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NOTES: ‘Science Teachers for Climate Awareness’ This ppt is designed for use of science teachers in talking about low emission
energy resources and other greenhouse mitigation methods. We suggest adapting this ppt to your own liking or combining with others. For suggestions for improvements please contact KB at PLEASE NOTE: This will never be a ‘complete’ presentation but is provided for ideas
and feedback. It will be updated as time allows! Be sure to look at the ‘notes’ pages below for suggestions for how to use and more
detail.
This AIP web version 20 Feb 2011
THIS IS PART 1 OF THIS PRESENTATION – THIS PART CONTAINS THE MORE IMPORTANT SECTIONS AND COULD BE USED ALONE.
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AND NOW FOR THE GOOD NEWS!
Climate Change:
We CAN reduce the CO2 and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphereto safer levels
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But first the bad news
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But first the bad news
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Why?
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What are the problems?
Emission of greenhouse gases from Generation of electric power Transport Industry Home and Commerce Land use and Agricultural emissions
Greenhouse gases come mostly from using fossil fuels, but also from sources such as agriculture
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What are the problems? We have to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels:Total fossil: (in 2006)
410,000 PJ
Total non fossil: 70,000 PJie. 15 %
X X
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What are the problems?
Australia is even worse!
ABARE: past use and future projections
We use about 6,000 of those 410,000 PJ ie. 1½ %
We are here!
(But our population is ~ 0.3%)
Oil
Gas
Brown CoalBlack coal
Renewables ~6%
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Energy units A quick word on energy units:
The basic unit of energy is the joule (J) It is about the energy of a falling apple 1 Megajoule (MJ) is 106 J 1 Gigajoule (GJ) is 109 J 1 Terajoule (TJ) is 1012 J 1 Petajoule (PJ) is 1015 J
My Goodness That’s Plenty
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‘Energy’ & ‘Power’ ENERGY is a total quantity
Examples: Fuel tank of a car – approx 2 GJ Coal in Latrobe Valley – approx 300,000 PJ
POWER is the rate of energy use 1 watt = 1 joule per second (W = J/s)
Examples: Light bulb: 15 watts = 15 joules every second Car: 100 kW = 100 kJ/sec (or 2 GJ in 5½ hours) *? Power station 2000 MW = 2000 MJ every second
= 173,000 GJ each day = 63 PJ per year
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Energy units
Examples Apple falling Food/day Car petrol tank Jumbo jet fuel Large City/day
UnitsTorch bulb in a few seconds Radiator in ¼ hr
Power station each second
Power station in 1½ hours
Power station in a week
joule (J) 1 J 10,000,000 J 2,000,000,000 J 10,000,000,000,000 J 1000,000,000,000,000 J
Megajoule (MJ) 10^6 J (106) 0.000001 MJ 10 MJ 2,000 MJ 10,000,000 MJ 1000,000,000 MJ
Gigajoule (GJ) 10^9 J (109) 0.000000001 GJ 0.01 GJ 2 GJ 10,000 GJ 1000,000 GJ
Petajoule (PJ) 10^15 J (1015) 0.000000000000001 PJ 0.00000001 PJ 0.000002 PJ 0.01 PJ 1 PJ
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Energy units Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt.hours
(that is, a 1000 W appliance for 1 hour) 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (Megajoule) Hazelwood produces about 1600 Megawatts which
means 1600 MWh each hour or ~ 6,000,000 MJ which is 0.006 PJ each
hour or 50 PJ each
year
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And 17,000,000 tonnes of CO2
(30 tonnes every minute) (= CO2 from 200 car petrol tanks)
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Energy units
Fossil fuels are sometimes measured in ‘Quads’, a quadrillion BTU
(British Thermal Units) 1 Quad = 1055 PJ (≈ 1000 PJ) A Quad is huge! Total world fossil fuel use per
year is about 400 Quad We will try to use PJ as far as
possible
Quads
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Most electricity is produced from fossil fuels:
This must NOT be allowed to happen!
What are the problems?
Fossil fuels
PS: 20 trillion kWh= 72,000 PJ(per year)
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What are the problems? Again – we are worse!
Mostly hydro!
X!Wind, Solar and Biomass currently about 1%
94%
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The solutions !
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November 2009
That’s ALL the WORLD’s
energy
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November 2009
NOT including:CCS,Nuclear,Other ‘exotic’ sources
The ‘WWS’ solution:WindWaterSolar
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HUGE RESOURCESAVAILABLE
AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
COST EFFECTIVE
POLITICS BIGGEST
OBSTACLE
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TidalGeothermalHydro
WindWave
Solar Roof PVConcentratedPV PowerREADILY
AVAILABLE 580 TW
NEEDED 11.5 TW
9%
51%
40%
85%
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NB: Australian coal is cheaper than US power.
The REAL problem!
Vested interests and confusion/apathy among ‘ordinary people’ – leading to lack of political will.
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Australian Solutions! The big picture: Solar and Wind supplemented by
Hydro Geothermal Ocean (tidal and wave)
and perhaps ? Gas Nuclear (?) Coal with CCS (??)
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Australian Solutions - solar!
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Australian Solutions - solar! The yellow
square is about 125 km square
Ample for ALL of Australia’s energy. (At only 10% collection efficiency)
35 PJ per dayThat is about 250 Hazelwoods!
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Australian Solutions - wind! “A network of land-based 2.5 MW turbines …
operating at as little as 20% of their rated capacity could supply over 40 times current worldwide consumption of electricity”
Global potential for wind-generated electricity: Xi Lua, Michael B. McElroya, and Juha Kiviluomac
Australia’s86 PWh = 310,000 PJ(per year)
Current total energy useis 6,000 PJ
Annual
Global potential for wind-generated electricity Lua, McElroy, Kiviluomac, Harvard & Finland, April09
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The Solutions! – World wind powerAustralia2008approx1,500 MW(14th place)
NB: 2.862 means 2,862
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Australian Solutions! Introducing: Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE)
Five phase study to achieve zero emissions by 2020: Stationary Energy* (mostly electricity generation) Transport Industrial processes and export Buildings Land Use (including agriculture & forestry)
* Stationary energy report available now at www.beyondzeroemissions.org (free) or buy today!
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Zero Carbon Australia 2020
A plan for repowering Australia with 100% renewable energy in ten years
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Key Questions:• Who are Beyond Zero Emissions?
• Zero Carbon Australia Plan• What are we calling for and why?
– 100% renewable energy by 2020• How can we get there?
– Wind and Baseload Solar Thermal• Can it be done?
– Yes. Fully modelled and costed, using existing commercial technologies
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Oil and Gas Coal exportersGenerators
The CAN'T DO campaign
The CAN'T DO MANTRA“Renewable energy cant supply baseload power”“Renewable energy is too expensive”“Renewable energy will wreck the economy”“Renewable energy will cost jobs”
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
The ZCA 2020 ‘CAN DO’ team
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
"This report will help shift the climate debate to focus on energy; security; affordability; export and of course opportunity”
Professor Robin Batterham,President, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,
formerly Chief Scientist of Australia
“We have the resources. We need the will.”
Dr. Peter Doherty, Nobel Laureate, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne
"Australia has one of the world's best solar energy resource, ... The Zero Carbon Australia Plan is based on up-to-date and sound information and provides quality insights on how a country well-endowed in renewable resources can transition to a solar and wind economy.”
Cédric PhilibertRenewable Energy DivisionInternational Energy Agency
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
The CAN DO Campaign• Accepts current climate science evidence on what has
to be done & by when• Uses only existing commercially available technology.
We have all the tools NOW• Meets Australia’s total energy demand• with 100% Renewable Energy by 2020
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why?
www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/
July 2010
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why?
www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why?www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why?
July 2010
www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why?
www.science.org.au
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why?
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
FIVE REPORTS:
Stationary energy Transport
IndustryBuildings Agriculture
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Carbon Budget 2010-2050Why ten years?
Meinshausen, et al. (2009): Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2oC. Nature 458, 30 April 2009
SEE ALSO www.PRIMAP.org
“Limiting CO2 emissions to 1 trillion tonnes* by 2050 gives us a 75% chance of keeping global warming below 2oC”
* 2000 - 2050
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Why ten years? Carbon Budget 2010-2050
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Mark Jacobson, Mark Delucchi: Shifting the world to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2030
The cost of generating and transmitting power would be less than the projected cost per kilowatt-hour for fossil-fuel and nuclear power.
• 4 million large wind turbines, • 90,000 solar plants,• numerous geothermal, tidal and rooftop PV installations worldwide. SCIENTIFIC
AMERICANNovember 2009
Why ten years?
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Al Gore calls for 100% clean electricity and independence from foreign oil within ten years
“a political promise to do something 40 years from now is universally ignored
because everyone knows that it's meaningless. Ten years is about the
maximum time that we as a nation can hold a steady aim and hit our target.”
Why ten years?
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Thomas Friedman: Three reasons for going renewable -1. End dependence on, and financing
of, the “dictators and terrorists in the Middle East”
2. ‘Peak oil’ will mean higher prices, yet more political tension. If we divide the total of the world’s oil reserves by the rate at which WE are using them we get about 12 years (7 for USA use)
3. Oh – and to save us from a climate catastrophe!
Why ten years?
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Traditional Power Generation
Generating electrical energy
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Generating electrical energy
67% Fossil
92%
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Concentrated Solar Thermal
Parabolic Troughs Power Towers
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
(52 Kilowatts)
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
SEGS Plants354MW in Mohave Desert, California, since 1984
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
290oC
600oC
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Solar Two – 1996 - 1999Run by the U.S. DoE, Sandia National Laboratories, Lockheed Martin10MW turbine, 3 hrs storage
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Baseload Solar Thermal Power
Andasol 1,2, Extresol 1, SAMCA 1, Spain, operating now, 7.5 hours energy storage
Torresol Gemasolar Spain, on line 2010, 15 hours energy storage
24 hour Dispatchable Power
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Solar Thermal StorageGenerating electrical energy – from the Sun
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
What's happening in Spain?• 2,440MW operating or under construction to
be completed over the next 3 years • $20 billion worth of investment • 15,000 MW 'in the pipeline'
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
42% renewable by 2020
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
50MW – Spain100MW – Nevada150MW – California
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
To Supply 60% of Australia’s energy Each module generates 220MW Ability to store energy and dispatch as needed, day or night A plant or Solar Region will be made up of 19 modules and will
have a total capacity of 3,500MW There will be 12 plants distributed across Australia
Zero Carbon Australia Solar Thermal Power 220 MW Module 3500 MW Solar Region
Generating electrical energy – from the Sun
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
ZCA2020 Wind Power
And the other 40%?
Generating electrical energy – from wind
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
ZCA2020 Wind Power• 40% of Australia’s Energy
• 6,400 turbines
• 7.5 MW Enercon E126
(48,000 MW)
• 23 geographically diverse regions
Generating electrical energy – from wind
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Generating electrical energy – from wind
World Wind Energy Association 2010
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
World Wind Power project growth• China 150,000 MW wind by 2020o Three Gorges of Wind Project
• Denmark: 20% now (3,500 MW)o 50 % wind by 2025
• Sweden 4,000 MWEnercon Farm1100 Turbines
Generating electrical energy – from wind
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Using less electrical energy
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Using less electrical energy
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Nissan Patrol Capacity 517 litres per 100km
How Easy is Energy Efficiency in Transport?
Siemens Combino tramCapacity 19016 litres per 100km (Oil Energy Equiv)
Using less electrical energy
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Electricity and Energy Demand Using less electrical energy
Oil
Gas
Bioenergy
Electricity
Solar PV & HW
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60%40%
Renewable electrical energy
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“The review finds that the transmission scenario proposed is technically feasible in
terms of capacity and reliability. In addition, the proposed transmission uses mature technology
with proven capability around the world.”
SKM Review of ZCA2020 transmission
The National GridRenewable electrical energy
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
Forget the “you can’t transmit power that far” mantra
HVDC has been developed in the last decade and has solved the problem of long distance transmission
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
Renewable electrical energy
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HVDCHigh Voltage Direct Current
Transmits more power on a given line
Doesn’t lose power through radiation
Enables different systems to be interconnected
Can be used over 1000’s km rather than 100’s
Renewable electrical energy
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Simplified illustration of the advantage of HVDC over HVAC
Renewable electrical energy
AC only at peak voltage for a short time DC at peak voltage constantly
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HVDC is more cost effective over long distances
Renewable electrical energy
AC
DC
2000 km
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Australia's renewable energy grid: 2020Australia’s Renewable Energy Grid 2020
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Renewable electrical energy
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Renewable electrical energy
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Resource Requirements
Renewable electrical energy
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Labor Requirements
Renewable electrical energy
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Enercon Viana Do Costelo Wind Turbine blade and tower factories Portugal250 towers per year 600 Blades 400 Jobs
Renewable electrical energy
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Solar Thermal Cost Reduction Trajectory
Renewable costs
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Safe Climate a Bargain at 3% of GDP
Renewable costs
That’s $Bn37 per year in a $Bn1200 economy
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b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s . o r g
1 mirror
OR
20 tons of coal
OUR CHOICE
Renewable choice
(Over lifetime of mirror)