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Historical Background
Indias nuclear program was set up in 1948, withthe introduction of an Atomic Energy Bill in the
Constituent Assembly by Indias first prime
minister.
As a non-signee to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty, India was excluded from international
trading on nuclear commodities for many years.
Its nuclear power plants were therefore built uplargely without external help or consultation, and
outside of the safety standards of the International
Atomic Energy Agency.
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In 2008, the international trading ban was
lifted by the Nuclear Suppliers Group, opening
the door for foreign countries that wished to
trade nuclear equipment and fuel with India,
fenced for civilian (non-weaponry) purposes.
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Indian Nuclear Energy- Timeline
1947: India becomes independent
1948: Atomic Energy Commission established
1956: Negotiates with U.S & Canada fornuclear reactor
1962: War with China
1963: Two research reactors & four nuclearplants in operation
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1964: China detonates nuclear bomb
1965: War with Pakistan over Kashmir
1968: India refuses to sign nuclear non-proliferation treaty
1974: India performs 15kt Peaceful Nuclear
Explosion. US & Canada suspend theirnuclear cooperation with India.
1998: India detonates both fission and fusion
devices
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1999: Indian population exceeds 1 billion.
Kargil War with Pakistan. Pakistan threatens to
use nuclear weapons
2006: President Bush declares India a Nuclear
Power
2008: NSG approves trade with India.US-India
Nuclear deal signed
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Indias three stage nuclear
programme
Stage-I envisages construction of natural uranium, heavy
water moderated and cooled pressurised heavy water
reactors (PHWRs). Spent fuel from these reactors is
reprocessed to obtain plutonium.Stage-II evisages construction of fast breeder reactors
(FBRs) fuelled by plutonium produced in Stage-I. These
reactors would also breed U-233 from thorium.
Stage-III would comprise power reactors using U-233 /
thorium as fuel.
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NPCIL
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a PublicSector Enterprise under the administrative control ofthe Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Governmentof India
its the only utility that deals with civilian nuclearpower in India.
The company was registered as a Public LimitedCompany under
the Companies Act of1956 in September 1987, withthe objective of operating atomic power stations andimplementing atomic power projects for generation ofelectricity
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Nuclear Plants of India
In India, we have 20 nuclear reactors in 6
nuclear power plants generating 4,780MW. 5
more plants under construction are expected
to add another 2,720 while we have an
ambitious target of about 64,000MW by 2032.
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structural damages that have occurred
in Indias civilian nuclear power sector
April 2011 Fire alarms blare in the control room
of the Kaiga Generating Station in Karnataka.
November 2009 Fifty-five employees consume
radioactive material after irritated water finds its
way into the drinking water cooler in Kaiga
Generating Station.
April 2003 Six tonnes leak of heavy water atreactor II of the Narora Atomic Power Station
(NAPS) in Uttar Pradesh
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January 2003 Failure of a valve in the KalpakkamAtomic Reprocessing Plant in Tamil Nadu resultsin the release of high-level waste, exposing six
workers to high doses of radiation May 2002 Tritiated water leaks from a
downgraded heavy water storage tank at the tankfarm of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS)
1&2 into a common dyke area. An estimated22.2 Curies of radioactivity is released into theenvironment
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November 2001 A leak of 1.4 tonnes of heavywater at the NAPS I reactor, resulting in oneworker receiving an internal radiation dose of
18.49 mSv April 2000 Leak of about seven tonnes of
heavy water from the moderator system atNAPS Unit II. Various workers involved in theclean-up received significant uptakes oftritium
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Pros and cons
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