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New Orleans Bridges and LeveesNew Orleans Bridges and LeveesA Look at the FutureA Look at the Future
In Light of Katrina ObservationsIn Light of Katrina Observations
JeanJean--Louis Briaud, PhD, P.E.Louis Briaud, PhD, P.E.Professor, Texas A&M UniversityProfessor, Texas A&M University
Member of the NSFMember of the NSF--Berkeley TeamBerkeley Team
Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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2006 Outlay
D epartment o f H ealth and H uman Services
24%
So cial Security A dministrat io n19%
D epartment o f the T reasury
D epartment o f D efense--M ilitary15%
D epartment o f A griculture3%
D epartment o f Veterans A ffairs2%
D epartment o f Educat io n2%
Off ice o f P erso nnel M anagement2%
D epartment o f T ranspo rtat io n2%
So cial Security A dministrat io n2%
D epartment o f Labo r2%
Other D efense C ivil P ro grams2%
D epartment o f H o using and Urban D evelo pment
1%
D epartment o f H o meland Security1%
Other7%
16%
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/db.htmlJean-Louis Briaud Jean-Louis Briaud –– TTexas A&M Universityexas A&M University
USA BUDGET = 2.5 Trillion dollars = 2,500,000,000,000 Dollars
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
2006 Outlay (Other)
A llo wa nc e s12 %
D e pa rtm e nt o f Ene rg y11%
Inte rna t io na l A s s is ta nc e P ro g ra m s
9 %
N a tio na l A e ro na ut ic s a nd S pa c e A dm inis tra t io n
8 %
D e pa rtm e nt o f S ta te7 %
D e pa rtm e nt o f the Inte rio r5 %
Env iro nm e nta l P ro te c t io n A g e nc y4 %
F e de ra l C o m m unic a t io ns C o m m is s io n
4 %
Exe c ut iv e Off ic e o f the P re s ide nt4 %
D e pa rtm e nt o f C o m m e rc e3 %
J udic ia l B ra nc h3 %
N a tio na l S c ie nc e F o unda t io n3 %
R a ilro a d R e t ire m e nt B o a rd3 %
C o rps o f Eng ine e rs -C iv il Wo rks2 %
Le g is la t iv e B ra nc h2 %
P o s ta l S e rv ic e2 %
< $ 1 B illio n e a c h5 %
D e pa rtm e nt o f J us t ic e12 %
USA BUDGET = 2.5 Trillion dollars = 2,500,000,000,000 Dollars
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/db.htmlJean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
H eart D eseaseC ancerC erebro-v ascu la r lower resp ira to ry deseasesC hron ic lower resp ira to ry deseasesA ccidentsD iabetes m ellitusIn f luenza and pneum oniaIn ten tiona l se lf harm (suc ide)C hron ic liv e r desease and c irrhosisA ssu lt (hom ic ide)
USA POPULATION = 300 MillionsDEATHS PER YEAR = 2.5 Millions
DEATHS PER YEAR AND PER 100,000 PEOPLE
Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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no. of deaths and the cost as a function of time in years(considering only the III's listed 10 most costly hurricanes in the US)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1984 1986 1989 1992 1994 1997 2000 2003 2005Date
Dea
ths
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
Bill
ions
$ (2
004
Dol
lars
)
Deaths Costs (2004$)
http://www.iii.org/media/facts/statsbyissue/hurricanes/
Jean-Louis Briaud Jean-Louis Briaud –– TTexas A&M Universityexas A&M University
HURRICANE DEATHS and DAMAGE COST
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
Hurricane = 250 miles in diameter
Travel speed = 25 mph
Duration over a bridge or a levee = 10 hours
Storm surge = 10 hours
Number of wave cycles = 6000
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
Bay St Louis Bridge
Lake Pont Chartrain Bridge
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
From Raymond B. SEED
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
From Raymond B. SEED
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
From Raymond B. SEED
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
BRIDGES
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
U.S. 90 bridgeU.S. 90 bridgeoveroverthe Bay of St. Louisthe Bay of St. Louis
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
I I --10 bridge10 bridgeoveroverLake PontchartrainLake Pontchartrain
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
FOUNDATFOUNDATIION DEON DESIGNSIGN
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
LEVEES
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
From Raymond B. SEED
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
From Raymond B. SEED
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
From Raymond B. SEED
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
FAILURE BY OVERTOPING AND EROSION
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
FAILURE BY OVERTOPING AND EROSION
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Jean-Louis Briaud Jean-Louis Briaud –– TTexas A&M Universityexas A&M University
