![Page 1: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction
● Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) ● Growth, metabolism, and other body functions.
● Glucose → Immediate energy ● Glycogen → Muscle, liver stores ● Main source of energy à body, brain,
nervous system.
![Page 2: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
● Carbohydrate → “the enemy”
● Depletion of CHO stores • Impair athletic
performance • Fueling strategies
Carbohydrates and Exercise
![Page 3: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Carbohydrates and Exercise
Keys: Intake and Timing
![Page 4: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Trends and Controversies
1. Trained vs Untrained Muscles 2. Male and Female 3. Supplements vs High-CHO Diet 4. Exercise intensity, exercise duration,
participant selection criteria, and emotion altering performance results
![Page 5: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Research Articles Article 1: Effects of supplemental carbohydrate ingestion during superimposed electromyostimulation exercise in elite weightlifters.
Article 2: Does carbohydrate supplementation enhance tennis match play performance?
Article 3: Carbohydrate use and reduction in number of balance beam falls: implications for mental and physical fatigue.
Article 4: Ingesting a high-dose carbohydrate solution during the cycle section of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon improves subsequent run performance.
Article 5: Effects of carbohydrate combined with caffeine on repeated sprint cycling and agility performance in female athletes.
![Page 6: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Wax, B., Kavazis, A., & Brown, S. (2013). Effects of supplemental carbohydrate ingestion during superimposed electromyostimulation exercise in elite weightlifters. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 27(11), 3084-3090. doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828c26ec
Purpose: Investigate the effects of supplemental carbohydrate ingestion on blood parameters and total force output during SEMS of the quadriceps muscle in elite weightlifters.
Article 1
![Page 7: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
● Materials: Solutions, transcutaneous electronic muscle stimulator
● Methods: Six elite resistance trained male subjects
were randomly assigned to placebo (PL) or carbohydrate (CHO).
● Experimental group vs Placebo group ● Force output and blood glucose was measured.
Materials and Methods
![Page 8: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Results
![Page 9: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
● Discussion: The Increase in growth hormone resulting from exogenous carbohydrate supplementation may increase muscular strength and decrease recovery time.
● Implications: Carbohydrate supplementation – beneficial ● Limitations: Limited number of subjects, homogeneity of
subjects used, specific training condition, and heterogeneity in individual response to SEMS.
Discussion, Implications, Limitations
![Page 10: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Gomes, R., Capitani, C., Ugrinowitsch, C., Zourdos, M., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Aoki, M. (2013). Does carbohydrate supplementation enhance tennis match play performance? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 46. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-46
Purpose: Assess the effect of CHO supplementation on tennis match play performance among nationally ranked young players (Brazil).
Article 2
![Page 11: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
● Materials: CHO solution (6%) containing maltodextrin or water artificially sweetened, AccuCheck Monitor
● Methods: CHO or PLA
beverage consumption. ● Blood glucose and match
play performance was measured.
Materials and Methods
![Page 12: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Methods
![Page 13: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
● Results: CHO supplementation did not affect tennis match play performance and no significant difference in blood glucose.
Results
![Page 14: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
● Discussion: Even though present study design simulated match play performance and did not improve tennis play performance, CHO supplementation may be beneficial to maintain blood glucose level and augment performance under tournament conditions.
Discussion
![Page 15: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Implications: Prolonged matches may benefit from CHO supplementation.
Limitations: 1. It did not simulate tournament conditions. 2. A high CHO diet
Implications and Limitations
![Page 16: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Batatinha, H., da Costa, C., de França, E., Dias, I., Ladeira, A., & Rodrigues, B. et al. (2013). Carbohydrate use and reduction in number of balance beam falls: implications for mental and physical fatigue. Journal Of The International Society Of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 32. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-32
Purpose: Effect of carbohydrate supplementation on gymnastic athlete’s performance.
Article 3
![Page 17: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Materials and Methods
![Page 18: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Results
![Page 19: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Discussion: Carbohydrate supplementation was able to restore the concentration levels of the athletes. Implications: Extra glucose supply makes a difference on performance. Limitations: More studies need to be conducted.
Discussion, Implications, Limitations
![Page 20: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Article 4 McGawley, K., Shannon, O., & Betts, J. (2012). Ingesting a high-dose carbohydrate solution during the cycle section of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon improves subsequent run performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 37(4), 664-671. doi:10.1139/h2012-040
Purpose: Compare results of ingesting a 2:1 maltodextrin/fructose solution with a placebo on simulated olympic-distance triathlon performance.
![Page 21: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
● Participants: Six males and four females ages 18-32.
● Trials: Swim and cycle tests that had fixed-intensities and a running section that was a timed-trial.
Materials and Methods
![Page 22: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
● Ingestion of the maltodextrin/fructose solution intermittently during the cycle section of a triathlon did enhance the running performance of a triathlete.
