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Ethics: HandlingAllegations of Officer
Untruthfulness
Mistakes or Malfeasance?
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Mistakes or Malfeasance?International Association of Chiefs of Police –
Legal Officers’ SectionAnnual Conference
October 2009Karen J. Kruger, Esq.Jeffery J. Noble, Esq.
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Ethics – What is it?
Ethics: Principles of good or right behavior; asystem of moral principles or values that governthe members of a profession
Ethical Conduct: Behavior that conforms to theprofessional moral code
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professional moral code
Integrity: Firm adherence to the code; Behaviorcharacterized by honesty and maintenance ofthe highest ethical and moral standards in bothprofessional & personal life
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Ideal Values in LawEnforcement
Fairness: Just to all parties; inaccordance with rules, logic or ethics;treating others as individuals, withdignity and respect, and in an unbiasedmanner
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manner
Service: Work done for others as anoccupation
Character: Moral or ethical strengthderived from emotional, intellectual andindividually learned moral standards
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Acts of Deception – UndermineThese Values
Acts of deceit and untruthfulnessundermine the law enforcement mission
May compromise officer safety
Contravene the principles of justice
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Contravene the principles of justice
Erode the public trust
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What is lying?
A common human behavior
An intentionally deceptive messagecommunicated verbally, in writing, byomission or by behavior
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omission or by behavior
He who says he has never lied is…lying.
Aristotle: Lying is wrong under everycircumstance
Plato: May be acceptable if for thecommon good
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Who Lies When?
National Institute of Ethics Study – 1996
Average Age: 32
Gender: 93% male, 7% female (of 9.9% total)
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Gender: 93% male, 7% female (of 9.9% total)
Education: 70% H.S.; 11% GED; 10 % AAdegree; 8% BS degree
Average Years Sworn: 7.2
Type of Agency: 56% Urban (of 66%); 33%County (of 25%); 11% State (of 8%)
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Why Do Officers Lie?
Arrogance
Ignorance
Fear
For personalgain/greed
To protect others
To hide
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Moral Defect
To close ranks
Out of self pity
Immaturity
To hidemisconduct
Cowardice
Self indulgence
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To avoid responsibility & punishment
To provide internal justification forquestionable acts
The organization may condone it
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The organization may condone it
Officers are trained to lie and bemanipulative
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Two General Categories
Out of Ignorance
Preventable throughtraining
Deter/correct throughprogressive discipline
Lack of Integrity
Possibly preventablethrough training
May result fromcharacter flaw, poor
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progressive discipline
Can be explained orexcused until/unlesspattern ofuntruthfulnessdevelops or ifegregious in nature
character flaw, poordecision-making skills,lack of moral courage
Unacceptable in theprofession
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Why Does It Matter?
We are about truthand justice
Ability to providecredible testimony
Affects credibility ofentire agency
Underminescommunity trust
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credible testimonyunder oath is anessential jobfunctions
Legal disclosurerequirementsimplicated
community trust
Puts officer safety atrisk
Erodes agency’sability to defend civillawsuits
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Legal Implications
Evidence that an officer may be biased ornot truthful must be disclosed to a
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not truthful must be disclosed to acriminal defendant in advance of trial,and to a civil plaintiff in discovery.
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Disclosure Obligation toCriminal Defendants
Impeachment Information. All materialor information in any form, whether ornot admissible, that tends to impeach aState's witness, including:
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State's witness, including:
(A) evidence of prior conduct to show thecharacter of the witness for untruthfulness…
MD Rule 4-263 (b)(6); Brady v. Maryland
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Ethical Analysis
Traditional categories of lies:
1) Jacose – for amusement
2) Officious – lie of excuse or told to
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2) Officious – lie of excuse or told tobenefit someone (“white” lie)
3) Injurious – lie that causes harm
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When Do Lies Become ImpeachmentMaterial? Is a Lie Always a Lie?