FAILURE BY RIGID BODY TRANSLATION AND SEEPAGE
WATER
SOIL
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
BRIDGES
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Wave Length = 60 m
Wave Period = 6 s
Wave Height = 5.2 m
Wave Speed = 10 m/s
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
CHEN 3DCHEN 3D -- Wave Impact on Bridge DeckWave Impact on Bridge Deck
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
CHEN 3DCHEN 3D -- Vertical Forces on DeckVertical Forces on Deck
-400
0
400
800
1200
1600
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Verti
cal F
orce
(kN
/m)
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
CHEN 3DCHEN 3D -- Horizontal Forces on DeckHorizontal Forces on Deck
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Hor
izon
tal F
orce
(kN
/m)
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
Briaud (1997) Method for Overturning of Piles
TRANSFER LENGTHLo = (4EI/K)0.25 Lo = 4.1 m
MAX BENDING MOMENTMo = -0.5 Ho Lo Mo = 410 kN.m
MAX HORIZONTAL LOADHou = 0.75 pL B Dv Hou = 288 kN
GROUNDLINE DEFLECTIONyo = Ho/LoK yo = 0.24 m
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
RATCHETING MOVEMENT
HORIZONTAL SOIL FAILURE @ PILES
RATCHETING MOVEMENT
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
FOUNDATION DESIGNFOUNDATION DESIGN
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud Jean-Louis Briaud –– TTexas A&M Universityexas A&M University
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Con
stru
ctio
n
Con
cret
e
Det
erio
ratio
n
Eart
hqua
ke
Nat
ural
Stee
l
Fire
Mis
c.
Ove
rloa
d
Col
lisio
n
Hyd
raul
ic
Cause
Num
ber o
f Fai
lure
s fr
om19
66 to
200
5 (1
502
Tota
l)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Perc
ent
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
Nd:YAG PIV System
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
LDV Head with Traverse
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
W o o d r o w W i l s o n B r i d g e H y d r o g r a p h y
0
2 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0
1 9 6 0 1 9 6 3 1 9 6 6 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 6 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 9
T i m e ( y e a r )
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)
S c o u r D e p t h V s T i m e
0
1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
1 9 6 0 1 9 6 5 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5
T i m e ( y e a r )
Scou
r D
epth
(mm
)
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
LEVEES
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
FAILURE BY OVERTOPING AND EROSION
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
CHEN 3DCHEN 3D -- Splash Impact on LeveeSplash Impact on Levee
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
FAILURE BY OVERTOPING AND EROSION
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
EFA Erosion Function Apparatus
Z&
τ
cτ τ
Water FlowWater Flow 1 mm1 mm
SoilSoil
Piston Pushing at Rate =
Z&(mm/hr)
(N/m2)
VV
Si
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
Typical EFA Test Results (Clay)
Scour Rate vs Shear Stress
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Shear Stress (N/m2)
Scou
r R
ate
(mm
/hr)
Porcelain Clay PI=16%Su=23.3 Kpa
Scour Rate vs Velocity
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Velocity (m/s)
Scou
r R
ate
(mm
/hr)
Porcelain Clay PI=16%Su=23.3 Kpa
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
Typical EFA Test Results (Sand)
Scour Rate vs Velocity
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Velocity (m/s)
Scou
r R
ate
(mm
/hr)
Sand D50=0.3 mm
Scour Rate vs Shear Stress
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
Shear Stress (N/m2)
Scou
r R
ate
(mm
/hr)
Sand D50=0.3 mm
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
THRESHOLD OF OPTIMUM SIMPLICITY
TOO COMPLICATED
TOO SIMPLE
“THINGS SHOULD BE MADE AS SIMPLE AS POSSIBLE BUT NOT ANY SIMPLER THAN THAT”
---------Albert Einstein (Safir and Safire, 1982)
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
ELEVATED HOUSESELEVATED HOUSES
Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
ESCAPE STRUCTURESESCAPE STRUCTURES
Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
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Jean-Louis Briaud – Texas A&M University
CONCLUSIONS1. Choose a target risk and quantify current risk levels
2. Develop solution to wave forces on bridge decks
3. Tie decks down and design foundation accordingly
4. Develop better understanding of soil erosion process
5. Goal of 4. is to develop guidelines for levee soils
6. Develop tools to evaluate miles of levees efficiently
7. Check concept of elevated houses
8. Check concept of escape structures
9. Implement research techniques into practice