energy. Usually methodsof using this energy are not discussed. Moleculesmove in the air absolutely chaotically and, as is theconvention, in such a medium the energy can beonly absorbed or dissipated and this process isirreversible. Indeed, within the usual frames ofspace and time the molecules move quitechaotically, their quantity is tremendous and theprocess that is accompanied by the increase ofentropy is most possible. Nevertheless, the motionof a molecule in the interval between collisionsseems to be ordered and predictable. The averagedistance that a molecule passes within this time isdozens of nanometers. Lately appearednanotechnologies enable to manipulate thematter at this level. Let us try to take advantage ofit.

Let us take a plate both surfaces of which areabsolutely smooth and have surface areas S

1 and S

2

(Fig.1a). Both sides of the plate are under the actionof forces. The forces are normally directed to theplate and numerically equal to total pulses. Thesepulses are imparted to the each side by the collidingmolecules of air. As the total pulses are inproportion to the surface areas of the sides andS

1=S

2, then F

1=F

2.

Let us assume that side 1 of the plate is notabsolutely smooth surface. Let it be somehow relief(e.g. riffled, see Fig.1b). The contact area of the platewith air from side 1 enlarges. Correspondingly, thenumber of collisions against side 1 increases.However the balance of forces F

1 and F

2 is not upset.

In order to explain this phenomenon let us dividethe plate into a great number of equal elements andconsider one of them (Fig.1c). For the sake ofsimplicity hereinafter we will use some of the terms,which are accepted in geodesy.

Fig. 1a

Fig. 1b


Let us designate the following: slope angle is a,distance between the peaks is d, surface area of theslopes is S’1 and S”1 (side 1) and surface area of theelement is S2 (side 2). The picture and the givenproportions show that as the surface area of theplate from the side 1 extends and as the number ofcollisions against this side increases, so the absolutesum value of the forces acting from side 1 grows aswell. However the vector sum remains normallydirected to the plate (later on to the ‘background’surface) and equal to the force which acts from side2.

Fig. 1c

If the collisions of the molecules and the plate wereabsolutely inelastic, then the given balance wouldbe invariable for all shapes and sizes of the relief,because any of the elementary surfaces of relief(being oriented at some angle to the backgroundsurface) in direction, which is normal to thebackground surface, is under the action of a force,which is equal to the force that acts on thebackground surface. However the collisions of themolecules and the plate are elastic. Therefore if therelief of the surface is small enough (in thisparticular case, when d is less than the average

length of one free path of the molecule l) then thereis arises a factor, which upsets the mentionedbalance of the forces (Fig.1d).

When d >l of free path, on colliding with the plateeach of the molecules goes back to its original

medium. But when d ≤ l of free path some of the

molecules will hit the plate more than once beforethey return to their medium.

Thereby the plate gets additional pulses. Theresolution of their sum vector will give a non-zerocomponent that is normal to the backgroundsurface. Hence on side 1 there appears anadditional force and the balance of forces is upset.

The effect shows up on the elements of surfacewhere the relief has the profile of a cavity and the

distance between the slopes is ≤ l of free path in

any of the directions. The effect is a maximumwhere the surface profile has similar parameters inall the directions, i.e. where it has the shape of afunnel or a crater.

A plate one side of which is “sown” with suchcraters can be used in energy generation devices.Normal air pressure is 105 N/m 2 and pressuredifference of 1 % is already quite considerable.Preliminary and very rough calculations show thatthe pressure difference can be dozens of percentsthough.

Fig. 1d


Vadim A. Chernobrov, Russia

“Kosmopoisk”, Nagatinskaya str. 19-a, Moscow, 115533


Gravitational Aircrafts are aircrafts that usegravitation forces for movement in space andconsist of two interattracting masses. Thisdefinition reflects a fixed scientific notion for thattype of apparatus. But in different publications theterm “gravitational aircraft” is usually regarded ingeneral, namely as a device that controls gravitationby any manner.

There are two complementary, but not quiteinterchangeable common explanations ofgravitation, plus a multitude of alternative andlittle-known interpretations that are not inquestion here. Isaac Newton, the first physicist,described gravitation as attraction between twomasses. The principle of relativity of EinsteinGeneral Theory presumes that in fact a mass causesspace-time deformation around it. The boththeories explain why material bodies fall to theEarth.

Scientists regard Einstein Theory as being morecomprehensive, since it also explains why the light(which is weightless) deviates in stronggravitational fields. Such a view on gravitationmakes of it something more than just acharacteristic of the Universe. For that reason manyscientists consider the idea of creation of anyantigravitational devices as nonsense. Many ofthem, but not all!

Gravitational propulsion devices

If the densities of two attracting bodies differsignificantly one from another, then the entiresystem of two mechanically connected masses willstart moving towards the body with higher density.G.R. Uspensky (Central Scientific-ResearchInstitute of Engineering, Cosmonautics Faculty ofMoscow Aeronautical Institute) succeeded inmaking the most accurate calculations of theeffects arising from this phenomenon.

The scientist published results of his calculationsand they rouse no censure of the specialists. G.R.Uspensky created his own theory and designedhis own gravitational aircraft.

During the flight of a solar probe near the Sunthe researcher planned to def ine moreprecisely some aspects of the gravitationtheory in order to test the eff iciency ofgravitational propulsion devices. Accordingto him, in the end of 2001 there wereobtained most encouraging results!..

Valeriy Akinin, mechanical engineer andMember of the Academy of Inventors, Men ofArts and Science, proposes to develop a so-called“dumbbell” gravitational aircraft. Let us assumethat there is a system of two equal weights witha horizontally oriented rigid connectionbetween them.

If the weights are moved apart to a largerdistance than the initial one, the wholeconstruction will… lose its weight! This fact hasbeen already known before.

Akinin offered not to set the weights apart, butto rotate the construction around a horizontalaxis mounted transversely to the connection. Sothe projections of separate gravitational forcesto the axis of the system will change in a properway, just as it is required in fact. Theoretically,as the weights we can imagine atomic nuclei,electrons and so on.

However, apart from the classic “two-mass”gravitational aircraft there is a great number ofother projects, starting from devices that“generate gravitational waves using heat flow”(A. Scheglov) up to black holes harnessed witha special torus-shaped bridle (Kazykin (Kaluga),I. Ivanchenko).


Magnetic gravitational aircrafts

Magnetic gravitational aircrafts are apparatus inwhich, according to the authors, propulsion orgravitation control is achieved due to peculiarmanipulations with magnetic field.

For example, such projects have been proposedby G. Bowhon, G. Johnson (USA) and by RobertAdams together with G. Aspden (Great Britain).V.V. Mironov, Director General of “NewCivilisation” Co Ltd, has been working at creationof a gravitational engine made of heterogeneousmetals with a “Veinik ring” at its heart.

The aim is to find a way of controllinggravitational field near the Earth and othercosmic bodies.

The American researcher Benneth suggested toget propulsion by means of interaction ofelectromagnetic and gravitational fields. Thoughat first sight the idea seems to be unrealisable,nevertheless the author obtained two patents forthis project at once.

As successful experiments of the kind we can citeexperiments on “reveal of abnormal weight lossof the falling magnets” by a physicist Kelly.

Electric gravitational aircrafts

Electric gravitational aircrafts are devices in which,according to the authors, propulsion orgravitation control results from peculiarmanipulations with electromagnetic field.

Physicists V.V. Vasilyev and V.Y. Vasilyev (ObninskNuclear Power Institute) suppose that gravitationcan be controled by means of resonant interactionof millimetric electromagnetic waves. Dr. RobertHatchings Goddard, one of the founders ofcosmonautics, projected electric gravitationalengines as well and in 1920 he was even given apriority for one of the engines.

Among successful experiments there are knownones on “abnormal deweighing ofelectromagnetic coils” by Japanese physicistYonomata.

Several trustworthy experiments, at which theauthor of this review assisted, were made by E.D.Pronin (ex-employee of “Energia” Research-and-Production Co) and by physicists S.M. Polyakovand O.S. Polyakov (Fryazino, Moscow Region).

There was obtained a small level of propulsion inthese experiments. The author of the presentreview participated in the experiments, tookappropriate measurements and a video record anddrew up his own report on physical nature of thepropulsion.

I.M. Shakhparonov (ex-employee of KurchatovInstitute) has been also preparing similarexperiments. The scientist has already created agenerator of Kozyrev-Dirak Radiation. Moreover,he has analysed consequences of the influenceof the generator on the matter as well as itscapability to generate gravitational waves.

Shielding gravitational aircraft

A protection shield that transmits gravitationalwaves completely or partially, to some physicists’mind, could facilitate reaching anuncompensated moment and makingpropulsion for flight.

The Corpuscular Theory of Matter and someother theories presume the possibility of findingmethods of gravitation shielding or changing itscharacter (repulsion instead of attraction).

It is beyond question that in case of completegravitation shielding in one direction theattraction of even very distant stars will inevitablymake a spaceship fly in the opposite direction.The following research works can be marked outamong the projects of the kind.

In 1996 engineers A.V. Murlykin andS.A. Mikhalev (MAI, “Amur” Co) proposed an idea,which supposedly provided partial shielding ofthe weight of a device. It was expected that amaterial of a certain density could partially shieldthe weight of another material of a differentdensity.

To prove this effect mechanical engineerN. Sorokin (MAI) made two metal samples, eachof them had high density and weighed 1 gram.The samples were shaped as a shell with well-adjusted walls and there was a ball enclosedinside.

At Zigel Scientific Conference in MoscowS. Mikhalev announced that he woulddemonstrate “a proof of flight of the flyingsaucer”. He made a report and only then hedemonstrated two balls and promised that twoof his tests (the first one – exact weighing of theseparate balls, the second – exact weighing of


the balls when one was inserted into the other)would reveal the difference in weight… Howeverthe experiment showed no impressive effect.

What is especially popular among theoreticiansof the gravitational aircrafts, it is not NewtonianLaw of Attraction, but the Law of Repulsion,according to which material bodies are pressedto the planets under influence of the totalrepulsive force coming from that part of theUniverse which is not screened by a planet oranother shield.

Antigravitational aircrafts

In 1991 R. Forward (USA, “Nullor” Project)presented the best description of the mode offunctioning of gravitational aircrafts. Imaginetwo huge massive rings (from 97 to 970 macross diameter) and between them in openspace there is cargo bay of useful load.

The upper ring is made of ordinary superdensematerial and attracts both the cargo bay and thelower ring, while the lower ring repulses boththe cargo bay and the upper ring.

At the same time the entire system is toaccelerate in one direction and the accelerationis controlled by a simple change of the distancebetween the rings.However there is animpediment – the lower ring is to be made ofhypothetical antimatter. It is not clear howsuch a giant ring can be produced of antimatter.

Another big problem is the hazard of contactof the two rings. It may result in a very powerfulexplosion or (if the annihilation of the solidbodies is far from being so catastrophic as, forinstance, in case of gas clouds)microexplosions on the contact area. Theexplosions will destroy the rings and push themapart.

There are less hazardous projects, which in factsound even more hypothetical. In the early 90sE. Linevich, inventor and ex-employee of anaircraft repair and overhaul plant, applied forabout 50 patents, including an application fora gravitational inertial engine.

All his projects were rejected “because of violationof the known laws of Nature”. In 1991 in his work“Antigravitational phenomenon of physical bodies”Linevich proposed a project of a magnetoelectricalpropulsion system for spacecrafts that is able to runon nuclear industry wastes.

He designed “an experimental device for studyingantigravitational phenomena” and in 1991-1993it was being built at “Askold” plant in Arsenyev. E.Linevich did not open any details of his invention.Unfortunately production of the device was notcompleted for in 1999 the author emigrated to theUSA.

Engineer Evgeny D. Pronin, former designer ofradio systems for “Energia” Research-and-Production Corp. who has become a violinmaker,has been working at designing an antigravitationalradiator since the beginning of the 90s. Evgeny D.Pronin has the richest experience in designingmost sophisticated radio systems.

It was him who made one of the first TV sets inMoscow, but since the 80s he turned into anideological antagonist of using the radio waves “forthe reason of ecology” and that was why he tookup working in the field of gravitation.

According to Pronin, he succeeded to create hisown project of a gravitational motor-radiator, acertain “gun” that is able to remotely reduce theweight of bodies.

A. Dobrogaev, one of the experts of Kosmopoisk,assisted at testing the antigravitational radiator andconfirmed that the irradiated bodies did lose theirweight, though he doubted that it was a fairexperiment.

In 1993 a member of French Entomological SocietyV.S. Grebennikov (Krasnoobsk, NovosibirskRegion) announced successful testing of hisantigravitational propulsor. According to a numberof publications, he made several piloted flightsaboard a levitating platform. (Editor’s: We also wroteabout the investigation of this scientist more thanonce).

The entomologist studied the bodies of insects anddiscovered the effect of cavity structures. Since1988 he had been working at disclosure of theprinciple of flight of a maybug and noticed thatmany of the chitin shells of the insect had rhythmicmicrostructures and volumetric microtraceries. ToGrebennikov’s mind, the effect of their structuresprovided levitation ability of the insect’s body.

Later he put forward an idea of making agravitational propulsor on the base of thediscovered maybug secrets. He built a woodenplatform of about 0.5 x 0.5 m in size with asubstrate of the “maybug material”, a control paneland a handle.


According to Grebennikov, on the night ofMarch 18, 1990 he successfully tested hisantigravitational platform with the mentionedpropulsor and realized an independent pilotedflight aboard the levitating platform fromKrasnoobsk to Academgorodok, then he went toSevero-Chemskoy district and - across Zatulinkadistrict - to Tolmachevo Airport and finely wentback to Krasnoobsk.

Afterwards his article “Night Flight Aboard aGravitational Aircraft” was reprinted from thelocal newspaper by “Technology to the Youth”magazine and then some other periodicals citedthe article many times.

However when the author of this review got intouch with the inventor, the later could notconfirm that information. Since the moment ofthe publication in 1993 V. Grebennikov had beenextremely suspicious towards everybody whotook an interest in his inventions.

The scientist did not want to cooperate withmanufacturers nor sponsors under the pretencethat only one threatened species of insectsshowed that discovered antigravitational ability.In this connection Grebennikov was worriedabout the destiny of those insects in case if theirsecret would be disclosed. As a whole theinvention of Grebennikov makes the impressionof a low-grade disinformation.

Meanwhile engineer M. Holverda and Japanesephysicists T. Hashida and H. Tanaka together withH. Hayasaku are trying to prove the antigravitationphenomenon in laboratory environment.

Gravitorepulsive shields

One more type of the aircrafts gets propulsion bymeans of shielding pressure forces in somedirections. A.K. Titarenko (Moscow Institute ofAviation) worked at this problem in the early 90s.But the work remained uncompleted for in 1993A.K. Titarenko was killed.

In the 80-90s B.P. Dodonov, physicist andinventor, carried out experiments on the creationof heliciform stators and he managed to buildseveral devices with helical and direct shields.They were up to 6 m across diameter and madeof wood or metal. Dodonov even got a patentfor creation of such a propulsor (patent#2005505, 1991 for “a propulsor that uses spacepower”).

After the inventor’s death in 1998 his successorsand colleagues began using Dodonov’s devicesnamed “Corbio” for medical purposes and didrather successfully.

Many times the author of this review participatedin person in preparing B. Dodonov’s experimentsand he made certain that the suspended rotorsinside Dodonov’s stators though slowly, but didbegin rotating.

As for the explanation of this effect (Dodonovexpected his experiments with a heliciformshield–stator to demonstrate “Newtonianrepulsion”) yet the real reason is not quiteunderstood.

So far only one possible application of the effectis more or less obvious. The phenomenon is oflittle use for providing propulsion for aircraftsbecause the stator is too heavy (light-weightedstators are inefficient), but it can be used in powerplants (in view of the heavy weight of the statorsuch plants could be stationary).

It should be noticed that the projects mentionedabove use repulsive forces (for instance, repulsiveforces of aether wind), but not the forces ofantigravitation.


An experiment by Roman E. Solomyanny

Review is prepared by Editor Olga Leontyeva

1

5

21

46

3

1- silver plates2- crystal – resonator3- glass chamber, 3 cm thick4- seal point of the crystal5- output to the vacuum-pump6- contacts of energy input/output

Editor’s: You can get in touch with Roman E.Solomyanny by e-mail: [email protected].

The invention is based on a theory saying that all theambient space is filled with virtual particles, whichcome in to being and vanish instantly. As is well known,it requires certain energy to generate a couple ofparticles (particle-antiparticle). According to theabove-stated theory, all the ambient space is filled withenergy. And the following phenomena can evidenceit: relic radiation and practical impossibility of reachingthe absolute zero temperature.

The idea to create such a device came to the authoras early as in 2000, but its realization took sometime since he had no necessary materials. That wasthe reason why the experiment was executed onlyin summer 2002.

The device consists of two silver plates (silveredcopper can be used as well). They supply power toa resonator and take off excess of generated energy.Between the silver plates there is a quartz plate thatforms active body of the resonator. This plate ismade of natural crystal (it has more orderedstructure) or rock crystal. In order to provide purervacuum there is used a cylinder vacuum chamberwith a vacuum-pump nipple. The device alsocomprises two permanent Fe-Nb-B magnets (inorder to polarise a little the active body) and bracingfor the active body of the resonator. An experimentwith one quartz plate has turned out to be successful(see the figure). The explanation is that making adevice with several plates requires high preseasonadjustment of the parts and it is rather difficult tofix them.

The device starts up by means of a simplest highfrequency pulse generator and a power amplifier.Load in the circuit is a mandatory requirement foroperation of the device. The mode of building-uposcillations was the initial one (second to thecalibration mode). The output capacity of thedevice after the mode of building up oscillationswas about 20Wt ±2-3Wt.

Within 3 months the device was showing fail-freeoperation in the initial mode (at that power was nottotally taken off). The device was running at highpower during several minutes and then the crystalcollapsed. It happened because we had used gypsumto make the crystal (the use of more advancedmaterials such as natural rock crystal or highly refinedgypsum gives higher power output). The active bodycollapsed because its mechanical oscillationsexceeded the ultimate stress.

During the operation of the device there wereobserved the following side effects: self-cooling (as aresult of it, the active body became brittle) and veryintensive high-frequency radiation (neon lamps,which were at about one meter from the device,lighted up).

At building the device we had difficulties in makingthe plates. It was necessary to adjust them with highprecision so the cost of the project rose. Badadjustment leads to excessive harmonics. Therefore ifwe want to reproduce the experiment and improvethe device then its components should be custom-built and appropriate materials should be used to makecrystals.


Report by our correspondent Alla Pashova

The meeting of laureates of the Nobel Prize“Science and Progress of the Mankind” was held inSt. Petersburg from 16 through 22 of June 2003.Well-known scientists from Belgium, Great Britain,Germany, the USA, Italy, China, Switzerland andJapan took part in the meeting. During this weekceremonies alternated with scientific conferences,round-table discussions and public lectures. All thatgave occasion to remind once again of the greatcontribution of Russian scientists into the worldscience and to read out an impressive list of thenames starting from Mikhailo Lomonosov to PyotrLeonidovich Kapitza.

Jores I. Alferov

There is no doubt that the fundamental sciencerequires equally fundamental PR, which wouldattract necessary investments to this sphere.However we must not forget that even the mostbrilliant services of the past years cannot be an“indulgence” that grants absolution of scientificdogmatism.

The authorities (the federal ones!) try to place theemphasis right on the newness and innovations.However they do not want to lose possibleeconomic benefits because of conformism of thetraditional science. The “dormant” thought mustbe awakened. Therefore in his speech at theopening ceremony Jores I. Alferov (Nobel laureateand Vice President of the Russian Academy of

Science) expressed regret that good internationalscientific competition did not exist any more, as ithad been provoked by the Cold War between theUSSR and the USA.

Vice Prime Minister Valentina Matveenko hopesthat Russia will offer to the world market not its oiland gas, but its ideas, innovations and technologies.Moreover, Matveenko appealed to the candidatesand academicians, engineers and designers to “jointhe efforts aimed to make Petersburg an innovativecapital of Russia”. “Petersburg is open for newprogressive ideas” – Valentina Stepanovna said inconclusion.

On June 17 within the framework of the meetingthere was held a round-table discussion “Problemsof Power Engineering”. It was dedicated to newmethods of energy commutation, transformationand generation. The first report reminded of therecent presentation of “Global Energy Prize” thathad been covered in the previous issue of ourmagazine. One of the prizewinners, G.A. Mesyatz,who specializes in the field of powerful pulseenergy, told how Russian scientists had managedto solve the problem of high currents.

Academician V.E. Fortov presented an interestingway of electromagnetic energy accumulation. Ithas turned out that if we surround xenon orhydrogen with a strong electromagnetic field andcompress them to a solid state it will be possibleto accumulate huge amount of energy. On thisprinciple there was made a magnetic explosion-generator, which enables to reproduce a stroke oflighting in the power transmission lines, tostimulate production of minerals and to check theprotection of high-end control systems againstelectromagnetic terrorism.

Professor F.G. Ruthenberg (Institute of Problemsin Electrical Physics, Russian Academy of Science)described a technology of energy generation bymeans of burning high-toxic wastes (includingpharmaceutical industry wastes) that was workedout by specialists of the Institute. The developed


device enables to generate 5 kWt/h by burning1 kg of wastes.

The report of Jores I. Alferov was about prospectsof the application of renewable sources ofenergy. The Nobel laureate sees the future of theworld power engineering exclusively in theaccumulation of solar energy. The reserves ofminerals – coal, oil and gas – will be over incouple hundred years.

The nuclear power engineering produces toomany harmful wastes, besides the reserves ofuranium in the Earth’s interior will last no morethan a hundred years. Alferov proposes not towait till the next energy crisis but to startrealization of a Russian analogue of the Germanproject “1000 Roofs” (1990-1995). Let us remindthat according to this program photovoltaicpower systems were installed on the roofs ofprivate houses in Germany.

At present times, as Alferov pointed out, theapplication multi-gap solar cells (MGSC)enables to create solar batteries with theefficiency that is roughly equal to 78%. And ifwe locate them not in the overcast Petersburg,but in sunny south it will provide Russia withgreat amount of cheap electrical energy. Thenthe solar energy technology will probably turnfrom a hobby of senescent academicians intoone of the major branches of the modern powerengineering.

We asked A.I . Egorov, leading specialist ofPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI) tocomment the situation. The scientist considersideas of J.I. Alferov rather skeptically, alludingto the opinion of B.P. Konstantinov (the founderof PNPI):

Anton I. Egorov

“Solar energy is very scattered. Concentrators(at least parabolic mirrors) are required tocollect such energy. Besides, there is a need ina device that turns the mirrors to follow the Sunas well as an accumulating device that storesthe energy during the day and distributes it atnight and when the weather is nasty. It wouldbe reasonable to locate solar power plants indeserts but that would require enormousdepreciation reserves. Moreover, we shouldremember that the world mineral resources arelimited. The extractive industry will not be ableto provide photocells production facilities withsufficient supply of gallium and arsenic for thesynthesis of gallium arsenide.

There is an opinion that if we install a windturbine on every house and solar batteries onevery roof (with a s torage battery in thebasement), and if we consume electrical energywith German economy, then in 2030 it will bepossible to consider the issue of furtherlicensing of German atomic power-stations.However the German APPs wi l l go onfunctioning. Germany spends annually 505tons of single-crystalline silicon, buying it upfrom all the world producers. In 25 years theyare going to generate one third of the necessaryenergy from the renewable sources. Despite ofal l the e f forts , most o f the energy wi l l begenerated by heat power plants with CO

2

emissions to the atmosphere. To my mind, theapplication of such renewable sources ofenergy as solar light or wind will not be able tosolve the energy problem of the mankind”.

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Review is prepared according to the Patent #2830575, France

autonomous supplying of separatedwellings and settlements with light andheat to complete supplying of factoriesand plants with energy). There is also apossibility to supply back lands withelectrical energy (in such regions distantpower supply is hampered and isolatedgenerating plants should be used). Besidesamong other advantages of these motorswe can also consider the possibility toimprove them and easily assemblingdesign.

Motion in the device is realized due to thedifference of buoyancy forces which actson the opposite arms of the movingelements. The difference is achieved bymeans of purposefully controlled orforcedly organized change of volumes ofworking body of float mechanisms.

This mechanism demonstrates thepossibility to get energy using buoyancyforces (the Archimedes force) which acton a body immersed in liquid. Thisinvention relates to a device allowing themechanical production of energy, usingthe variable-volumes elements by thegravitation and the Archimedes force forits operation. Variable-volumes elementswill change their volumes according toposition of the masses, in their inner parts.

The device is made up of two wheels (1)and (2) and of the variable-volumeselements (see Fig.1), which are immersedand fixed with the links of a chain (8),producing the difference (∆F) between theArchimedes forces (F 1) and (F 2) of thetwo dimensions of the device, which willdraw the chain in the direction indicatedon the diagram by arrows (9) and cause therotation of the wheels (1) and (2). The

Class F03Â-017/04,Number of the publication 2 830 575,

Appl. No.: 01 11357

Filed 03 September, 2001

Author: M. Smeretchanski

Fig. 1

There is a description and principles of operation of the device, which was created and patented byMikhail Smeretchanski (France). The principle of operation of such gravitational motors allows to getconsiderable useful power (for example, in the form of electrical energy) without use of fuel. The mainadvantages of such energy sources are their environmental safety and wide application (from


whole device is immersed vertically.

The change of volumes of the elements will takeplace according to the position of the massesinside. Under the action of gravitation masses willchange the volume of the elements, and theArchimedes force will produce the rotation of thewheels (1) and (2), according to the positions ofthe elements in relation to the axes of the wheels(see Fig.1). Additional drawings of sectional viewof float elements are represented in Fig. 2-5.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

At turning of a magnetic float the position of thecontrol magnetic element changes relatively to thestator (stator turns over 180°). The working volumechanges under the influence of the oppositedirection of forces. Movable magnetic rotor is keptin a definite permanent position by means of outerfloats.

Method for calculationof motor and masses

Gas springs (gas cylinders, which under pressureare filled with nitrogen) are used in the device.By the principle of operation these springs areidentical to the components, which are used inautomobiles to open and support a back door.

Let us assume that lower axle of the wheel is at adepth of 5.5 m (it is meant the distance betweenaxles of the upper and lower wheel because thedepth where the upper axle is mounted and thewhole motor do not have vital importance). Gassprings should be selected according to thedifference between the depths of axles of thewheels.

Let us assume that axle of the upper wheel is at thedepth of 3 m. Water pressure at this depth comesto about 0.3 kg/cm 2

. If weight of the

mass is equal to 100 kg then piston area is100 kg õ 8 (coefficient)=800 cm 2. Let us add 10 kgof weight to overcome friction. Thus workingweight of the mass comes to 110 kg. Area of thepiston of the float is 800 cm2.

At the depth of 3 m the pressure to the piston is800 õ 0.3=240 kg. The piston presses the armtransmitting to its end the force equal to 240:2=120kg. Thus at the end of the arm, i.e. at gas springs, wehave 120 kg (see Fig. 1, point B). Let us add 110 kg(weight of the mass), then 120+110=230 kg, whichare directed vertically downward. Thus it isnecessary to use gas springs (there are two of them


in the example), which have force of 115 kgeach. Mass, which is displaced downward underthe action of weight (gravitational force) andpressure produced by the piston, will “contract”gas springs. At that, potential energy will beaccumulated in contracted springs in the formof propulsive force.

Travel of mass equals to 50 cm, thereforepiston stroke is 25 cm, whence area of thepiston is 800 cm2 õ 25 cm = 20 000 cm/cubical,which is equal to 20 liters. This work will bemade between points A and B (Fig. 1). Thevolume of the element will be decreased by 20liters.

When the element, which we mentioned inthe beginning of the example, in the processof displacement (immersion) will be at thelevel (or almost at the level) of the axel ofthe lower wheel on the left side (Fig. 1 pointD) at the depth of 8.5 m (5.5 m + 3 m=8.5 m) thenwater pressure (of about 0.85 kg/cm2) willact upon the piston. Thus water pressurewill come to 680 kg (piston area 800 cm2 õ0.85=680 kg).

At that, traveling over the lower wheel, the floatwill turn over 180°. To resist this pressure thereis 110 kg of mass in each spring +115 kg, whence 115 õ 2 + 110 = 340 kg, whichare directed vertically downward. Taking intoaccount that the middle of the arm pushes thepiston then it will be influenced by the forceof 340 õ 2 = 680 kg.

Thus equal forces act from two sides. In thiscase at upper right the piston will be put downa little lower than 3 m (water pressure willincrease). At the left below it will be put downa little higher (water pressure will decrease).

If mass below will increase by 5 or 10 kg(between points C and D, Fig. 1) then underthe action of mass weight and force of thesprings the piston wil l move downwardincreasing element volume by the same 20liters.

Certainly to liberate energy it is necessary toreduce speed of rotation of the device inorder to decrease friction losses in water (itis known that friction losses at transferencein water i s proport ional to the traversespeed).

Test of the motor model

To check this principle of perpetual motion theinventor made the model of the motor. Fig. 6represents the model of the perpetual motor withmagnetic control elements. Working model wasmade according to more simple scheme.

Model test demonstrated principal possibility toproduce perpetual motion. In spite of ratherprimit ive design of the device there wasobserved stable rotation of the motor.

According to M. Smeretchanski, he made surethat law of conservation of energy does not“work” in the case if there is no clear idea onthe nature and interaction of outerelectromagnetic , gravitat ional or otherpossible fields and fluxes of particles withexisting matter or operating environment.Thus the law should be “closed”, at least, in itsmodern broad understanding as getting ofenergy . I t i s possible to offer anotherformulation: “Any force (or forces) can beused to produce energy”, or in other words,“To do useful work it is possible to use anyforces including forces of potential fields.”Please visit:http://ingenrw.narod.ru/Andv1/Opi2_1.htmlfor more information about the invention.

Fig. 6

Model of the device


Ivan B. Kalugin, Russia

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

The problem of energy generation was of interestto mankind since time immemorial. Nowadays itbecomes more and more critical and pressingbecause power requirement increases whileavailable fuel reserves are limited within 100-300years (depending on the sort of fuel we use).

All the energy problems of mankind can be solvedif we succeed in developing CTF (controlledthermonuclear fusion) of hydrogen isotopes.

The history of CTF goes back to 1945 when a night-school student from Sakhalin, known to nobodyin the scientific world, Oleg Andreevich Lavrentyev(at that time he served as a sergeant) proposed touse electrical field to provide thermal insulation offully ionised gases for the purpose of industrialneutralisation of thermonuclear reactions. Later in1952 similar ideas were also put forward in the USA(L. Spitzer). Since then the leading countries of theworld have been carrying out a great number ofexperiments using devices of different design.Though within this period they have spent onresearch work over 30 milliard dollars in total, thetarget terms of the industrial application of CTF areconstantly postponed and the ultimate aim of CTF,i.e. energy generation at least by an experimentaldevice, has not been achieved. If we presume thatby now CTF is ready for industrial application, evenin this case there are a number of impediments:

1. The weight of a copper solenoid ofcommercial nuclear reactors can reach 100thousand tons. And how many reactors of the kindwill we need? Very likely, because of “copperfamine” we will have to reject magneticthermonuclear fusion at all.

2. A classical CTF requires tritium and deuterium.Deuterium is generated of plain water by means ofelectrolysis (6 litres of water per 1 gram ofdeuterium). Tritium is a very expensive isotope (soexpensive that we can just ignore the cost ofdeuterium).

3. The winding of an industrial CTF will store theamount of magnetic energy that is equal to 15-20tons of trotyl. If the magnetic winding breaks downit may result in an explosion!Despite of all thesetechnical difficulties CTF is regarded as aprospective trend because one litre of watercontains so great quantity of deuterium that it cansubstitute for 300 tons of gasoline. That is whydifferent countries still go on investigating in thisfield, in different aspects and basing on variousprinciples.

There is a new method of CTF being developed onrecent days, which enables the following

1. To generate so much energy from 1 litre ofwater to substitute for 30,000 tons of gasoline, i.e.100 times more than by means of a classical CTFreactor.2. Fuel for this device is produced several timeseasier, faster and cheaper. It is fed to the reactionzone continuously and in safe doses.3. The required quantity of copper is no more than5-10 kg (instead of 100,000 tons).4. Gradual fuel heating up to any presettemperature and heat maintenance within anyvaried period of time (at present no more than 100million °C and 0.01sec).5. Over 7 levels of control over the process ofreaction (in the classical process – at most twolevels).6. The device can be of any dimensions and weightaccording to customer’s wish and appliedproductive capacity.7. The cost of this experimental device, which isalready being built according to finished workingdrawings, does not exceed 10 thousand dollars. Letus notice that a cheapest CTF device will cost from10 to 100 million dollars (The international projectof application of an experimental CTF device willcost roughly 9 milliard dollars).8. The industrial variant of the device will be builtof ordinary and cheap materials and its cost will be3-4 times less than the price of an experimentaldevice of the equal capacity (roughly 100 kW).


Comparative analysis of two future CTF devices

Academician Velikhov’s device (Russian weekly “Itogi”, February 2003, Thermonuclear ITER national)is compared to I.B. Kalugin’s device (Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia)

Velikhov’s CTF device

The realization of the project requires 5 milliard dollars(first cost – 9 milliard dollars).

To start the project it is necessary to get a permission ofthe heads of “Big Eight”.

Since the moment of signing a contract it will take 108months (9 years) to generate plasma. 5 more years –for experimenting and 10 years – for designing andconstruction.

A coalition of several leading countries is required.

Capital outlays are great. Atomic power plants areconsiderably simpler than the CTF devices. Sharing inenergy costs:Heat power plants: 25% - capital outlays, 75% -fuelAPP: 80% - capital outlays, 20% - fuelCTF: 98% - capital outlays, 2% - fuel.

The cost of electrical energy is comparable to the APPproduct.

Can CTF replace nuclear reactors for ships andsubmarines? The dimensions of a CTF reactor dependon the features of present-day materials.

Cyclic mode of operation: start-stop, etc.

Conventionally, from one litre of water it is possible togenerate the same amount of energy as from 300 tonsof petrol.

If superconductive magnetic windings of a CTF breakdown, it will explode. The explosion is equal to anexplosion of 10-15 tons of trotyl.

The thermonuclear energy era will come (at best) in 24-30 years.

Fuel for CTF (deuterium) is generated by means of waterelectrolysis. In order to get 1 litre of deuterium it isnecessary to decompose 6,000 litres of water.

There are two parameters of control.

At present nobody offers a thermonuclear automobile.

The systems for heating megapolises with CTF arelocated in the outskirts.

Kalugin’s CTF device

The cost of the project is 100-200 dollars.

Five of the seven units of the future device have alreadybeen built and the work goes on.

Production terms:May 30, 2003 – making of 2 remaining units;by June 15, 2003 – assemblage and adjustment;by June 30, 2003 – test operation.

A working device can be built by the authors’ ownstrength.

Outlays are negligibly small:1% - capital outlays and 0.001% - fuel.

The cost of electrical energy will be dozens and hundredstimes lower.

Dimensions and capacity can be any varied. Materials –the cheapest and the most available.

Any desirable mode of operation.

From one litre of water we can generate the sameamount of energy as from 30,000 tons of petrol.

The risk of explosion is absolutely excluded. If the devicebreaks down, it is roughly no different from thebreakdown of an electric motor.

As early as in 2003 it will be possible to start massproduction of cheap CTF reactors of any capacity anddimensions.

Primary fuel production cost is practically equal to zero.

There are two or more parameters of control. That is whythe CTF process can be fully automated in any stages andany modes.

It is offered to work out a CTF design using deuterium-tritium cycle with electrical energy output 80% and heatoutput 20%. (Electrical energy output of classical heatpower plants and APP is 25%). The technology inquestion will enable to apply electrical motors toautomobiles instead of internal-combustion engines.

It is possible to heat any freestanding building. There isan absolute independence from central heating systems.


Edwin Cartlidge, USA

(Editor: This article was published by Physics

World Magazine and it first appeared on

http://physicsweb.org/article/news/7/6/10).

H y d r o g e n f u e l c e l l s h a v e b e e n w i d e l yt o u t e d a s a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y - f r i e n d l yalternative to conventional fossil fuels. Byoxidising molecular hydrogen, the onlyd i r e c t b y - p r o d u c t o f t h e i r e n e r g ygeneration is water , which means theycould significantly reduce pollution andman-made greenhouse gases. But a groupof researchers in the US believes that fuelcells could themselves have a detrimentaleffect on the environment.

T r a c e y T r o m p a n d c o l l e a g u e s a t t h eCalifornia Institute of Technology haveused models of the atmosphere to showthat the inevitable emissions produced byfuel cell technology could substantiallydamage the ozone layer (T. Tromp et al.2003 Science 300 1740).

A completely efficient system of producing,storing and transporting hydrogen should,i n p r i n c i p l e , l e a d t o n o u n w a n t e demissions of the gas.

But the Caltech researchers point out thatsuch a system would be expensive, and thatin reality around 10-20% of the hydrogenwould escape into the atmosphere. They

say that if hydrogen fuel cells replaced allof today’s oil and gas-based combustiontechnologies, such losses would double oreven triple the total hydrogen depositedinto the atmosphere at the Earth’s surface.

“More or less dramatic scenarios are equallyimaginable, but clearly the potential impact onthe hydrogen cycle is great,” say the researchers.

Tromp and colleagues say that the hydrogenwould be oxidised when it reaches thestratosphere, which would cool the stratosphereand create more clouds.

This would delay the break up of the polar vortexat the north and south poles, making the holesin the ozone layer larger and longer lasting. Theyestimate that the extra hydrogen will lead to a5-8% rise in ozone depletion at the north poleand between 3 and 7% at the south pole.

The exact scale of this additional ozonedepletion, however, depends on a number ofunknown quantities. In addition to uncertaintyover the extent of hydrogen emissions in thefuture, little is understood about how soilabsorbs hydrogen from the atmosphere. Theresearchers say it is conceivable that this process

could compensate for all new anthropogenic

emissions.

Tough TCF is such a cheap heat and electricalenergy source it will not compete with gas, oil andcoal, which significance will even rise. As a resultof growing needs of mankind, they will be used assources of raw materials for chemical industry.

Editor’s: Currently the authors have beenworking at elimination of some imperfectionsof their experimental CTF device. After that theyare going to apply for a patent on the invention.

Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House,

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Overview

The W a r d e n c l y f f e T o w e r C e n t e n n i a l ( 1 9 0 3 �2 0 0 3 ) is an opportunity to celebrate amonument to Nikola Tesla’s visionary genius.Recently, a resurgence of interest fromprominent physicists has focused on theunusual method of pulsing a broadband Teslacoil at a repetition rate of 8 Hz to resonate withthe Earth’s Schumann cavity [1]. Nikola Tesla,the father of AC electricity, is responsible forrecognizing that an atmospheric and aterrestrial storage battery already existseverywhere on earth, for the benefit ofmankind. This is perhaps the “wheelwork ofnature” that Tesla was referring to (“ . . . i t i s am e r e q u e s t i o n o f t i m e w h e n m e n w i l ls u c c e e d i n a t t a c h i n g t h e i r m a c h i n e r y t o t h ev e r y w h e e l w o r k o f n a t u r e . ” – T e s l aa d d r e s s i n g t h e A m e r . I n s t . o f E l e c . E n g . ,1 8 9 1 ) . A century later, only a handful ofvisionary scientists recognize the untappedrenewable reservoir of terawatts of electricalpower (3000 gigawatts) that sits dormantabove us, waiting to be utilized.

B a c k g r o u n d

In 2001, the Bush�mandated NationalTransmission Grid Study (NTGS 2001) wasdesigned to identify the major transmissionbottlenecks across the U.S. and identify technicaland economic issues resulting from thesetransmission constraints. With deregulation ofU.S. utilities and the lack of jurisdiction for theFederal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC),the U.S. is fighting an electrical energy crisiswhich right now, costs consumers hundreds of

millions of dollars annually due to interregionaltransmission congestion. There is no longer anyeconomic incentive nor any FERC eminentdomain for states to provide rights�of�way,besides the lack of Federal compensation toutilities to build new transmission lines.

Fig. 1

The 187�foot Wardenclyffe Tower in 1903 whichstood unfinished for the next 14 years

From Tesla’s Wireless Ionospheric Electricity

Thomas F. Valone, USA

Integrity Research Institute

1220 L St. NW, Suite 100�232, Washington DC 20005



H i s t o r i c a l l y, t h e c r e a t i o n o f e l e c t r i c a lu t i l i t i e s w a s b e s e t w i t h s c a n d a l , s u c h a st h e s i x y e a r s o f C o n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g ss t a r t i n g i n 1 9 2 8 i n w h i c h “ t h o u s a n d s o fpages of test imony revealed a systematic ,covert attempt to shape opinion in favoro f p r i v a t e u t i l i t i e s , i n w h i c h h a l f t r u t h sa n d a t t i m e s o u t r i g h t l i e s p r e s e n t e dm u n i c i p a l s y s t e m s i n a c o n s i s t e n t l y b a dlight [2].”

Today, US AID funds the U.S. EnergyAssociation to train utility representativesfrom the former Russian states on how toreliably monitor electricity usage and collectmoney from customers in their respectivecountries, while those economicallychallenged people struggle for sufficientwages.

At a Washington DC conference which thisa u t h o r a t t e n d e d , c a l l e d “ I m p l e m e n t i n g aNational Energy Strategy: Breaking Downt h e B a r r i e r s ” a l s o s p o n s o r e d b y t h e U SE n e r g y A s s o c i a t i o n ( 1 2 / 0 1 ) , o n l y t h ed e p r e s s i n g n e w s a b o u t u n r e s o l v e d U Se l e c t r i c i t y h e a d a c h e s w e r e d i s c u s s e d .E d i t o r o f E n e r g y D a i l y , L l e w e l y n K i n gf i n a l l y c o n c l u d e d , “W e a r e u s i n g 1 9 t h

c e n t u r y t e c h n o l o g y f o r e l e c t r i c a ltransmission . ” He then called for a paradigmshift toward new technology and cited the“monster infrastructure problems” withinthe U.S. as compared to the developingcountries. A year later (June, 2003) the USDOE held an emergency meeting with utilityheads as a natural gas crisis looms from thelack of diversification of new electrical powergeneration facilities. “Innovation in newtechnology and renewable sources areneeded in the long term to improve theenvironment and meet rising demand,”summarized an Investors Business Dailyeditor about the crisis [3].

In November, 2002, the American Councilfor the United Nations University called forwireless energy transmission to circumventthe need for transmission lines as part oftheir “Millennium Project.” In cooperationwith the National Science Foundation (NSF),NASA, and the Electrical Power ResearchInstitute (EPRI), the beaming of microwaveenergy and the creation of a world energyorganization was seen to actively address the2020 challenges to global electricity supply,especially in areas of massive urbanconcentrations [4].

In 1940, “the United States prided itself onusing half the world’s electricity [5].”Since1980, the U.S. has also doubled itsdependence on foreign oi l and doubled i tselectrical transmission grid ineff iciency.From 31 Quads (quadril l ion BTUs)generated, a ful l 2/3 is total ly wasted in“conversion losses” with only about 11Quads (3.7 tri l l ion kWh) delivered to theend�user [6] . Instead of trying to build 2power plants per week (at 300 MW each) forthe next 20 years (only to have a total ofadditional 6 trillion kWh available by 2020),as the Bush�Cheney Administration wants todo, we simply need to eliminate the 7 trillionkWh of conversion losses in our presentelectricity generation modality.

History of Tesla’s WirelessE n e r g y

The fateful decision in 1905 by J. P. Morganto abandon Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Towerproject on Long Island (after investing$150,000), was a result of learning that itwould be designed mainly for wirelesstransmission of electrical power, rather thantelegraphy. No more money was forthcomingfor the project that Morgan initiated, evenwhen the equipment cost alone cost about$200,000. Morgan believed that he would“have nothing to sell except antennas (andrefused) to contribute to that charity [7].”

Tesla tried and tried for years until in 1917the U.S. government blew up the abandonedWardenclyffe tower because suspectedGerman spies were seen “lurking” around it.With Edison as his willing ally, Morgan evenpublicly discredited Tesla’s name, so that allof the five school textbook publishers of thetime removed any reference to him. Anywonder why even today, 100 years later,hardly anyone knows who Tesla is?

The rest of this article will present a physics andelectrical engineering argument for asubsequently forgotten engineering alternativefor energy generation and transmission.

I n v i e w o f o u r p r e s e n t f o s s i l �f u e l � c a u s e d g l o b a l w a r m i n g ,T e s l a s e e m s v e r y p r o p h e t i cf r o m h i s v a n t a g e p o i n t o f ac e n t u r y a g o .


Fig. 2

As Tesla exper imented with a 1 .5 MWsystem in 1899 at Colorado Springs, he wasamazed to find that pulses of electricity hesent out passed across the ent ire g lober e t u r n e d w i t h “ u n d i m i n i s h e d s t r e n g t h .”He said, “It was a result so unbelievable thatthe revelat ion at f i rst a lmost stunned me[8].” This verified the tremendous efficiencyof his peculiar method of pumping currentinto a spherical ball to charge it up beforedischarging it as a pulse of electrical energy,a “ l o n g i t u d i n a l ” a c o u s t i c � t y p e o fc o m p r e s s i o n w a v e , rather than anelectromagnetic Hertz ian�type oftransverse wave. It was therefore, more akinto e lectrostat ic d ischarge than wavem e c h a n i c s .

Tesla also planned to include a s t a t i o n a r yr e s o n a n t w a v e c r e a t i o n g l o b a l l y, w i t h i nthe earth�ionosphere cavity, as part of thewireless transmission of power. Examiningt h e p a i r o f 1 9 0 0 p a t e n t s # 6 4 5 , 5 7 6 a n d# 6 4 9 , 6 2 1 e a c h u s i n g t h e s a m e f i g u r e o nthe f i rst page , we f ind in the f i rst patentt h a t Te s l a h a s d e s i g n e d a q u a r t e r � w a v eantenna (50 mi les o f secondary co i l wiref o r a 2 0 0 m i l e l o n g w a v e l e n g t h ) . M o r eimportantly is the sphere on the top whichis supposed to be a conductive surface onaballoon raised high enough to be radiating

in “rarefied air (International patents, as well asUS patents, are now available online fromhttp://gb.espacenet.com/espacenet/).”

As Tesla states , “That communicat ionwithout wires to any point of the globe ispract ica l with such apparatus would needno demonstration, but through a discoverywhich I made I obtained absolute certainty.Popularly explained it is exactly this: Whenwe raise the voice and hear an echo in reply,we know that the sound of the voice musthave reached a distant wal l , or boundary,and must have been re f lected f rom thesame. Exactly as the sound, so an electricalwave i s re f lected , and the same evidencewhich is af forded by an echo is of fered byan e lectr ica l phenomena known as a‘stationary’ wave – that is, a wave with fixednodal and ventral regions . Instead ofsending sound vibrations toward a distantwall, I have sent electrical vibrations towardthe remote boundaries o f the earth , andinstead of the wall, the earth has replied. Inplace of an echo, I have obtained astationary electrical wave, a wave reflectedfrom afar [9].”

Nikola Tes la ’ s d iscovery of pulsedpropagat ion of energy does not resemblethe standard transverse e lectromagneticwaves so famil iar to e lectr ica l engineerseverywhere. Many engineers and physicistshave dismissed Tesla ’ s wire less energytransmiss ion as unscient i f ic withoutexamining the unusual characterist ics andbenef i ts o f longitudinal waves , which arethe z�component solut ions of Maxwel lequat ions .

Tesla wrote, “That electrical energy can beeconomically transmitted without wires toany terrestrial distance, I have unmistakablyestablished in numerous observations,experiments and measurements, qualitativeand quantitative. These have demonstratedthat it is practicable to distribute power froma central plant in unlimited amounts, with aloss not exceeding a small fraction of one percent in the transmission, even to the greatestdistance, twelve thousand miles – to theopposite end of the globe [10].”

Tesla was an e lectr ica l genius whorevolutionized our world with AC power ina way that DC power could never haveaccomplished, s ince the res istance of anytransmiss ion l ines , (except perhaps ,


superconductive ones) , i s p r o h i b i t i v e fordirect current . He deserved much bettertreatment from the tycoons of his age, thanto spend the last 40 years of his life in abjectpoverty. However, he was too much of agentleman to hold a grudge.

Instead , regarding the magni fyingtransmitter, Tes la wrote in hisautobiography, “I am unwilling to accord tosome small�minded and jealous individualsthe sat is fact ion of having thwarted myefforts . These men are to me nothing morethan microbes of a nasty disease. My projectwas retarded by laws of nature. T h e w o r l dw a s n o t p r e p a r e d f o r i t . I t w a s t o o f a ra h e a d o f t i m e . B u t t h e s a m e l a w s w i l lp r e v a i l i n t h e e n d a n d m a k e i t at r i u m p h a l s u c c e s s [11].”

Tesla’s World System

Tesla ’ s “World System” was conceptual lybased on three inventions of his:

1 . The Tesla Transformer (Tesla coil)2 . The Magnifying Transmitter (transformeradapted to excite the earth)3. The Wireless System (efficient transmissionof electrical energy without wires).

Tesla states, “The first World System powerplant can be put in operat ion in ninemonths . With this power plant i t wi l l bepracticable to attain electrical activities up

to 10 mi l l ion horsepower (7 .5 b i l l ionwatts) , and i t i s des igned to serve for asmany technical achievements as arepossible without due expense [12].” Tesla’scalculated power levels are conservativelyest imated and recently updated withcontemporary physics ca lculat ions by Dr .Elizabeth Rauscher. For example, ProfessorRauscher shows that the earth’s ionosphereand magnetosphere contains suf f ic ientpotentia l energy, a t l e a s t 3 b i l l i o nk i l o w a t t s ( 3 t e r a w a t t s ) r e s p e c t i v e l y , sothat the resonant excitat ion of the earth�ionosphere cavity can reasonably beexpected to increase the ampl itude ofnatural “Schumann” f requencies ,facil itating the capture of useful electricalpower. Tesla knew that the earth could betreated as one big spherical conductor andthe ionosphere as another bigger sphericalconductor , so that together they haveparal le l p lates and thus , comprise a“spher ical capacitor [13] . ” Rauschercalculates the capacitance to be about15,000 microfarads for the complete earth�ionosphere cavity capacitor. In 1952, W.O.Schumann predicted the “self�oscil lations”of the conducting sphere of the earth ,surrounded by an air layer and ionosphere,without knowing that Tesla had found theearth ’s fundamental f requency f i f ty yearsearlier [14].

“All that is necessary,” says Dr. James Corum,is that Tesla’s transmitter power and carrierfrequency be capable o f round�the�worldpropagat ion .” In fact , Tes la ( in the L . A .T i m e s , Dec . 1904) stated , “With mytransmitter I actual ly sent e lectr ica lvibrat ions around the world and receivedthem again, and I then went on to developmy machinery.” Dr. Corum notes in anart ic le on the ELF (extremely lowfrequency) osc i l lator o f Tes la ’ s that thetuned c ircuit o f Tes la ’ s magni fyingtransmitter was the whole earth�ionosphere cavity [15].

Corum explains that a mechanical analog ofthe lumped c ircuit Tes la coi l i s an eas iermodel for engineers to understand [16] .From a mechanical engineering viewpoint,the “magnifying factor” can be successfullyappl ied to such a c ircuit . “The c ircuit i sl imited only by the c ircuit res istance . Atresonance, the current through the circuitrises until the voltage across the resistanceis equal to the source voltage. This circuit


was a source of deep frustration to Edisonbecause voltmeter readings taken aroundthe loop did not obey Kirchoff’s laws!” As aresult , Edison c la imed such a c ircuit wasonly good for electrocution chairs.

Earth’s Renewable Energy

Tesla ’ s world system act ivates the earth ’srenewable electrical storage battery whichnormal ly s i ts dormant except duringl ightning str ikes . Regarding s imply theelectrostatic energy storage capacity of theionosphere , Dr . Oleg Jef imenko, author ofE l e c t r o s t a t i c M o t o r s , explains that duringone electric storm, the atmospheric e lectricf i e l d d i s s i p a t e s a t l e a s t 0 . 2 t e r a w a t t s( b i l l i o n k i l o w a t t s ) , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h ee n t i r e e a r t h m u s t h a v e e v e n m o r e t o t a lavailable energy [17].

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e p o w e r l o s s e x p e r i e n c e db y Te s l a ’ s p u l s e d , e l e c t r o s t a t i c d i s c h a r g em o d e o f p r o p a g a t i o n w a s l e s s t h a n 5 %over 25,000 miles. Dr. Van Voorhies states,“ . . .path losses are 0 .25 dB/Mm at 10 Hz,”w h i c h o f t e n i s d i f f i c u l t f o r e n g i n e e r s t obel ieve, who are used to transverse waves ,a r e s i s t i v e m e d i u m , a n d l i n e � o f � s i g h tp r o p a g a t i o n m o d e s t h a t c a n d i s s i p a t e10 dB/km at 5 MHz [18].

The c a p a c i t i v e d o m e of the Wardenclyf feTo w e r, l i k e t h e c o n d u c t i v e b a l l o o n o fTe s l a ’ s ‘ 5 7 6 p a t e n t , i s a k e y t o t h eu n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l w a v e s .D r. R a u s c h e r q u o t e s Te s l a , “ L a t e r h ecompared it to a Van de Graaf f generator.H e a l s o e x p l a i n e d t h e p u r p o s e o fWa r d e n c l y f f e . . . ’ o n e d o e s n o t n e e d t o b ea n e x p e r t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t a d e v i c eo f t h i s k i n d i s n o t a p r o d u c e r o fe l e c t r i c i t y l i k e a d y n a m o , b u t m e r e l y ar e c e i v e r o r c o l l e c t o r w i t h a m p l i f y i n gq u a l i t i e s [19].”

O n l y a f e w g r e a t p h y s i c i s t s l i k eD r s . E l i z a b e t h R a u s c h e r , J a m e s C o r u m ,a n d K o n s t a n t i n M e y l h a v e r e a l i z e d t h a tTesla was very practical when he proposedt h e r e s o n a n t g e n e r a t i o n a n d w i r e l e s st r a n s m i s s i o n o f u s e f u l e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r .( P r o f e s s o r K o n s t a n t i n M e y l s e l l s a“ D e m o S e t ” t h a t i s a m i n i a t u r ed u a l d o m e l i k e T e s l a p a t e n t ‘ 5 7 6 , aw i r e l e s s l o n g i t u d i n a l w a v ed e m o n s t r a t i o n k i t , a v a i l a b l e a t

h t t p : / / w w w . k � m e y l . d e / D e m o � S e t /b o d y _ d e m o � s e t . h t m l . E n t e r t h i s l i n k a tw w w . f r e e t r a n s l a t i o n . c o m f o r E n g l i s h ) .

Te s l a ’ s k n o w l e d g e o f a t m o s p h e r i ce l e c t r i c i t y t r a n s d u c t i o n w a s s o e x t e n s i v eand reliable that Jim Corum, who has beenfunded to cont inue Tes la ’ s work , recent lytold me, “You just have to do exactly whatTelsa did and you will consistently get thesame results he did [20].”

A f t e r r e t u r n i n g f r o m h i s e x p e r i m e n t s a tC o l o r a d o S p r i n g s i n 1 9 0 0 , N i k o l a Te s l astated, “I f w e u s e f u e l t o g e t o u r p o w e r ,w e a r e l i v i n g o n o u r c a p i t a l a n de x h a u s t i n g i t r a p i d l y . T h i s m e t h o d i sb a r b a r o u s a n d w a n t o n l y w a s t e f u l a n dw i l l h a v e t o b e s t o p p e d i n t h e i n t e r e s to f c o m i n g g e n e r a t i o n s [ 2 1 ] . ” I n v i e w o fo u r p r e s e n t f o s s i l � f u e l � c a u s e d g l o b a lwarming, Tesla seems very prophetic f romhis vantage point of a century ago.

High Transmission Integrityand Low Loss

Te s l a s t a t e s , “A s t o t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o fp o w e r t h r o u g h s p a c e , t h a t i s a p r o j e c tw h i c h I c o n s i d e r e d a b s o l u t e l y c e r t a i n o fsuccess long s ince . Years ago I was in theposition to transmit wireless power to anyd i s t a n c e w i t h o u t l i m i t o t h e r t h a n t h a timposed by the physical dimensions of theglobe. In my system it makes no differencewhat the distance is . The ef f iciency of thetransmission can be as high as 96 or 97 perc e n t , a n d t h e r e a r e p r a c t i c a l l y n o l o s s e se x c e p t s u c h a s a r e i n e v i t a b l e i n t h erunning o f the machinery . W h e n t h e r e i sn o r e c e i v e r t h e r e i s n o e n e r g yc o n s u m p t i o n a n y w h e r e . W h e n t h er e c e i v e r i s p u t o n , i t d r a w s p o w e r . T h a ti s t h e e x a c t o p p o s i t e o f t h e H e r t z � w a v es y s t e m . In that case, if you have a plant of1,000 horsepower (750 kW), it is radiatingall the time whether the energy is received

T e s l a ’ s w o r l d s y s t e m a c t i v a t e st h e e a r t h ’ s r e n e w a b l e e l e c t r i c a ls t o r a g e b a t t e r y w h i c h n o r m a l l ys i t s d o r m a n t e x c e p t d u r i n gl i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s .


or not; but in my system no power is lost .W h e n t h e r e a r e n o r e c e i v e r s , t h e p l a n tc o n s u m e s o n l y a f e w h o r s e p o w e rn e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n t h e v i b r a t i o n ; i tr u n s i d l e , a s t h e E d i s o n p l a n t w h e n t h elamps and motors are shut of f [22] .”

T h e s e a m a z i n g f a c t s a r e e x p l a i n e d b yC o r u m ( s ) a n d S p a i n o l , “ … t h e d i s t i n c t i o nb e t w e e n Te s l a ’ s s y s t e m a n d ‘ H e r t z i a n ’w a v e s i s t o b e c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d . Te s l a ,a n d o t h e r s o f h i s d a y, u s e d t h e t e r m‘Hertz ian waves ’ to descr ibe what we cal lt o d a y, e n e r g y t r a n s f e r b y w i r e l e s st r a n s v e r s e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c ( T E M )radiat ion…no one wants to s tand in f rontof a high power radar antenna. For these ,E and H are i n p h a s e , the power f low is a‘ r e a l ’ q u a n t i t y ( a s o p p o s e d t o r e a c t i v epower) , and the surface integral of E x H(Poynting vector) i s nonzero .

T h e c a s e i s n o t s o s i m p l e i n a n u n l o a d e dp o w e r s y s t e m , a n R F t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h atuned secondary, or with a cavity resonator.In these situations, the f ields are in phaseq u a d r a t u r e , t h e c i r c u l a t i n g p o w e r i sreact ive and the average Poynting f lux i sz e r o – u n l e s s a l o a d i s a p p l i e d . T h e ydel iver no power without a resist ive load.These are clearly the power systems whichTe s l a c r e a t e d . T h e p o l y p h a s e p o w e rdistribution system was created by him inthe 1880s and inaugurated at Niagara Fallsin 1895. The RF transformer was inventeda n d p a t e n t e d b y h i m i n t h e 1 8 9 0 s .Te r r e s t r i a l r e s o n a n c e s h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l ydiscovered at the turn of the century. And,f o r t h e n e x t 4 0 y e a r s h e t r i e d t o b r i n gthrough to commercia l rea l i ty this g lobalp o w e r s y s t e m . To d a y, m i l l i o n s o f u s h a v eworking scale models of it in our kitchens,while the larger version sits idle [23].” Notef o r a s p h e r i c a l , e l e c t r o s t a t i c p u l s edischarge, E is radial and H is helical sinceJ i s r a d i a l ( l o n g i t u d i n a l o r i r r o t a t i o n a lcurrent) [24].

Biological and Economic Impact

A n o t h e r c o m m o n c r i t i c i s m o f t h e Te s l aw i r e l e s s p o w e r s y s t e m i s r e g a r d i n g i t spossible biological ef fects . Calculating thecirculat ing react ive power , Corum(s) andSpainol f ind a density of a m i c r o V A R p e rc u b i c m e t e r a t 7 . 8 H z , w h i c h i s q u i t esmal l , whi le i t i s wel l �known that such a

frequency i s very b io logica l ly compat ib le[25]. The authors also look at the present100 V/m earth�ionosphere f ie ld and againf ind that ra is ing i t by a factor of 4 to 10will pose no ill effects. (Thunderstorms doit al l of the time around the world.)

I n t e r m s o f e c o n o m i c t h e o r y, m a n yc o u n t r i e s w i l l b e n e f i t f r o m t h i s s e r v i c e .Only private , dispersed receiving stationsw i l l b e n e e d e d . J u s t l i k e t e l e v i s i o n a n dradio, a s ingle resonant energy receiver isr e q u i r e d , w h i c h m a y e v e n t u a l l y b e b u i l tinto appl iances , so no power cord wi l l ben e c e s s a r y ! J u s t t h i n k : m o n t h l y e l e c t r i cu t i l i t y b i l l s f r o m o l d � f a s h i o n e d , f o s s i l �fueled, lossy electri f ied wire�grid deliveryservices will be optional , much l ike “cableTV” i s today. In the 21 st century, “DirectTV” is the rage, which is an exact parallelof Tesla’s “Direct Electricity.”

Let us fulfill this prophesy of Tesla, makingi t a t r i u m p h a l s u c c e s s , b y s u p p o r t i n g ap h i l a n t h r o p i c , i n t e r n a t i o n a l w i r e l e s spower station installed on a remote islandto electrify the whole world. The benefits ,i m m e d i a t e l y m a k i n g d i r e c t e l e c t r i c i t yavailable everywhere, are too numerous toc o u n t . ( C o i n c i d e n t a l l y, i n Te s l a ’ shomeland, the Electric Power Company ofSerbia raised their monthly rates b y 5 0 %on the day H a r n e s s i n g t h e W h e e l w o r k o fN a t u r e w a s s e n t t o t h e p u b l i s h e r , w h i l eCalifornia is now up to 15 cents per kWh,double the US average.)

B e c o m e e d u c a t e d a b o u t Te s l a ’ s w i r e l e s se n e r g y t r a n s m i s s i o n d i s c o v e r y a th t t p : / / u s e r s . e r o l s . c o m / i r i / t e s l a . h t m a n dh e l p c e l e b r a t e t h e Wa r d e n c l y f f e To w e rC e n t e n n i a l a t t h e Te s l a E n e r g y S c i e n c eC o n f e r e n c e , N o v e m b e r 8 � 9 , 2 0 0 3(www.Integr ityResearchInst i tute .org) .

R e f e r e n c e

1. Valone, Thomas, Harnessing the Wheelworkof Nature: Tesla’s Science of Energy, Kempton,Adventures Unlimited Press, 20022. Utility Corporations, Document 92, U.S.Senate, 70th Congress, 1st Session, 1928. Seesummary by Ernest Gruening, The Public Pays:A Study of Power Propaganda, New York,Vanguard Press, 19313. Stavropoulos, William “Natural Gas Woes Won’tDisappear Unless Government Acts” InvestorsBusiness Daily, Perspective, June 2, 2003


About the Author

Thomas Valone received his Master’sin Physics from the State University ofNY at Buffalo (1984) and hisPh.D. in General Engineeringfrom Kennedy�Western University(2003). He taught physics, ACelectricity, microprocessors, digitallogic and environmental science atErie Community College in NYS (1982�1987), and is the author of severalbooks and about 100 articles andreports. Presently, Dr. Valone isPresident of Integrity ResearchInstitute, a non�profit organizationdedicated to energy research andpublic education.

4. “Wireless Transmission in Earth’s EnergyFuture” Environment News Service, Nov. 19, 2002,http://ens�news.com/ens/nov2002/2002�11�19�01.asp5. Nye, David Electrifying America, Social Meaningsof a New Technology, Boston, MIT Press, 1997,p. 386. “National Energy Security Post 9/11” U.S. EnergyAssociation, June, 2002, p. 347. H.W. Jones, “Nikola Tesla, Generator of SocialChange,” Proc. of the Inter. Tesla Symp., 1986, p.1�8 98. Nikola Tesla, “World System of WirelessTransmission of Energy,” Telegraph and TelephoneAge, Oct. 16, 1927, p. 457.9. Nikola Tesla, “The Problem of IncreasingHuman Energy,” Century, June, 190010. Nikola Tesla, “The Transmission of ElectricalEnergy Without Wires as a Means for FurtheringPeace,” Electrical World and Engineer. Jan. 7, 1905,p. 2111. Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, p. 9112. Bird and Nichelson, p.7413.Rauscher, Elizabeth, and W. Bise, “Harnessingthe Earth�Ionosphere Resonant Cavity,” inHarnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla’sScience of Energy, p. 23314. W.O. Schumann, Z. Naturforsch, 72, p. 149�154, 250�252, 1952. (See also Jackson, J.D.,Classical Electrodynamics, New York, J. Wiley,1975, p. 363)15. Corum, James, and Ken Corum, “Tesla’s ELFOscillator for Wireless Transmission,” in

Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla’sScience of Energy, p. 21916. Corum, James, “Tesla & the MagnifyingTr a n s m i t t e r : A P o p u l a r S t u d y f o rEngineers,” in Harnessing the Wheelwork ofNature: Tesla’s Science of Energy , p. 19817. Jefimenko, Oleg “Original ElectrostaticEnergy Resources, Electrostatic Generators,a n d E l e c t r o s t a t i c M o t o r s ” F u t u r e E n e r g y :P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e o n F u t u r eEnergy , May 1, 1999, p. 7018.VanVoorhies , Kurt , “Prospects ofWorldwide Wireless Power,” in Harness ingthe Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla’s Science ofEnergy, p. 15119. Rauscher, p. 23620. Corum, James , pr ivate conversat ion,June 15, 2003.21. Nikola Tesla, 1900, as quoted in “GreatScientist, Forgotten Genius, Nikola Tesla” byChris Bird and Oliver Nichelson, New Age ,#21, Feb. 1977, p. 4222. Nikola Tesla , “Minutes of the AnnualMeeting of the AIEE,” May 18, 1917.23. Corum, James, and M. Spaniol, K. Corum“Concerning Cavity Q,” Proceedings of theInternat ional Tes la Symposium , 1988,p. 3�1524. Jackson, J .D. , p. 222 (See also Section7.6 and 7 .9 for pulse propagation througha highly dispers ive medium l ike theionosphere or magnetosphere .)25. Ibid., p. 3�16.


Sergey S. Makukhin, Russia


At the close of the 19th

c e n t u r y t h e g r e a tscientist Nicola Teslag a v e t o t h e w h o l eworld a demonstrationof electrical powertransmission usinga single incompleteand unearthed wire.Nevertheless, the natureof this phenomenon

remains obscure till nowadays. It is also knownthat Engineer Stanislav Avramenko succeeded torepeat the famous experiment. But as far as weknow, mention of the physical nature of thisphenomenon has been never made. The presentarticle makes an attempt to explain how “it”works.

At the dawn of electrical science there occurredthe idea of existence of a certain electrical liquid,which is able under certain conditions to flowfrom one body to another and to be both inabundance and in shortage. B. Franklinintroduced at his time the notion of positive andnegative electricity. J.C. Maxwell used in histheoretical investigations the direct analogybetween water movement and electricitymovement.

It is common knowledge that the electricalcurrent is any movement of electrons (in thisparticular case – their movement in a metal),which happens when there is the potentialdifference. Is there an explanation of themovement of electrons in a single conductor?

As an example let us take an ordinary garden hosewith some water inside it. Both ends of the hoseare closed with plugs. How to make the liquidmove? The only way is to start rotation of theliquid from one end so that to transmit its rotationto the other end of the hose. To make the liquid“move” it is necessary to establish an alternatingcurrent in the hose by moving the liquid

alternatively from one end to another. But evenin this case the water in the hose will not bemoving the way we need. So, having pulled theplugs out, let us try to attach a vessel to each endof the hose (let the vessels have the form of acylinder).

If we mount a plunger in one of the vessels andkeep pushing it down we will make water in thehose move from the first vessel to the farther one(communicating vessels). Then if we pull theplunger up, as a consequence of wetting theplunger (water adheres to the plunger), waterfrom the second vessel will flow through the hoseback to the pump vessel.

If we continue the described manipulation thena water current of alternating direction will arisein the hose. In case if we manage to mount a screwwith vanes (a propeller) inside the hose (in anyof its point), it will rotate alternatively to bothdirections thereby proving the fact that movingliquid carries energy in it. A similar process takesplace when we use a single wire.

As you know, the electroscope is an elementarydevice for detecting the presence of an electriccharge. The simplest model of it consists of aglass jar with a plastic cap (an insulator). A metalstick is inserted into the jar through a hole inthe middle of the cap. Over the cap there is aball made of the same material as the stick itself.

There are lightweight strips of foil attached ontothe lower end of the stick inside the jar andhanging one opposite to another. The strips caneasily move attracting or repulsing each other.Let us remember that if we rub an ebony stickwith a patch of wool, the stick will get charged.Then if we approach it to the upper part of theelectroscope (to the ball) the foil strips in thejar will immediately move apart forming acertain angle and thereby proving that theelectroscope has got charged.


When this procedure is finished, let us placeanother uncharged (with drooping strips)electroscope within the distance of three metersfrom the first one. Let us connect bothelectroscopes with a bared wire, holding itsinsulated middle part with our fingers. At themoment when the wire touches the upper ballsof the both electroscopes we will see that thesecond (initially uncharged) electroscope willimmediately “come alive” – its strips will set apart(forming a smaller angle than it was initially inthe first electroscope) and the strips of the firstelectroscope will go a little down. Now the bothelectroscopes show the presence of charges thathave been transmitted from the ball-capacity ofthe first electroscope to the ball-capacity of thesecond one.

The charges of the both electroscopes haveequalized. It is clear that in this case electronshave flown from one electroscope to anotherand instantaneous current has arisen in the wire.If we obtain first charging and then dischargingof the first electroscope from one end in constantduty, it will be evident that an electrical currentof alternating direction will run in the wirebetween the electroscopes. Let us mention thatthe first electroscope is to be charged with onesign and discharged with the opposite one.

You can find a description of this process in anyof full-length physics textbooks. But they nevermention that it is possible to make the processconstant or how it can be applied either. It seemsto be strange enough that such a problem canbring many investigators to a nonplus.

To develop the subject, let us note that we canobtain the same continuos process (i.e. singlewire excitation of alternating current) using thewell-know method of electrostatic induction(field effect). For that it is enough to excite a near

ball or sphere with a charged body, e.g. with arubbed ebony stick. This effect must bealternating: sometimes by approaching,sometimes by taking the stick aside withouttouching the ball.

Theoretically nothing will change if we rotate(e.g. using a small motor) two electret balls ofunlike charges located diametrically at the nearsphere or ball. A current will run in the conductorfrom the near ball-capacity to the father one andback. It is viable to use an electrostatic machine(that will divide and accumulate charges of theopposite sign) or an electrostatic generator withline supply that will play the same part. In case ifwe supply alternately plus and minus chargesfrom the electrostatic generator to the nearsphere (we may obtain such alternation by usingtwo relays or semiconductor switches), thenelectrons in the wire will run from the distantball-capacity at supplying a plus charge and theywill run back at a minus charge. We shouldmention that when potential difference arises inthe wire then the strength of electrical field inour process becomes constant. Now whenelectrons have a place where they can flow to (tothe balls-capacities) we may excite alternatingcurrent by applying the method ofelectromagnetic induction. In other words if apart of the conductor is coiled then forcing itdynamically with a magnet will entail the sameresult. Thus for this purpose one might use atransformer as well. The current can also resultfrom exciting opposite ball-capacities in turns,i.e. from the both sides. In order to obtain a bigpotential of the ball-capacities (by their directcharging or using the method of electrostaticinduction) we may apply a well-known principleof Van der Waals generator. By means of such agenerator it is possible to obtain a potential ofmillions of volts and, consequently, rather highvoltage.

Fig. 1


Fig. 2

Fig. 3

In addition let us remind that lighting strikessometimes from clouds (from above), sometimesupward from the earth and sometimes betweenthunderstorm clouds. This is one more indirectproof of the fact that it viable to transfer AC usinga conductor. Besides it is also worth mentioningthat alternating current can be transformed intodirect current.

So if we install appropriate (new) generators toelectrical power plants then old electrical powertransmission lines will be able to transmit higherwattages than they transmit today becausetransmission of the same amount of power willrequire less quantity of wires (the rest of the wireswill be released).

Using the abovementioned method it is possibleto transmit electrical energy in the form ofexcitation of an electrical field from “this” sideto any distant point of the planet. It is relatedwith that the Earth is a large conductive globe(and a charged one), besides charges can bedivided – polarized to opposite ones.

On the whole by receiving an initial signal bymeans of an appropriate receiver of the antipodalpoint we have obtained not only a way of powertransfer, but also a way of informationtransmission. As we modulate a signal in onepoint, in the other point it is demodulated.

Besides, the principle of modulation-demodulation can be applied to single-wiretransmission as well. It should be noted thatenergy and information transmission is viable incase if we induce the magnetic field of the planetfrom “this” point”.

We will not dwell on the “torsion” principle ofsingle wire transmission of electrical energy (inthis case both the electrical field and,correspondingly, electrons rotate from one endto another transmitting this rotation in a wire toits opposite end). Maximal length of the wiredepends on the amount of a potential on theball-capacity. The capacity itself depends on itsown radius.

Let us consider some questions that N. Teslaprobably never investigated. A hypothesis thatmay be working – that is to say a viable one – ispresented below. The author carried out thefollowing experiment. A cylindrical permanentmagnet was suspended on a thread. When themagnet set still, another analogous magnet wascarried to it at a certain distance. The secondmagnet was oriented towards the first one withits opposite pole.

At that there was observed a certain deviation ofthe first magnet. The first suspended magnet wasfixed from both sides. So the magnet could move


only in one plane, strictly within the arch thatdepended on the radius of the suspension. Thenthe experimenter struck the field of the secondintermediate stationary magnet (all the magnetswere oriented one to another with oppositepoles) abruptly with the field of a third magnet.As a result of it the first magnet, which waslocated on the other side of the intermediatestationary magnet, also bounced abruptly aside.

Most probably, there was a pulse transmitted inthe magnetic fields of these interacting magnets.It reminds another well-known effect: if weplace ten contacting balls in one line on ahorizontal flat surface and hit the outermostball, then nine balls stand still and the last ballon the opposite end rebounds.

If it is possible in case with the balls, then whyshould it be impossible with a row of magnetsthat are oriented with opposite poles one toanother and are rigidly fixed to a flexible tube?If we run energy through this new “wire” bypreliminarily exciting one of its ends with an

abrupt pulse of the magnetic field, this energymay be received on the other end of theconductor with a magnetic field receiver. If wetake a solid metal wire and magnetize it so thatthe field lines are oriented parallel to the fieldaxe, in this case we will also obtain a newconductor able to play the mentioned role, thatis to transmit a pulse through the magnetic fieldof the “wire” from its one end to another.

We can apply the same principle to like chargedballs or more precisely to electret (like) balls orto an electret (solid) wire. But in this case we willhave to “strike” with an electrical field from oneside so that to transmit a pulse to the other end.

The author believes that realization of the ideadescribed above will entail creation of a newgeneration of technical devices and that singlewire transmission of non-mechanical energy isviable.


Review by our correspondent Alla Pashova

Refrigeration is part and parcel of powerengineering. It always presupposes that drivingrefrigerating machines require some energy. Thepower consumption of modern refrigeratingmachines ranges within several dozens of watts tothousands of kilowatts. The refrigerating capabilityof large refrigerating plants varies from hundredthousands to several millions of kJ per hour. Thatmeans their electrical energy inputs are great. Butwhat will you say about a refrigerator that does notrequire electrical power supply? Is it science fiction?No, it is a reality!

Achievement of foreigninvestigators

A magnetic refrigerator has been designed andbuilt by common efforts of scientistsfrom Astronautics Corporation of America(http://www.astronautics.com) and AmesLaboratory (http://www.ameslab.gov). Thisrefrigerator has a rotary configuration thatconsists of a wheel containing segments ofgadolinium powder and a high-poweredpermanent magnet (Fig.1)

Fig. 1

The wheel is arranged to pass through a gap in themagnet where the magnetic field is concentrated.As the segment passes through this field, thegadolinium in the wheel exhibits a largemagnetocaloric effect and as a result the segmentheats up. After the gadolinium enters the field,water is circulated to draw the heat out of themetal. As gadolinium leaves the magnetic field, thematerial cools further as a result of themagnetocaloric effect of the opposite sign.

A second stream of water is then cooled by thegadolinium. This water is then circulated throughcooling coils of the refrigerator. The overall resultis a compact unit that runs virtually silent andnearly vibration free, without the use of ozone-depleting gases, a dramatic change from thevapor-compression-style refrigerationtechnology in use today.

“The permanent magnets and the gadoliniumworking medium do not require any energy inputsto make them work,” – states Professor KarlGschneidner, Ames Laboratory leadinginvestigator, “so the only energy it takes is theelectricity for the motors to spin the wheel anddrive the water pumps.”

Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) that lies in the heartof the magnetic refrigerator was disclosed as earlyas 1881. Its essence is in the ability of matters toheat and cool under the action of magnetic field.Changes in temperature are caused by energyredistribution between a system of magneticmoments of atoms and a system of magneticmoments of the crystal lattice.

Solid working medium of magnetic refrigeratorsserves as a refrigerant (freon or carbon dioxide).Magnetization and demagnetization areanalogous to cycles of compression andexpansion. A change in entropy per a unit ofvolume is seven times higher than in gases.

Theoretically magnetic refrigerators are to be thesame times more compact. But their realizationrequires peculiar materials: high-powered


magnets and sensitive working media. AmesLaboratory scientists have been working at theircreation. Two of their recent developments couldlead to even greater advances on the magneticrefrigeration frontier.

Gschneidner and fellow Ames Laboratoryresearchers Sasha Pecharsky and Vitalij Pecharskyhave developed a process for producing kilogramquantities of Gd

5(Si

2Ge

2) alloy using commercial-

grade gadolinium. Gd5(Si

2Ge

2) exhibits a giant

magnetocaloric effect which offers the promiseto outperform the gadolinium powders used inthe current rotary refrigerator.

When the alloy was first discovered in 1996, theprocess used high-purity gadolinium and resultedin small quantities (less than 50 grams). However,when lower-quality commercial-gradegadolinium was used, the magnetocaloric effectwas only a fraction, due mainly to interstitialimpurities, especially carbon. The new processovercomes the deleterious effect of theseimpurities, making it viable to use less expensivecommercial-grade gadolinium to achieve roughlythe same magnetocaloric effect as the originaldiscovery.

At the same time, Ames Lab researchers David Jilesand Seong-Jae Lee, along with Vitalij Pecharskyand Gschneidner, have designed a permanentmagnet configuration capable of producing astronger magnetic field.

The new magnet can produce a magnetic fieldnearly twice as high as that produced by themagnet used in the initial refrigerator, animportant advance since the output and efficiencyof the refrigerator is generally proportional to thestrength of the magnetic field. The group has filedpatent applications on both the gadolinium alloyprocess and the permanent magnet.

“These are important advances, but it will requireadditional testing to see how much they willenhance refrigeration capabilities,” Gschneidnersaid. “Progress (in this field) is measured in smallsteps and this is just another of those steps.However, we have come a long way since firstannouncing the giant magnetocaloric alloy fiveyears ago.”

To celebrate another step forward AmesLaboratory scientists used their magneticrefrigerator to demonstrate cooling of a bottle ofChampagne to the audience at Big EightConference in Detroit.

According to eyewitnesses, the demonstratedrefrigerator did not look like having been finishedby industrial designers. It had the form of a box about50 cm high and 50 cm wide with tubes and wiresconnected to a 6V battery. The sides of the box weretransparent so the audience could watch the devicerotating. There was an electronic thermometerconnected to the prototype that monitoredrefrigeration speed: roughly 2 degrees per minute.

The Ministry of Power Engineering of the USA andNASA have been financing research work in the fieldof magnetic refrigeration for 20 years. Thedemonstrated domestic magnetic refrigerator hasbeen already called “the most dramatic advance intoday’s power engineering of the USA”.

Russian projects

Russia does not look like joining these engineeringraces. The Russian Minister of Power Engineering isfar from being enthusiastic about the competition“Who is the First to Built a Magnetic Fridge?» (HisAmerican colleague, conversely, was impressed by thementioned working prototype). However Russiantardiness is not as great as it may seem. The fact is thatour specialists took active part in developingmagnetic fridges.

They investigated concurrently with Ames Laboratoryby means of the same scientific grants. Moscow StateUniversity (Faculty of Physics) still holds the lead infundamental investigations in this field. Specialists ofthe faculty worked out efficient alloys for workingmedia of magnetic refrigerators much earlier thantheir American confreres.

Moreover, several free-lance experimentershave been carrying out their own research.G.M. Kuznetzov (Honoured Inventor) andA.N. Zagnetov (Candidate of Technical Sciences)have been cooperating about eight years.

They have offered a number of technical projects inthe field of power engineering, transport, rawmaterials extraction and processing. At the websitehttp://re-energy-tran.narod.ru they try to bringattention of investors to their engineering solutions:“While many countries of the world are spendingdozens of years and dozens of milliards of dollarson developing technologies of the kind, usingtechnical equipment and highly qualifiedpersonnel of hundreds and thousands of researchinstitutes, the authors have succeeded to createthese practically “homemade” devices withoutfederal, regional or sponsor financing». One of theirdevelopments is an “alternative” refrigerating plant


with output > 100%, that does not require electricalenergy supply.

«Today we have all prerequisites at boththeoretical and practical levels that make it viableto solve the problem of converting low-

temperature scattered heat into electrical energy”– the authors state. The Table given belowpresents comparative analysis of the refrigerator“ZIL” and the new model according to some oftheir specification figures:As it is evident from the Table, the alternative

refrigerator is rather lightweight and requirespractically no power supply to make itwork. The only energy it takes is the electricityto make it start. The authors promise: if someoneinvests a million dollars in their development,the project will be realized within a yearand the expenses will be covered withineight months. As for magnetocaloriceffect, the Russian leader in its studying is thecompany “Advanced magnetic technologiesand consulting” (http://www.ndfeb.ru) .Alexander Tishin, Doctor of Physics andMathematics and chief of the laboratory ofFaculty of Physic (Moscow State University),heads the company. Researchers of the companyare co-authors of over 70 scientific works in thisfield and holders of five certificates of recognitionand patents. (Editor’s: Read the article by E.N.Tishina for more detailed information on theprojects of “Advanced magnetic technologies andconsulting” Co).

Concurrent investigations ororiginal projects?

If Russian physicists do not succeed either inthe application of magnetocaloric effect at theinternational level or in developing Russiananalogue of the magnetic refrigerator, perhaps,it is expedient to recollect well-forgotten oldprojects of Soviet times? It is viable to totallyeliminate energy inputs of standardrefrigerating machines (that use refrigerants)in case if we do certain technical upgrades(incidentally, such upgrades are invented agesago). So the machines will turn into free-running refrigerators, or alternative magnetic

refrigerators that require neither expensive norexotic materials.

Doctor of Technical Sciences V.A. Zysin got hiscertificate of recognition # 591667 as early asin 1978. It was a description of his non-driverefrigerator that worked using the heat ofcooled bodies. Zysin’s refrigerators operated bymeans of “triangle cycles” invented by him.Since 1962 they were manufactured in smalllots. Their operation did not need any energyinputs.

Standard refr igerating cycles compriseexpansion of refr igerating l iquid andcompression of product vapours followed bytheir condensation. Operation cycles of thekind do require energy inputs. In the upshotboth consumed energy and internal energy ofthe working medium are released outside. Thisdisadvantage is partially neutralized when theworking medium is cooled using an advancedcycle that integrates the following processes:

• expansion of refrigerating liquid and doingwork of the expansion,

• compression of product vapours followedby their condensation,

• rising the pressure of the residuary liquidphase up to its condensation pressure,

• the liquid phase takes off the heat of thecooled medium and heats immediately up to itscondensation temperature,

• the liquid phase is mixed with the liquid

¹

1.

2.

3.

Specification

Refrigeration output

Power Consumption, W

Weight of the refrigeration unit, kg

Model

ZIL New model

1.0 100.0 and more

150.0 6.0

18.0 26.0


generated as a result of the condensation ofvapours.

V.A. Zysin offered to improve this rather anuneconomical method. For that it was necessaryto provide more effective use of the heat ofcooled media for doing work. Before cooling ina refrigerating cycle, the temperature ofworking medium dropped down to atemperature exceeding the temperature ofambient air.

The released heat was engaged in an auxiliaryexpanding cycle with doing work. At the sametime the lowest and the highest temperatures ofthe auxiliary expanding cycle were kept at acertain level (so that the sum of output worksin the both cycles of operation would exceedthe sum of input works in the same cycles).

V.À. Zysin’s refrigerating machine consists oftwo circuits: a refrigerating cycle and anexpansion one. The expanding circuitcomprises an expander (1), which outlet isconnected to a separator (2). The vapour lineof the separator (2) is connected to the inlet ofa condenser (3). The liquid line is connected tothe outlet of the condenser (3) and to a transferpump (4). The outlet of the pump (4) isconnected to a heat exchanger (5). Therefrigerating cycle contains an expander (6)connected to a separator (7). The vapour lineof the separator (7) is connected to a condenser(9) through a compressor (8). The liquid line ofthe separator (7) is connected to a heatexchanger (11) through a transfer pump (10).

Fig. 2

The device operates as follows: in the expandingcycle refrigerating liquid is expanded using the

expander (1) up to a temperature exceeding thetemperature of ambient air. The separator (2)separates a vapour phase out of the generatedliquid-vapour mixture. The vapour phase iscondensed in the condenser (3). Then it is mixedup with residuary liquid phase, transferred bymeans of the pump (4) and heated in the heatexchanger (5) without changing its aggregativestate.

In the refrigerating cycle the refrigerant isexpanded using the expander (6). The generatedliquid-vapour mixture is separated with theseparator (7). The separated vapour phase iscompressed in the compressor (8) and condensedin the condenser (9). The liquid phase is transferredby means of the pump (10) and heated in the heatexchanger (11) without changing its aggregativestate until its temperature exceeds the temperatureof ambient air. The heated liquid phase is mixedwith condensed vapours and the refrigerating cycleis repeated once again.

Cooling is effected in the heat exchangers (5, 11)by means of refrigerants. Energy for driving all thepressure machines of the cycle (pumps 4, 10 andcompressor 8) is generated with the expanders (1,6). To simplify the device we can replace theexpander (6) with a throttle.

Refrigeration of working medium without energyinputs is viable under the following conditions. Inthe expanding cycle output of the expander is 0.65,output of the pump is 0.80 and the output of thecompressor is 0.85. The expander of therefrigerating cycle is replaced with a throttle. Thetemperature of outer working medium drops from363° Ê down to 283° Ê (while the temperature ofambient air is 293° Ê). If the lower temperature ofthe expanding cycle and the higher temperatureof the refrigerating cycle are kept at the level of 301°Ê, then output work of the expanding cycle willexceed the sum of input works of the both cycles.

Hence, it was possible to build refrigerating plantsrequiring no energy inputs on the basis of thescheme offered by V.A. Zysin and his colleaguesfrom Polytechnic Institute as early as in 1978. Iftoday’s manufacturers of refrigerating devices donot dare to finance the application of magneticrefrigerators, why not they start series productionof free-running refrigerators designed by V.A.Zysin? It will result in dramatic reducing theamount of power consumption for domestic andindustrial refrigeration.


Ekaterina N. Tishina, Russia

keeps in touch with scientists working in this fieldin a number of universities and national laboratoriesof the USA, Europe and China. At present thecompany holds one of the largest collections ofworks on the magnetocaloric effect (about 500copies of articles, reports, etc). Researchers of thecompany are co-authors of over 70 scientific worksin this field and holders of five inventor certificatesand Russian Federation patents in this field. Anumber of fundamental reviews on themagnetocaloric effect and magnetic refrigerationhave been published abroad in various books andencyclopedias. In 2003 the Institute of Physics(Oxford, UK) is going to publish the following bookby leading scientists of the company: A.M. Tishin,Yu.I. Spichkin, The Magnetocaloric Effect and ItsApplications.The company is also engaged indevelopment and manufacture of experimentalequipment for measuring magnetocaloriccharacteristics within the temperature range from5 to 500 Ê and more. AMT&C employees haverecently applied for 8 Russian Federation patents.

In December 2001 the company got a RussianFederation patent for the invention of “Workingbody for magnetic refrigerators made on the basisof magnetic polynuclear complexes”.

The invention has to do with refrigerating equipmentand can be applied to magnetic refrigeratingmachines operating at temperatures below 20 - 50K. The inventors offer to use a superparamagneticmaterial based on magnetic polynuclear complexesof transition metals as a working body in magneticrefrigerators. This material is characterized by a highcapacity to change the magnetic part of entropyunder the action of a magnetic field. It is essential forincreasing the efficiency of operation of magneticrefrigerators at temperatures below 20 - 50 Ê. Theworking body is a magnetic powder material. Itsoriginality consists in using superparamagneticpolynuclear complexes of transition metals as a

Up to the present day the problem of magneticrefrigeration is solved in our country only at a levelof research laboratories. Though in the beginningof 90s Russian scientists carried out the firstinvestigations on the theory and practice ofapplication of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) tomagnetic refrigerating machines. In particular, theFaculty of Physics under the direction of A.M. Tishin,Doctor of Physics and Mathematics (Moscow StateUniversity) for many years has been searchingoptimal materials for magnetic refrigeration withinvarious temperature ranges. The investigators havefulfilled serious analysis of numerous combinationsof rare earth and magnetic metals and othersubstances. It has been found that the alloy ofrhodium and iron Fe

49Rh

51 has the maximal known

specific MCE several times exceeding the MCE of thematerials that are usually used in the investigationson magnetic refrigeration.

Fig. 1

Principle of operation of a magnetic refrigerator

http://www.ndfeb.ru

One of the major research and developmentactivities of Advanced Magnetic Technologies andConsulting Co Ltd (AMT&C) is creation of newmagnetic materials suitable for using as workingbodies in magnetic regenerators. The company

“Advanced Magnetic Technologies and Consulting” Co Ltd.

Suite 303, 7/1 Debrenevskaya Emb., 115114, Moscow

Tel.: (095)799-56-14, Fax: (095)787-81-78


Energy generation by using of atmospheric oxygen and solution of table salt

http://www.regnum.ru/expnews/95069.html,

http://www.cktvvc.ru/start_ielm.asp

Chemical electric power supply of a new kind wascreated in the “Uralelement” factory (Russia). It ismetal-air current sources (MACS). The main advantageof the novelty is that there are no electrodes withoxidants in it, which define electric capacity of themost of batteries. Oxygen of a common air is used asoxidant and solution of table salt is used as electrolytethat provides environmental safety of the invention.These current sources do not require to be rechargedfrom the electrical supply network and their operationlife comes to 5 thousand hours. According to theestimations of specialists, this invention clears new wayfor autonomous power engineering and is verypromising.

Fig. 1

As compared with nonreusable galvanic elementsand different accumulators, which require to berecharged from the electrical supply network,MACS-batteries are fundamentally new pollution-free current sources, which do not require to berecharged from the electrical supply network. Theirrecharging is realized by mechanical changing ofanodic plates and simultaneous replacement of thesalt electrolyte, which at discharging consumeswater and is densified by reaction products (theyare derived at consumption of anodes). Watersolution of table salt serves as electrolyte.Concentration of salt comes to 120-170 g/liter. It

is possible to use water from any reservoir as well

as seawater.

Positive electrode is gas-diffusion one. It isnonconsumable and allows using atmosphericoxygen as oxidant. Negative electrode representsa plate made of magnesium or special-propertyaluminum alloy.

At present, Moscow “Center for commercializationof technologies” offers different electro-batteriesconsisting of MACS to its customers. Such electro-batteries could be used in private life as homeelectric power stations or autonomous powersources.

magnetic material for the sake of highereffectiveness. The polynuclear complexes contain3d transition metals (such as Fe, Ni, Mn, Cr) and 4ftransition metals (such as the rare-earth metals Nd,Gd, Tb, Tm or their alloys). The mentionedpolynuclear metal complexes are used in a free formand applied onto a non-magnetic high-poroussupporter such as Al

2O

3 or SiO

2. Creators of the

abovementioned working prototype of a magneticrefrigerator have been cooperating with researchersfrom Advanced Magnetic Technologies andConsulting Co Ltd and the Faculty of Physics

(Moscow State University) for many years. To ourregret, Russian scientists have not enough funds forcarrying out development work of the kind. Beyondany doubt, if federal or commercial structuresprovide their appropriate financial support it willbe possible to develop such a technology and startmanufacturing magnetic refrigerators in Russia. Toour mind, in the nearest future all the interestedparties should be engaged in investigations onmagnetic refrigeration.


Alan L. Francoeur, Canada


http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/interference.htm

Editor: Read more on the device and experiments by Alan L. Francoeur in the next issue of our magazine.

Interference disc electric generator is an improved version of the Ecklin generators. It seemed logicalthat to produce electricity more efficiently the design of the generator had to be altered to rotate lessinternal mass with a balanced rotor disc. At the same time it has to allow for a collapsing magnetic fieldwithin the coils without rotating the magnets or the coils.

Using more powerful neodymium magnets and amorphous coils, the system was designed in sucha way as to allow the flux to circulate in a magnetic loop while incorporating magnetic shielding.Some simple experiments with magnetic shielding were performed. At that iron strips, ceramicmagnets and small transformers were used. The magnets and the transformer were positionedstationary opposite of each other with an air gap between the magnet and the transformer.

Once the apparatus was assembled the author proceeded to move the metal strips in and out ofthe air gap between the magnet and the transformer which has produced an AC pulse in thestationary coil. Using this principal and refining the design there was built a mechanical deviceincorporating magnetic shielding into the design. It was named the Interference Disc Generatorbeing that the metallic thin iron disc interrupted the magnetic field in the air gap (neutral zone)between the coils and magnets.

This method is unique in that it produces electricity with greater efficiency due to both the magnetsand coils being stationary, brushes and a commutator in this design are not needed and it requiresvery little startup torque.


Howard Johnson MotorReview prepared by our correspondent Alla Pashova

In April 1979 Howard Johnson patented a motor,which operates on permanent magnets(# 4,151,431). It is an object of the invention toutilize the magnetic spinning phenomenon ofunpaired electrons occurring in ferromagneticmaterial to produce the movement of a mass in aunidirectional manner as to permit a motor to bedriven solely by magnetic forces as occurringwithin permanent magnets. In the practice of theinventive concepts, motors of either linear orrotative types may be produced. It is an object ofthe invention to provide the proper combinationof materials, geometry and magneticconcentration to utilize the force generated byunpaired electron spins existing in permanentmagnets to power a motor.

Whether the motor constitutes a linearembodiment or a rotary embodiment, in eachinstance the “stator” may consist of a plurality ofpermanent magnets fixed relative to each otherin space relationship to define a track, linear inform in the linear embodiment, and circular inform in the rotary embodiment. An armaturemagnet is located in spaced relationship to suchtrack defined by the stator magnets wherein anair gap exists therebetween. The length of thearmature magnet is defined by poles of oppositepolarity, and the length of the armature magnet isdisposed relative to the track defined by the statormagnets in the direction of the path of movementof the armature magnet as displaced by themagnetic forces.

The stator magnets are so mounted that poles oflike polarity are disposed toward the armaturemagnet and as the armature magnet has poleswhich are both attracted to and repelled by theadjacent pole of the stator magnets, bothattraction and repulsion forces act upon thearmature magnet to produce the relativedisplacement between the armature and statormagnets.

The continuing motive force producingdisplacement between the armature and stator

magnets results from the relationship of the lengthof the armature magnet in the direction of its pathof movement as related to the dimension of thestator magnets, and the spacing therebetween, inthe direction of the path of armature magnetmovement.

This ratio of magnet and magnet spacings, andwith an acceptable air gap spacing between thestator and armature magnets, will produce aresultant force upon the armature magnet whichdisplaces the armature magnet across the statormagnet along its path of movement.

In the practice of the invention movement of thearmature magnet relative to the stator magnetsresults from a combination of attraction andrepulsion forces existing between the stator andarmature magnets. By concentrating the magneticfields of the stator and armature magnets themotive force imposed upon the armature magnetis intensified, and in the disclosed embodimentssuch magnetic field concentration means aredisclosed.

The disclosed magnetic concentrating meanscomprise a plate of high magnetic fieldpermeability disposed adjacent one side of thestator magnets in substantial engagementtherewith. This high permeability material is thusdisposed adjacent poles of like polarity of thestator magnets. The magnetic field of the armaturemagnet may be concentrated and directionallyoriented by bowing the armature magnet, and themagnetic field may further be concentrated byshaping the pole ends of the armature magnet toconcentrate the magnet field at a relatively limitedsurface at the armature magnet pole ends.

Preferably, a plurality of armature magnets areused which are staggered with respect to eachother in the direction of armature magnetmovement. Such an offsetting or staggering of thearmature magnets distributes the impulses offorce imposed upon the armature magnets andresults in a smoother application of forces to the


armature magnet producing a smoother andmore uniform movement of the armaturecomponent.

In the rotary embodiment of the permanentmagnet motor of the invention the stator magnetsare arranged in a circle and the armature magnetsrotate about the stator magnets. Means aredisclosed for producing relative axialdisplacement between the stator and armaturemagnets to adjust the axial alignment thereof, andthereby regulate the magnitude of the magneticforces being imposed upon the armature magnets.In this manner the speed of rotation of the rotaryembodiment may be regulated.

Special magnets of curved shape are used in thedevice (see Fig. 1). Force vectors of each magnet aredirected in such a way as to create constant torque.Power of the working prototype comes to 5 kWt.

Fig. 1

In Howard Johnson patents there is a detaileddescription of his devices:

• U.S. patent number 4,151,431 “Permanentmagnet motor” (April 24, 1979)

• U.S. patent number 4,877,983 “Magneticforce generating method and apparatus”(October 31, 1989)

• U.S. patent number 5,402,021 “Magneticpropulsion system” (March 28, 1995).

Nowadays there are may be found manypublications by authors who tell about theirattempts to reproduce Howard Johnson motor.For example, Steven Walker made a device,which was working within two months.

An American engineer (unfortunately, only hisname – Richard is known) gathered a group oflike�minded people in order to reproduce thedevice using standard units. More detailedinformation is presented at the webpagedevoted to the researches by Tom Berden:h t t p : / / w w w. g r e a t e r t h i n g s . c o m / N e w s /FreeEnergy/Directory/Howard_Johnson_Motor/TomBearden/index.html.

Not long ago a researcher Douglas Mannpublished original drawings of the motor( h t t p : / / w w w. g r e a t e r t h i n g s . c o m / N e w s /FreeEnergy/Directory/Howard_Johnson_Motor/Douglas_Mann/index.html):

Fig. 2

This figure of the motor was published in Science& Mechanics magazine (USA) in 1980 along witha brief article about this amazing motor, whichgenerates energy only by means of permanentmagnets.

Editors of New Energy Technologies magazine willbe glad to receive comments to this publicationfrom the authors who try or already havereproduced Howard Johnson motor.

U.S. Patent April 24, 1979 4,151,431


Vyacheslav I. Bogomolov, Russia

Design of the device is presented in Fig. 1. Wattcentrifugal governor is mounted at a shaft of areversible electrical machine (motor-generator).The centrifugal force of inertia F

cen=mωωωωω

111112R

1appears when there is reached a definite angularspeed ωωωωω

11111 of the loads, which rotate at the shaft and

have total weight m. This force of inertia allows thework of centrifugal forces A

cen=FR

1, i.e. it moves

apart weighted levers at a maximal radius ofcurvature of rotational trajectory R

1. At that a spring

is contracted. The electrical machine works in amode of “motor” and, consuming some powerfrom batteries, it converts electrical energy intokinetic one. It is clear that real motors alwaysrequire some input to generate rotation butamount of energy input can be very small as to becompared with a result (contraction of the spring).

Fig. 1

At the second stage of the device operation, themachine works as a generator. Decreasing of speedof rotation of the loads ωωωωω

11111 causes stretching of the

spring and return of the stored energy Ek, which is

converted to the torque of the shaft of a generator.Let us explain it by an example. By analogy withthe rotary acceleration made by a figure skaterwhose arms are clasped to

the body and by virtue of law of conservationof angular momentum (angular momentumL=mR2ωωωωω

11111=const) the work of the spring, which

was cocked at the first stage, will cause increase ofkinetic energy and increase of angular speed ofthese loads. This work is made to transfer massesof the loads m at the radius of curvature R

1-R

2against the centrifugal forces F

cen.

W=1/2mR1

2ωωωωω11111

2-1/2mR2

2ωωωωω22222

2 (1)

ωωωωω22222=mR

12/mR

22 (2)

This is the very energy, which a consumer gets “freeof charge”. At that some losses are also possible,according to the parameters of the really appliedelectrical machine.

As a result of operation of the device for two stages,at the end of the second stage we will get anincrement to the returned energy, which wasconsumed at the first stage. In other words there isan increment of power of the device by means offree energy of the medium of physical vacuum(aether).

Theoretically, according to the hypothesis by anauthor [2], an artificial system of rotation of loadscreates a subsystem in the structure of elementsof the medium of physical vacuum. Thissubsystem is named “potential field of centrifugalforces of inertia” PCFI (or organizational formof matter OFM by B.P. Ivanov [1]). Nature of thisartificial field is similar to the nature ofgravitational, electrostatic and magnetic fields. Inother words PCFI is a potential well for energy.The loads “fall” in it “free of charge” like a manfalls in a well. And to get out of this “well” it isnecessary to make some work. Source of energyincrement of the device is a spring, which was“cocked” at the first stage during “falling” of theloads in the potential well of energy of PCFI.

In the article by V.I. Bogomolov there is considered a physical principle to generate excess mechanical energy.Details of construction allow accelerating the rotor of the generator with no use of external power source.We are working at realization of this idea. Please, send your comments to the following address: FaradayLab Ltd, Lev Tolstoy Str. 7-601, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.


If the reversible electrical machine gives us back(less the losses) input energy for two stages of theaction, then where the force and power budget ofthe artificial OFM for the “cocked” spring comesfrom?

By the inertia of the system of mass of the loads,kinetic energy of rotation is accumulated (turnsfrom electrical one). It is possible since elasticforces of the levers make some work to changelinear tangent vectors of impulse (instantaneousorbital speed) of masses of the loads at the radiusof their inertial motion.

Source of power of the action of Coulomb and Vander Waals forces (i.e. forces of structural integrityof a matter of the levers) is in the same perpetuallymoving material substance, which surrounds us, i.e.in the medium of physical vacuum. As shown in [1],every material particle is a subsystem of the physicalvacuum. It represents a vortex of the organizationalform of matter of locally concentrated elements of

aether substance (one might say a “stored energyof medium structure”). This energy causesadditional deformation of the structure of physicalvacuum and generation of the power budget of theartificial field of inertia of centrifugal forces aroundmatter of the loads.

References

1. B.P. Ivanov. Physical model of the Universe.

Saint-Petersburg: Politehnika, 20002. V.I. Bogomolov. Paradigm of the physicalvision of the world (“matreshka”). Principlescheme of utilization of energy of conservativefields, Collection of articles of theInternational Academy “Information,communication, management in engineering,nature, society”) “Problems of space safety”Saint-Petersburg, 2002.

Researchers at Sandia National Laboratorieshave shown that f i laments fabricated oftungsten lattices emit remarkably more energythan solid tungsten filaments in certain bandsof near-infrared wavelengths when heated.

This greater useful output offers the possibilityof a superior energy source to superchargehybrid electric cars, electric equipment onboats, and industrial waste-heat-drivenelectrical generators. The lattices’ energyemissions put more energy into wavelengthsused by photovoltaic cells that change light intoelectricity to run engines.

Because near-infrared is the wavelength regionclosest to visible light, the day may not be distantwhen tungsten lattice emissions realized at

visible wavelengths provide a foundation formore efficient lighting — the first significantchange in Edison’s light bulb since he inventedit.

Revolutionary tungsten photonic crystal could providemore power for electrical devices

http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2003/other/planck-lin.html

Sensational discovery by American scientists


Alexey I. Vydrin, Russia

Ipatov Str., 31-3, 355008, Stavropol

Tel.: +7(8652)269470

A motor (MÏÊ F03 G, 7/00)converts energy ofpermanent magnets intomechanical work, at thatdirect propulsion forceis created. This forcecauses not rotational butprogressive motion. Themotor is assembled ofpermanent magnetsplaced in the housingmade of diamagnetic or

paramagnetic materials. These materials have noimpact on the forces of interaction of magneticpoles, since they are not magnetized and magneticfields run through them almost as easily as air does.

Magnets are arranged in stages in such a way as toface each other with unlike poles in each stage. Bymeans of mutual attraction of magnets in thestages, the device is in neutral position. Thenmagnetic inserts are placed in the stages nextnearest. The magnetic inserts face main magnetswith unlike poles. The stages with inserts interlacethe stages with no inserts. To produce propulsionforce the magnetic inserts are simultaneouslydisplaced to the adjoined stages where they facethe main magnets with like poles. At that mutualattraction of the magnets in these stages isdiscontinued. Each magnetic pole of this stage isbetween like and unlike poles of the adjoinedstages, which due to mutual attraction of themagnetic fields represent balanced power circuits.On colliding each other, the like magnetic fields ofthe main magnet and of the insert repel from thelike and attract to the unlike pole of the balancedstages.

At mutual repulsion and attraction of the magneticfields of the stages with inserts and balanced stages,different directions of vectors determine thedifference of forces with which they act in oppositedirections. The sum difference of forces acting inopposite directions of all the stages of the device is

equal to the total direct propulsion force. Sincemagnetic stages are immovable, the whole rigidlyfastened device (i.e. magnetic motor) is turned inthe direction of action of their forces.

Another version of the motor is a device inwhich magnets are placed in circular stages (Fig.1). At that the shape and size of the device arechanged and the construction has a shape of acylinder. However the general way of operationof the motor is the same.Technical andeconomic efficiency of the magnetic motor isdetermined by its general characteristics. It iseasy in operation, safe and durable. Atproducing of permanent magnets certainenergy consumption will be required, butresources of the motor will be worked out untilthe hard magnetic material is demagnetized thatwill take several tens of years.

Fig. 1


Releasing Water Energy: Method and Device

Editor’s: The author asked not to mention his namein the publication. You can get in touch with him bythis e�mail: energy�omega@mail.

The invention has to do with energy generation,in particular, with releasing thermal energy outof water (e.g. out of dissociated electrolyte orheavy water). This type of energy ∑∑∑∑∑ is virtual tothe energy of atom bonds of a liquid in case ofinertial (thermoionic) explosion of the later.

Technically, the present invention makes itviable to generate energy (in the form of kineticenergy of explosion products) by means ofinertial (thermoionic) explosions of a preparedliquid. The amount of energy ∑∑∑∑∑, generated as aresult of application of the offered invention,exceeds electrical power inputs w many times.The released energy can be easily converted intouseful kinds of energy (electrical and rotaryones).

The essence of the invention is in releasinginternal energy of water by means of making itready to detonate under the action of artificiallyevoked anomalous physical phenomena followedby an explosion.

According to the quantum theory, if we manageto regulate somehow a cloud of electrons,kinetic energy of these electrons will increase.In other words, we only need to group at least apart of free electrons by bunching them, forexample, into a directed flow and like ions willimmediately leave points of the lattice, repulsingone another.

That is why lattices are always ready to explode.We may use one of the three forces – electrical,

quantum or mechanical one – to explode a latticeof liquids by acting just upon its free electrons.Observations and experiments by V.Yavorsky,Doctor of Technical Sciences and Academician ofRussian Academy of Missile and Artillery Sciences,prove that released thermal energy exceedskinetic energy of primer explosive. Thus the effectdepends on kinetic energy of a matter (primerexplosive).

One of the earlier known analogues (“Method ofreleasing bond energy out of electroconductivematerials” by M. Marakhtanov and A. Marakhtanov(Rospatent, Abstract #2145147) patented in2000) has served as a prototype. However thismethod is applicable only to the materials withhard lattices.

In the investigation in question there have beenalso used the following known methods andeffects: Method of obtaining high and ultrahighpressures in liquids (L.A. Yutkin, inventorcertificate # 105011, priority starting from April15, 1950); Generation of plastic bodies by meansof a high energy hydraulic impact (USA patent#3566447), according to which the speed ofa jet directed to crude products is from100 to 10000 m/sec; Photohydraulic impact(A.M. Prokhorov, G.A. Askaryan and G.P. Shapiro,invention #65); Method of hydrogen generation(Rospatent , Abstract #97116916) , and“Electrohydrogen Generator (EHG)”(international patent application RU98/00190dated on October 7, 1997, Russian patent#2174162 dated on September 27, 2001).

The method of energy generation out of waterwithout intermediates lies in forming of a directedflow of liquid in order to bunch free electrons inthis flow. The method has the followingparticularities:

1. When flow of a liquid accelerate up to thespeed of partial bunching of free electrons andstop instantaneously, they release gases. Thatmeans they also release some energy followed byan explosion;

The method of energy generation outof water without intermediates l iesin forming of a directed flow of liquidin order to bunch free e lectrons inthis flow...


2. Contradirectional liquid flows, after beingaccelerated up to the speed of partial bunchingof free electrons and before colliding one withanother, pass through contact nozzles. A high�voltage electrical potential is imparted to thecontact nozzles. As a result of it, when the flowscollide in the jet there arises an electrical charge,accompanied by plasma generation and an energyrelease (an explosion);

3. A jet of the liquid forms in the flow and itaccelerates up to the speed of bunching of the partof free electrons. The jet is in motion (it is virtualto a part of a conductor that is ready to explodeat any moment). Detonation pulses actperiodically upon the jet and cause its explosion;

4. It is possible to accelerate flows of liquids upto the speed of bunching of the part of freeelectrons using either a mechanical method or anexplosive, or electrohydraulic impact, or aquantum pulse;

5. The detonation force that acts upon the jetcan be evoked by means of either an explosive oran electrical charge, a quantum or a magneticpulse;

6. Hydrogen and oxygen are released when anelectrical current runs through the formed jet orthere is a load resistance connected to the circuit;

7. A hydroturbine and/or a hydropump and/ora reactive drive can create the flow of circulatingliquid where the jet is formed.

The anomalous water�hydrogen reactor “Omega”contains a round reservoir with unlike currentconductive elements contacting with the circlesof a rotating torus of a liquid. The device has thefollowing particularities:

1. The liquid accelerates and rotates by meansof a reactive drive that uses energy, which isgenerated in an omega�shaped device. The effectarises due to acceleration of the liquid up to thespeed of bunching of the part of free electrons.When the electrons collide they release someenergy followed by an explosion;

2. The liquid accelerates and rotates by means ofa reactive drive that uses energy, which is generatedwhen the main flow makes a peripheral oneaccelerate. The peripheral flow forms a jet, whichis accelerated to the speed of bunching of the partof free electrons and is in spatial motion (a part ofa conductor is formed). Denotation forces actperiodically upon the jet and cause its explosion;

3. Electrical discharges arise under the action of electricalpower of a capacitor. The energy results from potentialdifference of the circles of the torus of liquid;

4. The acceleration and rotation of the liquid as well asan extra detonation of the formed jet result from explodinga bled fuel mixture, generated in the device;

5. The exterior ring of “Omega” can operate as anindependent energy generator. Thanks to concurrenteffects the device can be used as a hydrogen and electricalpower generator.

Fig.1 (simplified circuit diagram of the device) illustratesthe method. The device consists of a static toroid or aplate filled with a liquid (its rotating sense is marked byan arrow), e.g. with a solution of disassociated electrolyte.

Rotating sides of the circles of liquid contact with unlikecurrent conductive elements (e.g. with the fins of a turbine(13) and internal periphery of the reservoir).

Fig. 1


When the electrical circuit is closed, an electrical currentruns in the liquid through an accumulator (5) or an externalpower source. At the same time it releases detonating gasesthat pass through an inertial valve (1) in channel (6)towards a chamber (2) of “Omega”. The gases startburning when high voltage is supplied from theaccumulator to an electrode (3) through a dischargegap (4) (or any other commutator). The expandinggases pass through a nozzle (11) and make the liquid inthe circle accelerate.

At reaching the required centrifugal moment the liquidstart flowing into the chamber (2) (while valves (7) areset at maximal centrifugal pressure). Due to the action ofa minimal rated charge in the liquid, contradirectionalflows pass through the channels of “Omega” and ejectfrom the chamber (2), “flying” one towards another atextremely high speed.

When the liquid (with already weakenedmolecular bonds) joins in the chamber (8) passingthrough the jet contactors (9) of a previouslycharged capacitor (10) there runs a high�voltagedischarge (the discharge can also run through aport of a “mixing” electrode (21)).

The instantaneous collision of the liquids,electrical discharging and plasma effects,ultrasonic and cavity processes cause a completeor partial explosion of the liquid (depending onits acceleration and the power of discharging)and its disintegration into hydrogen andoxygen.

Then the liquid oxidizes (burns down). In bothcases there is a large amount of energy generated(i.e. practically all the modern technologies areengaged in such a hydrogen releasewithin a microsecond period). To intensify theeffect we can fill both chambers (8 and 17) withdetonating gas (before an explosion).

While entering into a circle, the torus of liquidaccelerates up to ultrasonic speeds and the secondring of “Omega” joins to the operation.

The rotating liquid makes the liquid in the radialperipheral ring rotate as well using a slot(excluding the chamber (17)) or any other way. Itresults in formation of a jet in the chamber (17)(that operates like a jet pump).

The jet is in spatial motion and passes throughthe jet contactors (14) (like a part of aconductor). The fuel mixture is supplied to thesame chamber through the channel (15). Anelectric discharge acts up on the jet from the capacitor(that have collected a charge of the current accumulator

(16) or any other source) passing through the dischargegap (20) and the jet contactors (14). As a result of it thejet explodes and inflames together with the supplied fuelmixture in the chamber and, passing through the nozzles(18) and (15), imparts energy of the rotation to thetorus of liquid. The liquid in the device can be driveneither by both rings of “Omega” or by one of them.

Moreover, the external ring of “Omega” can operate as anindependent power generator (e.g. as a stream�and�gasmixture generator in combustion chambers of variousengines or as a power generator applied to heat turbinesinstead of a superheated steam generator, etc).

The described device can be applied as a hydrogen andelectrical power generator (in this case if the channel (15)is not used or equipped with an extinguishing gate valve).You can find a detailed description of the process in thepatented inventions “Method of hydrogen generation”(Rospatent, Abstract #97116916), and “ElectrohydrogenGenerator (EHG)” (international patent applicationRU98/00190 dated October 7, 1997, Russian patent#2174162 dated September 27, 2001).

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Harald Chmela, Austria

www.hcrs.at/liquidn2.htm

At the 9th Sept. 1992 in the University of Tampere,Finland an experiment of gravitation shielding bysuperconductors was set up by EugenePodkletnov. A superconductor floats over amagnet and is additional taken to a rotation. Thegravity over the superconductor was lowered byseveral percents, depending on the rotation oracceleration of the superconductor.

Since that time I read some reports in the Internet,according to which several people havesucceeded in proving this effect with smallsuperconductors, which are available fordemonstration in physic.

Most of these setups I hold for insufficient, sinceboth the nitrogen and the superconductor areweighed together and so differences in theevaporation are measured, or others are hangingcoil and superconductor into the nitrogen,whereby it comes to lift features by the boilingnitrogen if the coil is warmed up by the current.

Fig. 1

Experimental setup

For a secured statement I developed thisexperimental setup. It is essentially a modifiedtare balance, whose weight on the left side isreplaced by a steel cylinder with 2.5 cm diameter.I selected this form, since the change ofgravitation is to arise only directly over thesuperconductor, which diameter is already2.54 cm. The mass of the cylinder is balanced byvarious other weights on the right scalepan, so that the bar stands horizontally.Exactly underneath the steel cylinder thesuperconductor (class 2) and a magnetic disk isplaced. The superconductor is brought in thenitrogen over the magnet to float. I tested thesensitivity of the balance. It is sufficient, in orderto indicate 0.5 % of weight change. In order toexclude effects by the magnetic attraction, thicksteel plates were inserted in the soil of thebalance to act as a screen for the magnetic field.It must be considered, that it comes to a fielddistortion, as the superconductivity is set up andthis could cause an excursion also with balancedmagnetic field strengths.

Results

The expected results did not take place underall possible test conditions. If the balance is inthe equilibrium, and then the nitrogen ispoured into the container, there is noexcursion to be seen. The superconductivitywas examined after each attempt(superconductor is floating over the magnet),and was always present. Also moving orrotating the superconductor could notproduce an excursion on the balance.

Of course the superconductor could not bebrought into a very fast rotation by hand, as itis perhaps necessary for the effect.

It is in any case not as easy to prove this effect,as some experimenters want makes us tobelieve. Exaggerated euphoria is notappropriate here.


Conception of Magnetic Gas

Prepared by our correspondent Alla Pashova

— In the 60th of the last century reading “Technologyto the Youth” magazine I came upon the article“Pulsating ball from the broken plug socket” – ViktorN. Dubchak tells. – The method to generate a balllightning was described in the article. I believed thatit was possible to reproduce the process by myself.After nine months of experimenting I managed toachieve beneficial effects. By dampening a carboliteplug with sulphuric acid I finally obtained not a flamebut a reddish ball, which immediately came back intothe plug. I tried to tell about my experiments in pressbut my letters to “Technology to the Youth” were notnoticed. The documents which were applied forinventor’s certificate were sent back. Nobody showedinterest in it.

— In what way the experiments on generation of the ball

lightning are related to the magnetic gas conception?

— Thanks to milk-white magnetic gas the lightningbecomes ball-shaped. MG serves as cerment to joinmatters together since at electromagnetic excitationits molecules easily create “dipoles”. In a strongelectromagnetic field these dipoles are put in orderand joined to create one giant molecule.

I dare to suppose what exactly causes ball lightningin natural conditions. At electrical charge oxygen andnitrogen are combined with water. In such a waynitric acid is produced. As a result of combustion the

particles of a solid which are wetted in the nitric acid(e.g. wood or minerals) obtain special properties. Ihave got to know about it in the course of several

simple experiments.

I wound cotton and synthetical wool, which waswetted in nitric acid, around a ceramic stick and thenplace it in the lower part of a torch flame. (It is alsopossible to use newsprint). The ash, produced as aresult of the process, began attracting to the magnet.The evolved milk-white MG was attracted tothe magnet and slowly rotated at its plane.

Non-metallic magnetics will also become apparent ifwe burn glass wool wetted with acid and then carryan electrified stick to the obtained brown lump. The

lump begins to bounce from the floor.

— What application of the MG conception could be found

in power engineering?

— MG can be effectively used for modernization ofTOKAMAKs. Along with indifferent gas, which is nowused in such set-ups, MG can be injected in the“furnace”. It will serve as an astringent and plasma“roll”, whose stability is the aim of many researches,

will exist much longer.

— Is it possible to generate energy directly from the ball

lightning? What is necessary for that?

Editor: We publish an interview about fantastical statements madeby the inventor Viktor N. Dubchak. It is unlikely that somebody of ourreaders will seriously take these statements . The methods applied forexperimenting seem especially queer. The reason for the publicationis direct analogies revealed between the inventor’s statements onsuccessful obtaining of non-metal matters with magnetic propertiesand well-known works by Valerian Sobolev. If Dubchak’s experimentson rotation of matter in a magnetic f ield without supplying outerenergy represent the facts , then possibly many of our readers will beinterested to reproduce his dangerous experiments with nitric acidand glass wool. Many years have passed since Russian researcher V.N.Dubchak had experimentally discovered the phenomenon of non-metallic magnetics and worked out a magnetic gas (MG) conception.However representatives of the of f ic ial sc ience have never givenattention to the discovery made by the inventor in spite of the factthat results of the researches could be a valuable contribution to thedevelopment of high-energy physics .


— Most likely we will need a spherical cavity andindifferent gas, which does not allow the balllightning to touch the walls of the cavity. However itis not necessary looking for the ways to use the balllightning since TOKAMAKs have already existed.Much efforts and money have already put into theirdevelopment.

— Is the MG conception somehow related to the so called

“magnetic monofield”?

— No, it does not: “Magnetic monofield” is just ahypothesis, a guess-work by scientists. Actually it doesnot exist. The incapability to explain naturalphenomena causes rising of such nonsense ideas. Forexample, in an article published by “Lomonosov”magazine the “magnetic monofield” was consideredas a cause of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster.

— Have you ever gained the recognition of your

achievements?

— I wrote about one of my experiments in Academyof Sciences. They answered: “Do not write any more”.Later it was turned out that this seeming indifferencewas a complete dissimulation. The researches hadbeen already carried out in Russian Academy ofSciences and they did not need a surplus man for that.

— Do you go on your experiments?

— No, at present I just do not have access to necessarydocuments. Besides, I believe that a beneficial effecthas been already achieved by me. Proper applicationof the present MG conception will allow to improveoperating power plants (such as TOKAMAK) within

24 hours. Hence we will not need to increaseTOKAMAK dimensions and spend money andmaterials. Even a small plant will allow producingrequired amount of the stable plasma.

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