Download - Nwrec container workshop i 2006
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Jim Owen, Jr.
Substrate Properties: How to measure and manage them
North Willamette Research andExtension Center
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My Approach
NUTRIENTS
ENVIRONMENT IRRIGATION
SUBSTRATE
ContainerContainer
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My Approach
NUTRIENTS
ENVIRONMENT IRRIGATION
SUBSTRATEContainerContainer
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My Approach
Engineer a substrate to balance water and air content
while providing or retaining plant nutrients
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My Approach
SUBSTRATEWater : Air
“There is no one fit”
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My Approach
SUBSTRATEWater : Air
SUMMERWater
WINTERAir
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Approach
SUBSTRATEWater : Air
SUMMERWater
WINTERAir
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My Approach
STABILITY OVER TIME
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Optimal air and water characteristics
Decomposition / shrinkage during growing season
Initial vs end of season physical analysis
Supply and/or retain nutrients
Substrate
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Total porosity (% volume)Air spaceContainer capacity
• Syn. water holding capacity
Terms
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Total porosity (% volume)Air spaceContainer capacity
• Syn. water holding capacity Available water Unavailable water
Terms
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Total porosity (% volume)Air spaceContainer capacity
• Syn. water holding capacity Available water Unavailable water
Bulk density (g cm-3)
Terms
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Total porosity 50% - 85%Air space 10% - 30%Container capacity 45% - 65%
• Syn. water holding capacity Available water 25%- 30% Unavailable water 25%- 30%
Bulk density0.2 to 0.5 g cm-3
12 to 32 lbs ft-2
Terms
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Gravitational waterDrainage water
Hygroscopic waterAdsorbed water
Capillary waterAvailable waterUnavailable water
Terms cont…
adsorbed or hygroscopic water
capillary water
Hillel
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AIR : WATERRELATIONSHIP
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Will a given substrate have a greater, equal, or less than
container capacity when compared to a field capacity?
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Will a given substrate have a greater, equal, or less than container capacity when
compared to a field capacity?
WHY?
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Water will not move from small pores (fine texture) to large pores (coarse texture) until small pores are saturated.
Small pores large pores
Small pores (full) large pores
Water movement
X
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Sand over clay
Water movement
Oklahoma State University
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Sand over clay
Water movement
Oklahoma State University
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Clay over sand
Water movement
Oklahoma State University
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Clay over sand
Water movement
Oklahoma State University
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Moisture Content
Fonteno
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Does container shape affect physical properties?
SOLIDS
WATER
AIR TOTAL POROSITY
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Effected by container sizeAir space Container capacity
• Available water contentUnaffected by container size
Total PorosityUnavailable water contentBulk density
Physical Properties
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SOLIDS
WATER
AIR TOTAL POROSITY
1 2 3Bilderback and Fonteno
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29% 29% 29%
SOLIDS
WATER
AIR TOTAL POROSITY
1 2 3Bilderback and Fonteno
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29% 29% 29%
SOLIDS
WATER
47% 45% 41%
AIR TOTAL POROSITY
1 2 3Bilderback and Fonteno
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29% 29% 29%
SOLIDS
WATER
47% 45% 41%
AIR
24% 26% 30%
TOTAL POROSITY
1 2 3Bilderback and Fonteno
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29% 29% 29%
SOLIDS
WATER
47% 45% 41%
AIR
24% 26% 30%
71% 71% 71%
TOTAL POROSITY
1 2 3Bilderback and Fonteno
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Particle Size
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Particle Size
Capillary Water
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Particle SizeStabilityComponents “fit”Fine particles
< 0.5 mm Single component
• ≈ 25% by weightMultiple components
• < 50% by weight
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Particle Size
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
% w
eigh
of p
artic
les
<
0.5
mm
Fresh PB Aged PB Fresh 8 PB: 1 Sand
Aged 8 PB :1 Sand
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Particle Size
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100Tension (kPa)
Perc
ent v
olum
e
Peat BarkCoir Perlite
Fonteno
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Particle Size
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100Tension (kPa)
Perc
ent v
olum
e
Peat BarkCoir Perlite
RAW
Fonteno
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Particle Size
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100Tension (kPa)
Perc
ent v
olum
e
Peat BarkCoir Perlite
EAWWBC
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SUBSTRATE COMPONENTS
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Primary ComponentDouglas Fir Bark
Secondary ComponentsPerlitePeatCoir
Tertiary ComponentsMineralsCompost
Northwest Substrate
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First, I Digress!
Bark Inventory Management
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Bark SupplyCheck interior of inventory piles
Pour thru Saturate media extract
Desired resultspH > 3.8EC < 0.5 mmhos
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Bark Supply
Bark Arrives Hot! Steam Haze around pile! Spores
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Bark SupplyMoisture Content- By feel or %weight
Bark should not be powder drySmell; Vinegar smell could be trouble;
indicates anaerobic conditionsAcetic acid lowers pH and extracts
saltspH can be as low as 2.3EC can be as high as 2.5 mmhos/ cm
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Bark SupplyMycelium
Gray colorGray bandDry pocketsHydrophobioc
Turn and moisten pile
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Bark SupplyBe prepared not to immediately use bark
supplies if monitoring suggests problemsDevelop an inventory storage area and
wet and turn piles 2-3 days before useAlways check pH and EC before using
stored suppliesConsider blending old inventory and new
inventory (50:50)
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Douglas Fir Bark
Altland
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Douglas Fir Bark
AGED FRESH
Altland
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Douglas Fir Bark
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Con
tain
er V
olum
e
Fresh bark Aged bark Recommendedrange
WaterAirSolid
Buamscha and Altland
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Douglas Fir Bark
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Con
tain
er V
olum
e
Fresh bark Aged bark Recommendedrange
WaterAirSolid
Water Holding Capacity
27% 37% 45% - 65%
Buamscha and Altland
50% 35% 10% - 30%
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Volcanic rockBendMazama – Crater lake
High porosity Water holding capacity ~30%Chemical
SiO2
Neutral pHBase cations and Fe-oxides
Pumice
Buamscha and Altland
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Industrial mineral AggregateChemical absorbentFertilizer carrierBarrier clays
Murray, 2000.
