Download - Oi 2011 2 Topic 2 Student
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Project planning
Departament d’Organització d’Empreses
ETS d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Enginyeria Industrial
Organització Industrial
2.1
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
What is a project? Features
The internal organization of the companies is prepared to respond to their
needs and regular activities.
There are some singular activities, we call them projects, that require to
establish special procedures and organization.
A project can be defined as a temporary effort developed to
create a unique product or service.
General features of a project
Temporality (defined beginning and end)
Unique product, service or result that is not obtained in usual activities
Progressive development
Low automation but intensive use of workforce
It involves the management of resources (time, budget, workforce, ...)
2.2
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
What is project management?
Examples
Building a plant or warehouse
Develop and launch a new product
Automation of a production line
Implement new software for warehouse management
Relocation of an office, plant, warehouse….
New computing application
Rearrangement of workforce
Implement a new management model
Computerization of procedures
Implement ISO 9000 quality standard (or others)
It’s the application of knowledge, skills, tools and
techniques to the activities of the project to achieve the
project requirements.
Project Management Institute. Project Management Body Of Knowledge.
2.3
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Project life cycle
Project
“GO”
Decision
Majors
Contracts
Let
Full
Operations
100 %
STAGE 1 STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IV
Previous studies
Project viability
Investment approval
Product launchingDevelopment
engineering
Construction and
assembly
Supplies
Project definition of the
basic engineering project
Programming and budget
Contracting
TIME
% P
erc
en
t C
om
ple
te
Source: Project Management Institute. A Guide to the project management body of
knowledge, PMI Standards Committee, Maryland, USA, 1996
2.4
Installation
Substantially
Complete
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Features and information of the activities
Features
Definable and understandable by participants
Manageable, the responsibility must be assigned to a single person
Possibility to carry out estimates in terms of duration, cost,…
Independent and distinguishable, to some extend, from other activities
Integrated with the rest of activities to set up the project
Measurable to establish progress of the project
Adaptable to the project requirements
Information
Identifying: code, description, executor, responsible
Temporary: duration, foreseen start and end dates (updatable)
Resource requirements: type and quantity of the needed resource
2.5
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Links classification
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
Temporary
location
Succession
LINKS
Temporary location
SuccessionPotential
Disjunctive Inability to perform two activities (i , j)
simultaneously
Cumulative R(k , t): available quantity of resource k
at time t
t
ij
t
ij
2.6
ti
f
ft i
ti
F
Ft i
att ij btt ij
a b
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Classification and treatment of problems
PROJECT
SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS
Compatibility
Heuristics (kind Manpower
scheduling, greedy methods)
Balancing
Heuristics (such as, Burguess-
Killebrew)
Potential Tools:
Gantt, PERT and Roy diagrams
Disjunctive Heuristics methods
Cumulative
RESULTS: The program (schedule of activities, resource allocation,
timing of receipts and payments ...)
2.7
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: list of activities
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Technical specifications
Definition of operations
Assembly P1
Assembly P2
Dovetailing P1-P2
Component labelling P1-P2
Assembly P1.2
Assembly P2.2
Visual inspection P2.2
Plug in P1.2 to P1-P2 + Test
1
1
2
3
5
2
3
2
2
1
-
A
B
B
C, D
E
C
D
H
G, F
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Code Activity name Duration Preced. Resources
2.8
Project: prototype wiring for pleasure craft
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: Roy diagram of precedences
ti: 0 Ti: 0 mi: 0
Technical spec.
Di: 1Cod.: A
ti: 1 Ti: 1 mi: 0
Def of operations
Di: 1Cod.: B
ti: 2 Ti: 3 mi: 1
Assembly P1
Di: 2Cod.: C
ti: 2 Ti: 2 mi: 0
Assembly P2
Di: 3Cod.: D
ti: 5 Ti: 9 mi: 4
Assembly P2.2
Di: 2Cod.: H
ti: 5 Ti: 5 mi: 0
Dovetailing P1-P2
Di: 5Cod.: E
ti: 4 Ti: 9 mi: 5
Assembly P1.2
Di: 3Cod.: G
ti: 10 Ti: 10 mi: 0
Labelling P1-P2
Di: 2Cod.: F
ti: 7 Ti: 11 mi: 4
Visual insp. P2.2
Di: 2Cod.: I
ti: 12 Ti: 12 mi: 0
Plug P1.2 & P1-P2 + Test
Di: 1Cod.: J
End
Start
Project: prototype wiring for pleasure
craft
2.9
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: Roy diagram and critical path
A
0
00B
0
11
E
0
55
F
0
1010
G
5
94
H
4
95I
4
117
J
0
1212
C
1
32
D
0
22End
0
1313
St..
0
00
1
1
1 3
3
2 2
1
2
5
3
2
2
2.10
Project: prototype wiring for pleasure craft
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: PERT diagram and critical path
2.11
I II V VI VIII
III
IV
VII
A B E F J
IH
G
C
D
1 1
2
3
3
5 2 1
22
0/0 1/1 2/2
4/5
5/5
5/510/10
7/11
12/12
13/13
Project: prototype wiring for pleasure craft
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: table of results
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Technical specifications
Definition of operations
Assembly P1
Assembly P2
Dovetailing P1-P2
Component labelling P1-P2
Assembly P1.2
Assembly P2.2
Visual inspection P2.2
Plug in P1.2 to P1-P2 + Test
1
1
2
3
5
2
3
2
2
1
Cód. Activity name(i) di
0
1
2
2
5
10
4
5
7
12
ti
0
1
3
2
5
10
9
9
11
12
Ti
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
4
4
0
mi
C
C
C
C
C
C
Crit.
