OpenAccessNow!
DrErnestoPriego,CityUniversityLondon@ernestopriego
ResearchnotesintheformofadeckofslidesassembledbyErnestoPriegofortheOpenAccessdebateorganisedbyRogerSabinatCentralSaintMartins,UniversityoftheArts,London,Monday18March2013.
TooMuchTextonTheseSlides!
• Yes.Theseslidesaremeanttobeaccessedopenlyonlineandreadasadeckofresearchcardsornotes.
• Theydonotnecessarilyrepresentwhatwasshowninsitu.• Thisisatypeofopenaccessscholarlyoutputoreducational
resource.Ittooksometimeandeffort(i.e.£)tocreate.• Lessthan20peopleattendedtheevent.Thisisnormaland
evensuccessfulinmanycasesofacademicevents.ManymorewillhopefullygetanideaofwhatIdiscussedthroughthisresource.
• TheseresearchnoteswerepublishedonlineaftertheeventtheywerecreatedforasaPDFandarelicensedbyErnestoPriegounderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLicense.
“Youneverchangethingsbyfightingtheexistingreality.
Tochangesomething,buildanewmodelthatmakestheexistingmodelobsolete.”
‐BuckminsterFuller,
AmericanArchitect(1895‐1983)
DigitalScholarship
Scholarsengagedindigitalscholarship:• haveadvanceddigitalliteracyskills• self‐archive• filterandsharewithothers• blogabouttheirresearch• publishinopenaccessjournals• commentopenlyontheworksofothers• buildnetworks
(AfterTerryAnderson,2009;MartinWeller,2011)
• Scholarsask:allcool,butwhorewards/incentivises/fundsallthis?
ScholarlyOutputs(Cronin2012)
From1970:• Workingpaper• Occasionalpaper• Preprint• Conferencepaper• Journalarticle• Letters• Researchnotes• Monograph• Bookreview• Literaturereview
From2010:• Sameas1970plus…
Journalarticleandsupplementarymaterials
• Hyperlinkedarticles• Tweets• Blogs• Videos(YouTube)• E‐preprints• Webpages• Webinars/podcastsetc.
Scholarship=Dissemination• Nolongercompletelydifferenttasks• Theharderitistofindsomething,theharderitistoaccessit• Theharderitistoaccesssomething,theharderitistofindan
audience• Theharderitistofindanaudience,theharderitistocreate
sustainableengagement• Theharderitistocreatesustainableengagement,theharderitisto
haveanimpact• Ifitcan’tbeaccessed,itwon’tberead• Ifitcan’tberead,itwon’tbecited• Again,sameissue:sincenoteveryonedoesitnaturally,anofficial
systemofincentives/rewardsneedstoallocatefinancial,infrastructural,timeresourcesforthis
http://www.oercommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/
Inaworldbasedinsharingandreusing(theWeb)attribution,reciprocityandfeedbackare
thekeybestpractices
GreatestanxietiesaboutOpenAccessrightnowarearoundIntellectualproperty,plagiarism,copyrightlawinthedigitalage.WeneedtostudyandcommunicatebetterhowexistinglegalframeworksinteractwithexistingCreativeCommonslicensesandinstitutionalfundingandpublisher’spolicies
OpenAccessExplained*JorgeCham(2012)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5rVH1KGBCY
*OpenAccessisnotonlyfor“scientists”!
TheRealCost• Forbetterorworse,theWebistheprimarygatewaytoinformation
searchandaccess• Whatisnotaccessedisnotused• IntheWeb,frictionreducesattentionandusage• Paradigmshiftintheattentioneconomyandtheeconomicsof
onlineattention:ifthere’sapaywallyouwilljumpoveritwithoutpaying
• Weneedmorehonestyinwhyacademicworkispublishedinnon‐OAjournalsthatareexpensive,restrictiveanddifficulttofind
• Academicsalreadypaytowriteandpublisharticlesinpaywalledjournalsevenifnotdirectly
• Weneedscholarsformarts,humanitiesandsocialsciencesfieldstoengageinacriticalrevisionofcopyright,lincensing,functionsofacademicpublishing
OA:NoPaywall
• Open‐access(OA)literatureisdigital,online,freeofcharge[tothereader;insomecasestoauthorsthroughwaivers],and[ideally]freeofmostcopyrightandlicensingrestrictions[throughCreativeCommonslicenses].
• WhatmakesitpossibleistheInternetandtheconsentoftheauthororcopyright‐holder.
(PeterSuber2008)
CompatiblewithResearchExcellence
• OAisentirelycompatiblewithpeerreview,andallthemajorOAinitiativesforscientificandscholarlyliteratureinsistonitsimportance.
