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OCEAN FERTILISATION:SCIENCE & POLICY ISSUESANDREW BOWIEPHILIP BOYD JULIA JABOUR DELPHINE LANNUZELTOM TRULL
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Ocean Fertilisation: Position Analysis (draft)
Scientific background
Goals and principles
Artificial iron fertilisation research
Natural ocean fertilisation research
Questions and uncertainties
Legal and policy issues
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Release of PA consultative draft at Research Users Forum
Feedback to David Reilly prior to final version, end of 2015
Why the need to revisit ocean fertilisation now?
How can we make this information most useful for end-users?
Is there a need for broader or more frequent information?
CONSULTATION PROCESS
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Royal Society (2009)
IOC/UNESCO (2010) IPCC (2012)
CBD (2009)ACE CRC (2008)
National Research Council (2015)
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RECENT HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2
P4
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RECENT HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2
P4
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(Petit et al., 1999, Nature)
CARBON
TEMPERATURE
DUST
EARTH’S HISTORY: THE IRON-CLIMATE CONNECTION
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Fe
N, Pcatalytic
structural SOIREE phytoplankton bloom
ESSENTIALS OF PHYTOPLANKTON NUTRITION
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THE OCEAN’S BIOLOGICAL PUMP
P5
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IRONEX I&II1994, 1996
SOIREE1999
SOFeX2002
EISENEX, EIFEX
2001,2004
SEEDS 2001
SERIES 2002
SAGE2004
CROZEX, KEOPS 2005
Lohafex2009
GLOBAL NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION
P26
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THE MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF IRON
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MULTIPLE SOURCES OF ‘NEW’ IRON
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QUESTIONS?
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OCEAN FERTILISATION STUDIES
P6
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SOUTHERN OCEAN PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS
P28
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OCEAN COLOUR IMAGE OF ‘KEOPS’ BLOOM
P29
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POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
THE HOPE
Plankton populations
rebound to historic levels,
reviving fisheries and
sequestering vast amounts of
carbon.
THE FEAR
Iron leads to depletion of
deep-water oxygen, alters
food chain, and promotes
toxic species; CO2 soon
resurfaces
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QUESTIONS?
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“It needs to be made clear that no one really wants to do this,” ... “Some of the [geoengineering] options are potentially dangerous, but we need to be prepared to
act if we have to and we need to be assured that others will not act imprudently or
in regional interest alone.” Graham Pearman 2011
P7
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Date Multilateral Legal Instruments Coverage
1972/1996
International Convention on the
Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter 1972, as amended by the
Protocol of 1996 (London
Convention, usually referred to as
LC/LP but here, LP)
*Dumping of *wastes and other
matter that causes hazard, harm,
damage and/or interference with
the marine environment
prohibited (*defined). Specific
regulation of these issues (flag
state responsibility of IMO Parties)
1992Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) 1992
*preservation of marine biological
diversity inside and outside areas
of national jurisdiction
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIMES
P20
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Environment
Protection &
Biodiversity
Conservation
Act (1999)
Environment
Protection
(Sea Dumping)
Act
(1981)
AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATION
P25
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Voyage reported to contravene the 2008 UN CBD de facto moratorium
Which permits fertilization to small-scale, scientific research studies within coastal
waters.
The LC/LP, a legal body within the framework of the international Law of the Sea,
which regulates dumping and marine pollution, does not refer to the terms ‘small-scale’ and ‘coastal waters’ in its October 2008 resolution on ocean fertilization.
Instead, it distinguishes between “legitimate scientific research”, which is permitted,
and “other activities”.
“As a result of both the chronology and the fact that the international Law of the Sea
takes legal priority over the UN convention on biodiversity, this emphasis on
legitimate science seems more relevant.”
The 2009 Lohafex Case
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PA page 7
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The six criteria for the identification of
research activities are as follows:
Addition to scientific knowledge, based
on best available scientific knowledge
and technology
Appropriate scientific methodology
Subject to peer review
No economic interest involved
Commitment to publish scientific results
Available financial resources.
AMENDMENTS TO THE LONDON CONVENTION (2013)
In the case of ocean fertilisation there is a need to clearly distinguish research
projects from other activities because only permits for legitimate scientific
research may be issued by a Contracting Party.
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Nature 2012
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Nature Editorial Dec 2014
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ONC is developing its unique patented Ocean
Nourishment technology designed to catalyse the
recovery of ocean ecosystems and capture
sustainable economic returns from enhanced
carbon export to the deep ocean (biosequestration)
and increases in marine productivity
http://www.oceannourishment.com/
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New Working Group on Marine
Geoengineering EstablishedGESAMP agreed to establish Working
Group 41 on marine geoengineering under
the lead of IMO and supported by IOC of
UNESCO and WMO, under the co-
chairmanship of Dr. Chris Vivian and another
expert (to be confirmed).
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“However, if society ultimately decides to
intervene in Earth’s climate, the Committee most strongly recommends any such
actions be informed by a far more
substantive body of scientific research—encompassing climate science and
economic, political, ethical, and other
dimensions—than is available at present.”
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THANK YOU
QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION
Delphine JuliaPhilipAndrewTom