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Normal Microbial Flora
Eric Stanbridge PhD
September 11th Lecture
Medical Microbiology 507
2007
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Sites of normal microbial colonization
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TABLE 7-2. Microorganisms Found on the Skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis (albus)
(coagulase negative)
85-100
Staphylococcus aureus
(coagulase positive)
5-25
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) 0-4
Propionibacterium acnes
(anaerobic corynebacteria)
45-100
Aerobic corynebacteria (diphtheroids) 55
Candida albicans Uncommon
Other Candida species, particularly
C. parapsilosis
1-15
Gram negative bacteria, e.g.,
Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas species
Uncommon
Microorganism Range of Incidence (Per Cent)
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STAPHYLOCOCCUS
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STREPTOCOCCUS
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Mixed Flora, including YEAST (Candida)
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TABLE 7-3. Microorganisms Found in the Nose and Nasopharynx
Staphylococcus aureus 20-85
Staphylococcus epidermidis 90
Aerobic corynebacteria (diphtheroids) 5-80
Streptococcus pneumoniae 0-17
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) 0.1-5
Alpha-and nonhemolytic streptococci Uncommon
Neisseria catarrhalis 12
Haemophilus influenzae 12
Haemophilus parainfluenzae 20-35
Gram negative bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) Uncommon
Microorganism Range of Incidence (Per Cent)
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Neisseria meningitidis
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HEMOPHILUS
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COLIFORMS (Escherichia coli)
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TABLE 7-4. Microorganisms Found in the Oropharynx
Staphylococcus aureus 35-40
Staphylococcus epidermidis 30-70
Aerobic corynebacteria (diphtheroids) 50-90
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) 0-9
Streptococcus pneumoniae 0-50
Alpha-and nonhemolytic steptococci 25-99
Neisseria catarrhalis 10-97
Neisseria meningitidis 0-15
Haemophilus influenzae 5-20
Haemophilus parainfluenzae 20-35
Gram negative bacteria, e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae Uncommon
Microorganism Range of Incidence (Per Cent)
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TABLE 7-5. Microorganisms Found in the Mouth (Saliva-Tooth Surfaces)
Staphylococcus epidermidis 75-100
Staphylococcus aureus Common
Streptococcus mitis and other alpha-hemolytic steptococci 100
Streptococcus salivarius 100
Peptostreptococci (anaerobic) Prominent
Veillonella alcalescens (anaerobic) 100
Lactobacilli 95
Actinomyees israeli Common
Enterobacteriaceae 65
Haemophilus influenzae 25-100
Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic) Common
Bacteroides melaninogenicus (anaerobic) Common
Bacteroides oralis (anaerobic) Common
Fusobacterium nucleatum (anaerobic) 15-90
Candida albicans 6-50
Treponema dentium and Borellia refringens Common
Microorganism Range of Incidence (Per Cent)
ViridansGroup
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Gillies & Dodds, Bacteriology Illustrated, R.R. Gillies, 5th Edtion, p125
ACTINOMYCES
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Treponema
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TABLE 7-6 Microorganisms Found in the Stomach and Small Intestine
Microorganism
Stomach - Usually sterile or transient small numbers, owing to gastric pH of 2-3, and rapid transit time of food (but remember Helicobacter pylori).
Jejunum - Small numbers of Gram positive facultative bacteria
(Enterococci, lactobacilli, diphtheroids)
Candida albicans
Ileum - Distal portion may show small numbers of
Enterobacteriacae and anaerobic gram negative bacteria
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H. pylori survives in the submucosal layer
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Mixed Flora- Fecal Material
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Mixed Flora- Abscess
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TABLE 7-9. Microorganisms Found in the Genitourinary Tract
Kidneys and urinary bladder normally sterile, Female and male urethra usually sterile except for short anterior segment
Microorganism
Vagina and Uterine Cervix
Lactobacilli 50-70
Bacteroides species 60-80
Clostridium species 15-30
Peptostreptococcus 30-40
Bifidobacterium 10
Eubacterium 5
Aerobic corynebacteria (diphtheroids) 45-75
Staphyloccus aureus 5-15
Staphyloccus epidermidis 35-80
Enterococci (Group D Streptococcus) 30-80
Streptococcus species (usually Group B) 5-20
Enterobacteriaceae 18-40
Candida albicans 30-50
Trichomonas vaginalis 10-25
Range of Incidence (Per Cent)
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Dynamics of Lifetime VAGINAL COLONIZATION
micrococcienterococcidiphtheroidslactobacilli (DÖderlein’s bacillus)
No Doderlein’s bacillus micrococci- plus non hemolytic streptococcicoliforms (E. coli)diphtheroids
Includes DÖderlein’s bacillus+ yeast + bacteroides (anaerobes)
No DÖderlein’s bacillus
Birth STERILE
24 hours Mixed Flora:
Several weeks Mixed Flora:
Puberty Mixed Flora:
Menopause Mixed Flora persists
Acidic pH
Maternal glycogen deposited
Glycogen decreased
Alkaline pH
Glycogen redeposited
Acidic pH
Glycogen decreased
Alkaline pH
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Lactobacillus species
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