• Justasauthorsofjournalarticlesdonatetheirlabor,sodomostjournaleditorsandrefereesparticipatinginpeerreview.
(PeterSuber2008)
OAisNotFreetoProduce
• OAliteratureisnotfreetoproduce,evenifitislessexpensivetoproducethanconventionallypublishedliterature.
• Thequestionisnotwhetherscholarlyliteraturecanbemadecostless,butwhethertherearebetterwaystopaythebillsthanbychargingreadersandcreatingaccessbarriers.
• BusinessmodelsforpayingthebillsdependonhowOAisdelivered.
(PeterSuber2008)
Hajjem,HarnadandGingras,2005
• “Ten‐YearCross‐DisciplinaryComparisonoftheGrowthofOpenAccessandHowitIncreasesResearchCitationImpact”
• Papersonopenaccessjournalshaveahighercitationimpactthannon‐OAjournals
OACanIncreaseImpact
“Inordertomaximisetheimpactoftheirresearch,researchersneedtomakeitOpenAccess”
–RobertKiley,HeadofDigitalServices, WellcomeTrust(LSEFutureofAcademicImpactsconference,London,5December2012)
OnlinePresence=Citations
• CitationsinWikipediacorrelatewithJCRdata(Nielsen,2007)
• Articlesinthetopquartileoftweetswere11timesmorelikelytobeintopquartileofcitations2yearslater(Eysenbach,2012)
• Positivecorrelationsbetweeninclusioninreferencemanagersandcitation(Bar‐Ilan,2012;Lietal.2011;Priemetal.,2012)
• Downloadspredict/correlatewithsubsequentcitation(Brodyetal.,2006).
(Cronin2012)
Tweeting,BloggingandOARepositories
• “Ifyoutellpeopleaboutyourresearch,theylookatit.Yourresearchwillgetlookedatmorethanpaperswhicharenotpromotedviasocialmedia”
• “beforeIbloggedandtweetedthem,hadonetotwodownloads,eveniftheyhadbeenintherepositoryformonths(oryears,insomecases).Uponbloggingandtweeting,within24hours,therewereonaverageseventydownloadsofmypapers”MelissaTerras(2012).
TwoMainPaths
• TherearetwoprimaryvehiclesfordeliveringOAtoresearcharticles:
1. OAjournalsand2. OAarchivesorrepositories.
(PeterSuber,2004)
PeterSuberonOAJournals
• “OAjournalsperformpeerreviewandthenmaketheapprovedcontentsfreelyavailabletotheworld.
• Theirexpensesconsistofpeerreview,manuscriptpreparation,andserverspace.
• OAjournalspaytheirbillsverymuchthewaybroadcasttelevisionandradiostationsdo:thosewithaninterestindisseminatingthecontentpaytheproductioncostsupfrontsothataccesscanbefreeofchargeforeveryonewiththerightequipment.
• Sometimesthismeansthatjournalshaveasubsidyfromthehostinguniversityorprofessionalsociety.Sometimesitmeansthatjournalschargeaprocessingfeeonacceptedarticles,tobepaidbytheauthorortheauthor’ssponsor(employer,fundingagency).”
ArticleProcessingCharges(APCs)
• OAjournalsthatchargeprocessingfeesusuallywaivethemincasesofeconomichardship.OAjournalswithinstitutionalsubsidiestendtochargenoprocessingfees.
• OAjournalscangetbyonlowersubsidiesorfeesiftheyhaveincomefromotherpublications,advertising,pricedadd‐ons,orauxiliaryservices.Someinstitutionsandconsortiaarrangefeediscounts.
• SomeOApublisherswaivethefeeforallresearchersaffiliatedwithinstitutionsthathavepurchasedanannualmembership.
• There’salotofroomforcreativityinfindingwaystopaythecostsofapeer‐reviewedOAjournal,andwe’refarfromhavingexhaustedourclevernessandimagination.
(PeterSuber,2008)
PeterSuberonOAArchivesandRepositories
• OAArchivesorrepositories:OAarchivesorrepositoriesdonotperformpeerreview,butsimplymaketheircontentsfreelyavailabletotheworld.Theymaycontainunrefereedpreprints,refereedpostprints,orboth.
• Archivesmaybelongtoinstitutions,suchasuniversitiesandlaboratories,ordisciplines,suchasphysicsandeconomics.Authorsmayarchivetheirpreprintswithoutanyoneelse’spermission,andamajorityofjournalsalreadypermitauthorstoarchivetheirpostprints.