Ordered according to increasing margin
2.12
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: Gantt diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110
Time
12
Technical specifications
Definition of operations
Assembly P1
Assembly P2
Dovetailing P1-P2
Comp. labelling P1-P2
Assembly P1.2
Assembly P2.2
Visual inspection P2.2
Plug in P1.2 to P1-P2 + Test
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
131 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110 12 13
2.13
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Load curves (with overload)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110
Time
12
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110
Time
12
0
1
2
3
Re
so
urc
es
13
13
2.14
Technical specifications
Definition of operations
Assembly P1
Assembly P2
Dovetailing P1-P2
Comp. labelling P1-P2
Assembly P1.2
Assembly P2.2
Visual inspection P2.2
Plug in P1.2 to P1-P2 + Test
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Load curves (without overload)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110
Time
12
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 110
Time
12
0
1
2
3
Res
ou
rce
s
13
13
2.15
Technical specifications
Definition of operations
Assembly P1
Assembly P2
Dovetailing P1-P2
Comp. labelling P1-P2
Assembly P1.2
Assembly P2.2
Visual inspection P2.2
Plug in P1.2 to P1-P2 + Test
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Disjunctive problems
Definition: those in which a disjunctive link exists (when two or more
activities cannot overlap temporarily in their execution).
Can be considered a particular case of the cumulative link.
RESOLUTION PROCEDURE
P1. For each disjunctive link, determine the length of the paths that may
be created between the beginning and the end of the project, with each
of the possible orientations of the disjunctive links (not yet resolved).
For a disjunctive link between activities i and j: ti + di + (D-Tj)
P2. Associate each disjunctive link with the greatest of the lengths of the
new paths that may be introduced.
P3. Consider the link with the greatest associated value and orientate it
in the opposite direction (most favorable).
P4. Introduce the chosen direction of the disjunctive link as a new
potential link. Back to P1.
2.16
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: Roy diagram and disjunctives (I)
A
0
00B
0
11
E
0
55
F
0
1010
G
5
94
H
4
95I
4
117
J
0
1212
C
1
32
D
0
22End
0
1313
St.
0
00
1
1
1 3
3
2 2
1
2
5
3
2
2
2.17
3
2
3
2
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: Roy diagram and disjunctives (II)
A
0
00B
0
11
E
0
55
F
0
1010
G
5
74
H
4
95I
4
117
J
0
1212
C
1
32
D
0
22End
0
1313
St.
0
00
1
1
1 3
3
2 2
1
2
5
3
2
2
3
3
2
H
2
97I
2
119
2.18
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Cumulative problems
Definition: those in which cumulative links appear (when a limitation in the use of one or more resources is imposed).
The goal, due to the difficulty of the problem, is to find a solution.
Solving methodologies:
create a solution from the very beginning;
Find a better solution starting from a given solution, for example without considering the resource limitation,
Two kinds of procedures can be applied :
Any heuristic algorithm: Manpower Scheduling family (simulation) or Greedy procedures (constructive);
Burgess-Killebrew heuristic algorithm.
2.19
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Example: data and initialization
2.20
0
p
a
c
e f
f
b
d
10
14
4
2
208
Act d Res t T m
a 10 1 0 14 14
b 4 2 10 24 14
c 2 1 0 12 12
d 14 2 2 14 12
e 20 1 0 0 0
f 8 2 20 20 0
0
0
Activity list (according to margin): e,f,c,d,a,b
Activity list (according to early start date): e,c,a,d,b,f
..283
84
3
utbound duration Minimum
units resuorce
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Compatibility problems resolution
Objective: Do not exceed at any time the resources availability.
Starting data: Rank the activity list according to a priority criteria :
E.g. activities based on changes in time (rank the activities in no
decreasing order of early start date).
Procedure body:
Serial sequencing: Schedule the activities at the sooner possible moment,
according to precedence and resources, following strictly the order of the list.
Parallel sequencing: Manpower Scheduling Algorithme
Sequence all possible activities at the same moment, in the order of the list, if possible.
Sequence in the next possible moment the first activity that may, in the order of the list, if possible.
End:
The entire list of activities has been scheduled.
2.21
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Compatibility example (I)
2.22
ef
cd
ab
0 2 16 20 24 28 32
0 2 16 20 24 28 32
36
3610
10
Activities sorted by early start date
Pa
ralle
l G
ree
dy
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Compatibility example (II)
2.23
ef
cd
ab
0 2 16 20 26 2832
0 2 16 20 26 28 32
Activities ordered according to margin
Se
ria
l G
ree
dy
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Solving balancing problems
Burgess and Killebrew Algorithm:
Objective: reduce the overload regarding an average value of resource
consumption (R). This will cause an underload reduction.
Initial solution : obtained considering only potential links and early start
dates of the activities.
Procedure body (from an ordered list of activities):
Assess the postponement of the start of the next activity from the
list until last possible date.
Choose the position of the activity that minimizes overload ():
=(t=1;T) max[0; rt-R] rt: consumption of resource at t
Move to the next activity in the list.
End :
When the overload becomes null.
When all the activity list is covered, without any improvement.
2.24
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Balancing. Final solution
2.25
ef
cd
ab
0 2 16 2014 28
0 2 16 2014 2810
10
Organización Industrial – 2011 – DOE - ETSEIB – UPC
Organització Industrial (Eng. Industrial)
Balancing. Final solution
2.26
ef
cd
ab
0 2 16 20 24 28 32
0 2 16 20 24 28 32
36
3610
10