● No increase in GI discomfort was observed in the maltodextrin/fructose solution participants.
Results
Run-time trial (RTT) performance within the CHO and PLA trials. Males are solid lines, females are dashed lines. Significantly different from the PLA trial (p < 0.05).
![Page 23: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
● Discussion: Carbohydrate refueling is important for continued performance in athletes.
● Implications: Refueling with carbohydrates during prolonged endurance exercise is beneficial to performance.
● Limitations: 4 out of 10 participants were female; difficulty controlling for menstrual cycle metabolism changes.
Discussion, Implications, Limitations
![Page 24: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Article 5 Lee, C., Cheng, C., Asortino, T., Lee, C., Huang, H., & Chang, W. (n.d.). Effects of carbohydrate combined with caffeine on repeated spring cycling and agility performance in female athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(17). doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-17
Purpose: Investigate the effects of caffeine with carbohydrate supplementation on repeated sprint exercise. Materials: 6 mg/kg^-1 of caffeine, cellulose (placebo), .8 g/kg^-1 dextrose, or artificial sweetener (placebo), cycle ergometer (stationary bike)
![Page 25: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Methods
![Page 26: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Peak power: greater peak power in (PLA+CHO)
Blood lactate: concentrations higher in (CAF+PLA) and (CAF+CHO)
Blood glucose: higher levels in (CAF+CHO)
Testosterone and cortisol: no change
Agility: no change
Results
![Page 27: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
● Discussion: Caffeine ingestion increases heart rate, blood glucose, and lactate concentrations.
● Implications: Caffeine ingestion did not show to increase performance on repeated sprint exercise while carbohydrate ingestion did.
Discussion & Implications
![Page 28: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
● Limitations o GI distress after caffeine may have hindered
performance o Small sample size o All female athletes o More research should be done.
Limitations
![Page 29: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Summary of Results 1. Carbohydrate supplementation before and during
resistance exercise may be beneficial in resistance training.
2. Previous research demonstrated that CHO supplementation improved stroke performance in match plays, however this study demonstrated no effect on tennis match play performance.
![Page 30: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Supplemented carbohydrates are beneficial and it was able to supply muscle demands and improve the athlete’s focus.
4. Ingestion of the maltodextrin/fructose solution intermittently during the cycle section of a triathlon does enhance the running performance of a triathlete.
5. Ingesting caffeine with carbohydrate did not show to increase peak or mean power, total work during RSE, or improve agility.
Summary of Results cont.
![Page 31: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Benardot, D., & Benardot, D. (2006). Advanced sports nutrition (1st ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. National Academy of Sciences. (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Energy/energy_full_report.pdf Batatinha, H., da Costa, C., de França, E., Dias, I., Ladeira, A., & Rodrigues, B. et al. (2013). Carbohydrate use and reduction in number of balance beam falls: implications for mental and physical fatigue. Journal Of The International Society Of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 32. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-32 Clark, N., (2013). Nancy Clark’s sports nutrition guidebook (5th ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Gomes, R., Capitani, C., Ugrinowitsch, C., Zourdos, M., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Aoki, M. (2013). Does carbohydrate supplementation enhance tennis match play performance? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 46. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-46 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.) The role of carbohydrates in exercise and physical performance. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8079e/w8079e0n.htm.
References
![Page 32: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lee, C., Cheng, C., Astorino, T., Lee, C., Huang, H., & Chang, W. (2014). Effects of carbohydrate combined with caffeine on repeated sprint cycling and agility performance in female athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 17. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-17 McGawley, K., Shannon, O., & Betts, J. (2012). Ingesting a high-dose carbohydrate solution during the cycle section of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon improves subsequent run performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 37(4), 664-671. doi:10.1139/h2012-040 National Research Council. (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Rosenbloom, C. & Coleman, E. (2012). Sports nutrition a practice manual for professionals. Chicago: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. San Millan, I. (2013). The importance of carbohydrates and glycogen for athletes. Retrieved from http://home.trainingpeaks.com/blog/article/the-importance-of-carbohydrates-and-glycogen-for-a.
References
![Page 33: New Introduction - California State University, Northridgelisagor/Fall 2014/608/1 FINAL CHO_Exercise.pdf · 2014. 12. 8. · Introduction Carbohydrates (C, H, and O) Growth, metabolism,](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071215/6046402c7197991d2d3765b0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Santrock, John. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Wax, B., Kavazis, A., & Brown, S. (2013). Effects of supplemental carbohydrate ingestion during superimposed electromyostimulation exercise in elite weightlifters. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research, 27(11), 3084-3090. doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828c26ec Williams, M., Anderson, D., & Rawson, E. (2012). Nutrition for Health, Fitness, & Sport(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
References