Deception Occurs on a Continuum
In These Categories:
Excusable or justified deception
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Excusable or justified deception
Conduct intended to deceive but notmalicious in nature
Intentional and malicious deceptiveconduct
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“I can’t recall”
Described as being the number one lie inpolice work
Classic case of deception by omission
Does an officer really forget that an
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Does an officer really forget that anincident took place?
Or just parts of an incident?
Convenient forgetfulness of one issuethat is the critical part of a controversy
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Category One: Excusable orJustified Deception - Examples
During interrogations to coerce aconfession
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During undercover operations
Lies justified by investigativenecessity, even if mistaken about thenecessity;
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Excusable or JustifiedDeception
Negligent reporting errors that turnout to be false;
Negligently providing false ormisleading information to a citizen,
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misleading information to a citizen,fellow officer or superior;
Non-material exaggerations, boastingor embellishments in descriptions ofevents or behavior of others.
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Excusable or JustifiedDeception
Inaccurate or false statements basedon misinformation or ignorance;
False statements made in jest,concerning trivial matters, or to spare
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concerning trivial matters, or to spareanother’s feelings;
Out of social courtesy.
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Ethical Dilemmas
If you don’t know the information youare using or giving is false, are youtelling a lie?
If you do think the information is
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If you do think the information isfalse, but in fact it is true, are you stilllying because you intended to saysomething false?
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More to think about
What about “mixed motive” lies – e.g.Deception made in pursuit someworthwhile or utilitarian goal?
A lie of necessity? What about if it
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A lie of necessity? What about if itexceeds the necessity?
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Category Two: Conduct IntendedTo Deceive But Not Malicious
Simple exculpatory “no” or denial;
Statement made in effort to disguiseminor misconduct or errors;
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Off duty statement about privatematters;
Spontaneous, thoughtless statementsmade under stress;
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Conduct Intended To DeceiveBut Not Malicious
Dishonest statement promptlyacknowledged and corrected;
Isolated dishonest acts occurring yearsprior;
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prior;
“Administrative deception” about minoremployment matters – aimed atpreventing some type of employmentaction rather than related to the exerciseof law enforcement powers
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Category 3: Intentional &Malicious Conduct
Lying intentionally in a formal settingsuch as court, charging document,affidavit, deposition, IA interview, etc.;
Acts that constitute fabrication of or
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Acts that constitute fabrication of ortampering with evidence;
“Testilying”
Deliberate failure to report significantmisconduct of other officers;
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Intentional & MaliciousConduct
Willful false statement made to anotherofficer on which he relies;
Criminal conduct that is fraudulent innature;
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nature;
Repeated acts of deceptions/dishonesty;
Lies made for personal gain;
Deceitful acts that demonstrate adisregard for the law or an immoralcharacter.
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Agency Obligations
An agency must prohibit deceptiveconduct – even though theseunderlying complexities makedifficulties in recognition,
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difficulties in recognition,management and enforcement
Noting the difference betweenmistakes and intentional abuse ofpolice authority by deception
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Proactive Strategies
Law Oriented
Pre-employmentbackgroundinvestigations
Effective IA process
Ethics Oriented
Education &Training
Moral leadership
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Effective IA process
Established andknown impeachmentdisclosure policies
Zero tolerance policy
Emotional supportsystems foremployees at criticalcareer junctures orin trouble
Reward ethicalconduct
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Managing Misconduct -Make Good Choices
Is this misconduct or something else?
Establish clear policy statements
Set an example
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Carefully investigate allegations ofuntruthfulness, but don’t “nit pick”
Take care using polygraph as aninvestigative tool
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Managing Misconduct -Make Good Choices
Consider the motive, circumstances &background of the officer
Is the officer remorseful?
Does the officer recognize the error?
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Does the officer recognize the error?
Does the officer otherwise have a goodconduct record?
Was the underlying issue important enough topotentially cause serious negativeconsequences? How far-reaching?