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Mineral aggregateRaw Clay Selection & Mining
Primary CrusherSecondary Crusher
Dryer(RVM)Mill
Screen
Rotary Kiln(LVM)
Oil-Dri Corporation of America
Bag or Bulk
≤ 800°C ≈ 120°C
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Mineral aggregate
Zeolite
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Mineral aggregate
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
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Mineral AggregateMontmorillonite Palygorskite
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
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Amendment
Montmorillonite Palygorskite
Surface Area ≈ 90 m2/gCEC ≈ 100 cmolc kg
Oil-Dri Corporation of America
Clinoptilolite
Surface Area ≈ 40 m2/gCEC ≈ 250 cmolc kg
Surface Area ≈ 120 m2/gCEC ≈ 20 cmolc kg
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Amendment
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
HeatingDehydration
Natural Occurring
LowVolatileMaterial
Palygorskite and Zeolite
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Amendment
HeatingDehydration
Natural Occurring
LowVolatileMaterial
Shulze, D.G., 2002. An introduction to soil mineralogy. In: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications SSSA Book Series no. 7.
Montmorillonite
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PeatCanadian peat
Sphagnum moss peat• 75% Sphagnum species• 90% organic matter
Degree of composition• light > dark > black
British Bryological Society
http://www.mosserlee.com
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PeatPhysical
<90% porosityShrink
• Water content• Time
ChemicalpH ≈ 4CEC
Sun Terra
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CoirCoir pith
Mesocarp pithy tissueHigh porosityLow Easily Available waterChemical
pH 7CECP and K
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Coir
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Coir
Sri Lanka and Mexico
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Coir
waste product
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Coir
Porosity COIR VS PEAT
Surface 41% 12%
Internal 41% 51%
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Coir
Porosity COIR VS PEAT
Surface 41% 12%
Internal 41% 51%
Wettability!
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CoirFine particle sizeMonitor saltsCa source
Gypsum
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Compost
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CompostIncrease water holding capacityReproducible?Uniform?Stable?Salt concentration
PoultryMetals
Swine (Zn)
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CompostIncrease water holding capacityReproducible?Uniform?Stable?Salt concentration
PoultryMetals
Swine (Zn)
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Moisture Content
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100Tension (kPa)
Perc
ent v
olum
e
Peat BarkCoir Perlite
RAW
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Pine Bark
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Con
tain
er V
olum
e
Aged PB PB: 30% Perlite PB: 10% Peat
UnavailableWaterAvailableWaterAir
Solid
Mixtures
37%
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Pine Bark
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Con
tain
er V
olum
e
Aged PB PB: 30% Perlite PB: 10% Peat
UnavailableWaterAvailableWaterAir
Solid
Mixtures
37%
Inc. Air Space Inc. Available water
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Clay amended pine bark
PRACTICALAPPLICATION
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Physical PropertiesClay rate
0.25 to 0.85 mm LVM0% to 24% (by vol.)
• 4% incrementsPoromoter15-bar extraction
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Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
PorometerResults
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Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Container Capacity
Air space
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Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Container Capacity
Available water
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Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Unavailable water
Available water
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Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Container Capacity
Unavailable water
Air space
Available water
![Page 82: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Vol
ume
(%)
Mineral amendment rate (% vol.)
Container Capacity
Unavailable water
Air space
Available water
Normal Range
![Page 83: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 8 12 16 20
Top
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
![Page 84: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 8 12 16 20
Top
dry
mas
s (g
)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
Max. = 12%
![Page 85: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 8 12 16 20
Pn (µ
mol
CO
2 m-2
s-1
) gs (µm
ol H2 O
m-2 s
-1)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
![Page 86: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 8 12 16 20
Pn (µ
mol
CO
2 m-2
s-1
) gs (µm
ol H2 O
m-2 s
-1)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
Max. = 11%
![Page 87: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Clay Rate
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 8 12 16 20
g s (µm
ol H
2O m
-2 s
-1)
Water use efficinecy (m
l g-1)
Amendment rate (% by vol.)
![Page 88: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Plastic bag method
FIELDQUANTIFICATION
![Page 89: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Field QuantificationWhy?
Check Bark supplyExperiment with new componentsAffect of how you pot
![Page 90: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Field Quantification
Known container volume
![Page 91: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Field Quantification
Fill, pack, remove excess
![Page 92: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Field Quantification
Saturate with known volume = total porosity(weight can also be used)
![Page 93: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Field Quantification
Drain a known volume = air space
![Page 94: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Field Quantification
Container Capacity = total porosity - air space
![Page 95: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Field Quantification
Bulk Density = dry weight / container volume
![Page 96: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Field QuantificationWhy
Check Bark supplyExperiment with new componentsAffect of how you pot
![Page 97: Nwrec container workshop i 2006](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022011722/543368c58d7f72f5648b6959/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
QUESTIONS