PeterSuberonOAArchivesandRepositories
• WhenarchivescomplywiththemetadataharvestingprotocoloftheOpenArchivesInitiative,thentheyareinteroperableanduserscanfindtheircontentswithoutknowingwhicharchivesexist,wheretheyarelocated,orwhattheycontain.
• Thereisnowopen‐sourcesoftwareforbuildingandmaintainingOAI‐compliantarchivesandworldwidemomentumforusingit.Thecostsofanarchivearenegligible:someserverspaceandafractionofthetimeofatechnician.expensesconsistofpeerreview,manuscriptpreparation,andserverspace.
OpenAccess:UnlockingWhatYouDo,SoWhatYouDoGetsRead!
TwoCurrentOfficialRoutes
• Green:authorsdepositcopyofpre‐printorpost‐printinan“institutionalrepository”orotheropenweb‐site– Over600openrepositoriesalreadyestablishedworld‐wide
• Gold:authorspublishinpeer‐reviewedjournalsfundedbypublicationcharges(APCs)ratherthanbylibrarysubscriptions
UKOA:FinchReport
• “Accessibility,sustainability,excellence:howtoexpandaccesstoresearchpublications.ReportoftheWorkingGrouponExpandingAccesstoPublishedResearchFindings”,DameJudeFinchOBE,June2012
• Publicly‐fundedresearchneedstobeaccessiblebythepublicwhofundedthatresearch.
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A cloud based research data management system where you can:
Alternatives!“GetCreditforAllYourResearch”(withDOIs!)
http://figshare.com/
Manage your research outputs privately and securely
Make your research outputs citable, sharable, discoverable
AWholeNewGame(biologicalandmedicalsciences)
https://peerj.com/
“PeerJisanOpenAccesspublisherofscholarlyarticles.Weaimtodrivethecostsofpublishingdown,whileimprovingtheoverallpublishingexperience,andprovidingauthorswithapublicationvenuesuitableforthe21stCentury.”
OpenLibraryofHumanities
AimstoprovideaplatformforOpenAccesspublishingthatis:
• Reputableandrespectedthroughrigorouspeerreview
• Sustainable• Digitallypreservedandsafely
archivedinperpetuity• Non‐profit• Openinbothmonetaryand
permissionterms• Non‐discriminatory(APCsare
waiverable)• Technicallyinnovativeinresponseto
theneedsofscholarsandlibrarians• Asolutiontotheserialscrisis
https://www.openlibhums.org/
UbiquityPresshttp://www.ubiquitypress.com/
“Openaccesspublisherofpeer‐reviewed,academicjournals.Ourflexiblepublishingmodelmakesjournalsaffordable,andenablesresearchersaroundtheworldtofindandaccesstheinformationtheyneed,withoutbarriers.”
Yes,PolicyisNotPerfect…
• …butthesolutioncannotbetogoondoingthingsasusual.
• HowcanartsandHSSscholarsengageinaconstructivecritiqueofpoliciesthathavealreadybeendecided?
• HowcanweproactivelyandimaginativelydevelopinnovativeOAmechanismsthatreflectthedifferentscholarlycultures(needs,opportunities,challenges)ofartsandHSSfields?
Sources• Cham,Jorge(2012)“OpenAccessExplained”PhDComics,alsoavailableon
YouTube,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5rVH1KGBCY• Priego,Ernesto(2012)“StrategiestoGetyourResearchMentionedOnline”,
Altmetricblog,http://altmetric.com/blog/strategies‐to‐get‐your‐research‐mentioned‐online/.
• Priego,Ernesto(2012)‘Insightsfrom“TheFutureofAcademicImpact”’,Altmetricblog,http://altmetric.com/blog/insights‐from‐the‐future‐of‐academic‐impact/.
• Priego,Ernesto(2012)“Insightsfrom“TheNumbersGame”,lecturebyBlaiseCronin”,Altmetricblog,http://altmetric.com/blog/insights‐from‐the‐numbers‐game‐lecture‐by‐blaise‐cronin/
• Suber,Peter,(2008)“AVeryBriefIntroductiontoOpenAccess”http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm
• SPARC(2004)“OpenAccess”,reportavailableviaOpenAccessWeekhttp://www.openaccessweek.org/page/downloads‐2
• Othersourcesusedarereferencedinmyblogpostslistedaboveorontheslidesthemselves.
Thankyou!
• Directfeedback:• @ernestopriego,
• http://epriego.wordpress.com/
• Formorediscussion:#OpenAccess#OA
• ThisdeckofresearchnotesislicensedbyErnestoPriegounderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLicense.