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OBJECTIVES OF BASIC ENTOMOLOGYAt the end of this section students should be able to:
1) Understand that due to the great diversity of insects, and their genetic flexibility, here will always be species causing damage to forests and forest products.2) Know the major taxonomic divisions including phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.3) Know the characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda and the differences between the Chelicerata and Mandibulata.4) Describe the specialized features of the class Insecta.5) Describe the generalized parts of the chewing mouthparts and be familiar with the more specialized mouthpart types found throughout the class Insecta.6) Describe the internal morphology of insects particularly the features of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, reproductive and nervous systems.7) Describe the various types of metamorphosis and give examples of insect groups that have those types of development.8) Define the terms instar, stadium, and generation in terms of insects.9) Know the common and order names of the insect groups discussed in class and in the textbook.
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INSECTA
Is a Taxonomic CLASS in the Phylum
ARTHROPODA
Basic Entomology
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The Taxonomic Hierarchy is:
Kingdom ----- Animal
Phylum ----- Arthropoda
Class ----- Insecta
Order ----- Coleoptera
FamilyGenus
Species
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All Arthropods Have SeveralCommon Structural Characteristics:
1)A chitinous exoskeleton
The suit of armor ofthis knight is somewhatanalogous to the insectexoskeleton
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All arthropods have:
2) Bilateral Symmetry
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All arthropods have:
3) Jointed Appendages
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All arthropods have:4) Segmented Bodies
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All arthropods also have:
•A tubular digestive tract
•A dorsal tubular circulatory system
•A ventral nervous system
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The Phylum Arthropoda Includes:
Chelicerata= mouthparts outside the head
Mandibulata= mouthparts inside the head
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Chelicerata include some membersimportant to foresters, including
Scorpions, spiders, and ticks.
Class Arachnida
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Characteristics of Arachnids include:
•All those of general arthropods
and
•2 body regions•No antennae•4 pair of walking legs
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Mandibulata include:
Lobsters – Class Crustacea
Centipedes – Class Chilopoda
Millipedes – Class Diplopoda
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Mandibulata also include:The Class Insecta:
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Insects within the Class Insectahave all the characteristicsof Arthropods
and
•3 body regions
Head Thorax Abdomen
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Insects also have:
•3 pairs of legs(not two in spite of what youmay see in some movies)
•1 pair of antennae
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The other Classes (Dipoloda, Chilopda) of Arthropods do not have these last three characteristics.
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So, spiders are arthropods because they have:
1) Segmented bodies
2) Jointed appendages
3) Bilateral symmetry
4) A chitinous exoskeleton
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But spiders are not insects because they have:
1) Only two body regions (not three)
2) 4 pairs of legs (not 3)
3) No antennae
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Knowing what you now know about Arthropods; What iswrong withthis cartoon?
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Characteristics of exoskeleton and endoskeleton. Exoskeleton provides: 1) SupportLarge churches such as they have at the Air Force Academy have an external supporting structure, or exoskeletonwhich allows for large open spaces.
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Exoskeleton provides: 2) Muscle attachment
Insect muscles are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton
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Exoskeleton provides:3) Body covering & good protection
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Exoskeleton provides:4) Water conservation.
Like the cactus, insects must conserve water
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Exoskeleton provides:5) Growth restrictions, which is a problem.
Cicada Nymph
just before molting
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Exoskeleton provides:
6) Good mechanical advantage
For Example: A common ordinary flea can jump about 8 inches high.A comparable featfor a human wouldbe a leap of 800 feet.
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All Insecta have 3 body regions which are called Tagma
Tagma are groups of segments that function together to perform a general task.
•Head = perception, food intake
•Thorax = locomotion, food processing
•Abdomen = reproduction, excretion
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Structures on the Head include:
1) Antenna
2) Eyes
3) Mouthparts
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1)Antenna
• These are the odor receptors of insects
• They come in a variety of forms and shapes
• They are used by entomologists ininsect identification
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Filiform Antennae, crickets et al.
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Lamellate Antenna – May or June Beetles
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Feathery Antennae: moths, butterflies
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Aristate Antennae of TseTse Fly
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Genulate or “elbowed” Antenna: Ants
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The Velvet Ant is not an ant! Note the antennae.
It is a wasp and also called a Cow Killer.
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Plumose antennae of Male Mosquitoes
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2) Eyes
• Compound Eyes
• Simple eyes called Ocelli
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Compound eyes are composed of many individual eye units called Ommatidia
Compound eyes
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Simple eyes - composed of 1 unit, often arranged in the shape of a triangle on adult insects
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Larval insects, like caterpillars, do not have compound eyes.
But they may have numerous Ocelli with which they see reasonably well.
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3)Mouthparts: Insects have much variation in mouthparts, depending upon food habits and include:
• Chewing -- grasshoppers, beetles, Lepidoptera larvae, • Chewing-lapping -- bees• Siphoning -- Butterflies• Piercing-Sucking -- aphids, mosquitoes, scale insects, leafhoppers• Sponging -- house flies• Cutting-Sponging -- Deer flies, horse flies
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Chewing Mouthparts – Lady bug
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•Chewing-Lapping Mouthparts
Some insects, like honey bees, have normal mandibles but other structures are modified into sucking lapping devices.
Honeybees use their sucking mouthparts to collect nectar and their chewing mouthparts to chew and create waxy combs to store their nectar (honey).
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•Siphoning Mouthparts
Butterflies and moths have mouthparts permanently modified into a siphoning tube
proboscus
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Siphoningmouthpartsare usuallycoiled beneaththe head whennot in use
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Lepidoptera mouthparts video
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•Piercing-Sucking MouthpartsMosquitoes, aphids, seed bugs
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•Sponging Mouthparts
Some insects, like house flies, have mouthparts modified to “sponge up” liquids
They can’t bite!
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Sponging mouthpart video clip
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•Cutting-Sponging Mouthparts
Horse flies and Deer flies cut a deep wound then lap up the flowing blood
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The Thorax consists of three segments:
1)Prothorax
2)Mesothorax
3)Metathorax
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Legs are found on all three (pro- meso- & meta-) thoracic segments.
Wings, if they occur, are found onthe Mesothorax and Metathorax (never on the Prothorax).
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Prothorax = no wingsBut has 1 pair legs
Metathorax = wings &1 pair legs
Mesothorax = wings &1 pair legs
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1)LEGS
Leg segments include:
• Coxa -- attached to body• Femur -- largest segment of leg• Tibia• Tarsus• Tarsal claws
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Coxa Femur
Tibia Tarsal segment
s Tarsal
claws
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The structure of legs of insects vary depending upon use, but all have the same basic parts. Some different leg types include:
•Running •Jumping
•Grasping •Digging
•Clinging •Swimming
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Cursorial = Running legs can be found on fast moving insects, like cockroaches
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Sartorial = Jumping leg of grass hopper
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Raptorial Leg of Praying Mantis. Designed to grab and hold prey.
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Fossorial =Digging leg of mole cricket
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Sucking Louse with Clinging legs
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Natatorial = Swimming
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2)WINGS
There are various modifications of insect wings, some with special functions.
These include:
• Membrane Wings• Scale Wings• Haltares• Elytra• Hemi-elytra
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MembraneWings
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Hind wingsof true fliesare greatlyreduced andfunction as balancing organs called Haltares
Haltare
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Scale Wings
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Front wings of beetles consist ofhard protective covers (elytra)
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True bugs (Hemiptera) have half of the wing stiff and colorful.
The other half is membraneous.
These are called “hemi elytra”.
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Most insect wings have “veins”.
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Wing veins have several functions:
•Carry Blood (for a short time)
•Add Strength (exoskeletal)
•Add Strength (alter shape)
•Great taxonomic value
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Abdomen
The functions of the abdomen are
•Reproduction
•Excretion
Abdomen
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Appendages of the abdomen areof two types:
•Reproductive appendages such as genitalia or ovipositors
•Those not associated with reproduction
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Non-reproductive appendages: Cerci
Cerci on this male earwigare used for defense
Tail-like appendages on mayflies are also cerci
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Reproductive: Male Scorpion Fly
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Female Scorpion fly. Note absence of “stinger”
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Walking sticks deposit eggs almost anywhere and do not have a specializedovipositor
Females:
•Ovipositor – is the egg laying device.Insect ovipositors vary greatly depending upon where the eggs are placed.
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Giant Ichneumonid
Ovipositor 5 inches long
Some wood wasps place eggs deep in the wood. They have very well developed ovipositors.
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Some insects have the ovipositor modified as a defensive weapon.
The stinger of honey bees is a modified ovipositor.
Honey bee pulling away from sting
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End of Basic EntomologyPart I