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North African History
and CultureImperialism and Independence
- Chapter 21:2c -
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[Image source: http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]
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“Africa was created to be the plague of
foreign offices.”
Robert Cecil,Third Marquess
of Salisbury
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Imperialism
• Latin word from the days of the Roman empire
• domination of a country’s political, economic, and social life by another country
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Causes for nineteenth-century European Imperialism
1. Economics
2. Nationalism
3. Balance-of-Power
4. White Man’s Burden
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The Industrial Revolution created an almost insatiable demand for raw materials and new markets.
[Image source: http://www.actis.co.uk/gridgallery/gridgal/two/imageid/historybig/1982.jpg]
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European powers wanted to demonstrate their power and
prestige in the world.
[Image source: http://www.modellismo-navale.it/Jpmodel/HMS-Benbow-1898-profilo.jpg]
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European nations were
forced to acquire new colonies to
achieve a balance with
their neighbors and competitors.
[Image source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WarFran.jpg]
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The Europeans’
sense of superiority made them
feel obligated to “civilize the
heathen savages” they encountered.
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“Take up the White Man’s burden –Send forth the best ye breed –Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild –Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.”
- Rudyard Kipling
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Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck of Germany
convened a conference to
discuss the procedures for
establishing colonies.
[Image source: http://www.museumofworldwarii.com/images/TourPictures/01_Wilhelm1_lge.jpg]
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Berlin Conference• met in late-1884/early-1885• set the criteria for claiming colonies
in Africa• initiated the “Scramble for Africa”
- succeeded in deflecting European attention and aggression outward- resulted in the partitioning of Africa
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Look at the dog with the poofy tail!
France
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Attention K-mart
shoppers! Only a limited
supply of colonies are left! Conquer
now before we run out!
Ahhhhh!
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Steps towards Formal Empire
1. Exploration & Discovery
2. Trading Outpost (i.e. “factory”)
3. Sphere of Influence
4. Protectorate
5. Colony
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[Image source: http://www.cpror.com/cprorGB/images/portchX.gif]
King Charles X started France on the road to
empire when he ordered his
troops to invade Algeria in 1830.
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It took France ten years and 100,000
troops to conquer and occupy all of
Algeria.
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France went on to conquer Tunis in 1881
and secure special rights in Morocco in
1904.
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France hoped to create an empire in
North Africa that would generate income
comparable to what India did for Great
Britain. [Image source: http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/timemachine/images/africa.gif]
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[Image source: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0083.jpg]
Meanwhile, Great Britain was chewing up territory elsewhere in
Africa.
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[Image source: http://www.edinfor.pt/anc/f-lesseps.jpg]
In 1859, the French
entrepreneur, Ferdinand de
Lesseps, set up a company to build the Suez
Canal.
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[Image source: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/30suez.jpg]
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The Suez Canal
provided a more direct route
between Europe
and East Asia.
[Image source: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/img/suez.gif]
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Egypt became a protectorate of
Great Britain in 1882 after the
defeat of a nationalist
revolt led by Ahmed Arabi.
[Image source: http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-3959.jpg]
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[Image source: http://sudanhome.com/cards/cards/el_mahdi.jpg]
During the 1880s, an
Islamic revival, led by a self-proclaimed
deliverer known as the
Mahdi, threatened
British interests in Egypt.
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His force swept across the Sudan, re-instituting fundamentalist practices.
[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/nubia/nubia.shtml]
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Among the practices revived by the Mahdi was slavery.
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The British sent their
most gifted general,
“Chinese” Gordon, to
rescue British subjects
trapped in the Sudan.
[Image source: http://www.axnet.it/romaoggi/lorenz/imm-articolo3-gordon-bn.jpg]
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Gordon exceeded his orders and
tried to defend the city of Khartoum
from the forces of the Mahdi.
[Image source: http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/sudan7.html]
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The relief force sent to rescue Gordon arrived one day too late.
[Image source: http://www.ku.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin17/imag1685.jpg]
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Gordon’s actions forced Britain to assume a greater responsibility in the Sudan.
[Image source: http://www.pinetreeweb.com/kitchener-khartoum.jpg]
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The British ultimately defeated the forces of the Mahdi at the
Battle of Omdurman.
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/images/aa332391.jpg]
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So 'ere's to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, at your 'ome in the Soudan;You're a pore benighted 'eathen, but a first-class fightin' man;An' 'ere's to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, with your 'ayrick 'ead of 'air –
You big black boundin' beggar – for you broke a British square!
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“Whatever happens, we have got,the Maxim gun, and they have not.”
[Image source: http://www.uh.edu/engines/maximgun.jpg]
- Hillaire Belloc
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[Image source: http://users.westconnect.com.au/%7Eianmac5/choc.jpg]
Many people, such as Britain’s competitors in
colonization, the French, hoped
that Britain would fail miserably in their efforts to
establish a global empire.
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British and French interests
collided at Fashoda in 1898, almost resulting
in a shooting war between the two great imperialist
powers.[Image source: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/0055.html]
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The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912) resulted in
Libya becoming part of a growing
Italian Empire.
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Egyptian nationalists sought independence for Egypt, following the end of World
War I.
Saad Zaghlul Pasha
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Following a brief revolution in 1919, Britain granted Egypt
limited independence
in 1922.
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“Independence” contingent on:
1. the security of the communications of the British Empire in Egypt;
2. the defence of Egypt against foreign aggression;
3. and the protection of foreign interests in Egypt and the Sudan
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Egypt obtained complete independence in 1952, following a military coup.
[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of
_1952#/media/File:Nasser_and_Naguib,_1954.jpg]
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Italy granted Libya
independence under King
Idris in 1951.
[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya#/media/File:IdrisI3.jpg]
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[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi#/media/File:Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg]
Colonel Muammar Gaddafi led a coup d’état deposing King Idris, and
seized control of Libya in 1969.
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Morocco under Sultan
Mohammed V gained its
independence from France
in 1956.[Image source: http://i.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1957/1101570422_400.jpg]
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Tunisia also gained its independence from France in 1956.
[Image source: http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/62980000/jpg/_62980956_tun_bourguiba.jpg]
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1962 – Algerian independence
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[Image source: https://theredphoenix.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/realgenocide_algerian.jpg]