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Internal Affairs
Emphasize advantages of being truthfulin interviews
Use extreme discretion in placingadministrative integrity charges
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administrative integrity charges
Consider the end game
Treat the deliberate, malicious lie as atermination offense
Be judicious in consulting with theprosecutor’s office
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Disclosure of IA Files
Complex subject – generally, prosecutorsdecide what is exculpatory in criminalcases
Professional opinions differ by
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Professional opinions differ byjurisdiction, by state/federal
Disclosure of all or part of file v. justinforming prosecutor
Do not release info directly to defendant
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Non-sustained Allegations
May still be subject to disclosure asexculpatory evidence, but almostcertainly not admissible against theofficer
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officer
May be useful to impeach thecomplainant/defend the officer in civilsuit
Should they be expunged?
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Deceptive Practices Are GoodLaw Enforcement Tools
Police unlikely to stop using deceptivepractices, and no reason to do so –
• Undercover Operations• Undercover Operations
• Unmarked patrol vehicles
• Creating false impression of safety
• Lying to elicit confessions
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To Protect Integrity
The goal must be to insure that officers donot slip down the continuum fromnot slip down the continuum fromacceptable deceptive conduct tointentional, malicious deceptive conduct
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Consider Interrogations
At least some individuals falsely confessto crimes
Interrogations intentionally occur in isolation
Inappropriate interrogation tactics
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Inappropriate interrogation tactics
Threats
Promises
Intentional or unintentional conveyance ofcorroborating information
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Interrogations
To resolve concerns consider:
“Stem to stern” recordings of allinterrogations of serious crimes
Benefits
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Benefits
Provides transparency
Allows detective to focus on interrogation, rather thannote taking
Provides evidence that detectives acted properly
Allows jury to make credibility assessment of suspect
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Interrogations
Fears About Recordings:
Reluctance to reveal interrogationstechniques (such as lying)
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techniques (such as lying)
A belief that recording will inhibit thesuspect’s cooperation
Concern of costs
A belief that detectives may becomeoverly reliant on technology
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Training
Officers should receive training in policeinduced false confessions
Officers should receive training in thosedeceptive actions that are acceptable and
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deceptive actions that are acceptable andthose that are not
Ongoing ethics and ethical decision-making
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In the news…
Vowing to bolster hisdepartment’s legitimacy in the
eyes of the public, Boston PoliceCommissioner Edward F. Davis isCommissioner Edward F. Davis is
finalizing a new policy thatallows him to fire any cop caught
lying in the line of duty.
Boston Herald
September 27, 2009
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Another voice…
“It’s a cop-out to suggest that there’s nothing they cando about it but fire people,” said Jim Pasco,executive director of the National Fraternal Order ofPolice, a union representing 327,000 officers and2,300 local unions.2,300 local unions.
Pasco said a solution to lying is to step up screeningfor new officers. “People don’t become dishonestafter they become police officers,” said Pasco, aretired ATF agent. “A lot of the responsibility falls onpolice management to do a better job in recruiting.”
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What advice do we give?
Use of the deception continuum helpspolice chiefs evaluate cases and makedecisions.
Chiefs must be willing to terminate
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Chiefs must be willing to terminatethose who engage in intentional,malicious, and deceptive conduct.
Chiefs must also be willing to managehuman behaviors along the continuum.
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Final Thoughts
Aristotle: Lying for whatever reasonwarps the character of the person andthus diminishes one’s capacity toexercise practical wisdom
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exercise practical wisdom
The trust necessary for successfulrelationships is undermined even by wellintentioned acts of dishonesty
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Prevention is Preferable
“There is no terror in your threats…;
For I am arm’d so strong with honesty
That they pass by me as the idle wind,
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Which I respect not.”
W. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar (1599), act IV, iii, 66
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Resources
Lies, True Lies and Conscious Deception:
Police Officers and the Truth
Geoffrey P. Alpert & Jeffery J. Noble
Police Quarterly OnLineFirst, 11/17/2008
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Police Quarterly OnLineFirst, 11/17/2008
http://online.sagepub.com