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Jeff Siewerdsen, PhDJeff Siewerdsen, PhDDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Computer ScienceDepartment of Computer ScienceRussell H. Morgan Department of RadiologyRussell H. Morgan Department of Radiology
Department of NeurosurgeryDepartment of NeurosurgeryArmstrong Institute for Patient Safety and QualityArmstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality
Johns Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and QualityArmstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality
Johns Johns Hopkins University
Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation / carnegie.jhu.eduCarnegie Center for Surgical Innovation / The I
Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation / The I-
Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation / carnegie.jhu.educarnegie.jhu.eduCarnegie Center for Surgical Innovation / Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation / The I-STAR Lab / istar.jhu.edu
Open GantryCone-Beam CT
Now You C It
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DisclosuresFunding SupportFunding SupportNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health
R01National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health
R01R01-National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health
R01R01--EBNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health
EBEBEBEB-National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health
EBEBEBEB--017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)R01R01R01R01R01-
EBR01 EBEBR01R01--CA
EBEBEBCACACACACA-
017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)EB 017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)CACA--112163 (Dual
017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)112163 (Dual112163 (Dual-017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)017226 (Imaging for OR Safety and QA)112163 (Dual112163 (Dual--Energy CT)R01
R01R01R01R01-R01 CAR01R01--EB
CACACAEBEBEBEBEB-
112163 (Dual112163 (Dual112163 (Dual112163 (DualCACA 112163 (DualCAEBEBEBEBEB--018896
112163 (Dual112163 (Dual018896 018896 (High112163 (Dual112163 (Dual
(High(High(High-Energy CT)Energy CT)Energy CT)Energy CT)112163 (Dual112163 (Dual Energy CT)
(High(High(High--Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT –– W W ZbijewskiZbijewski, PI)R01R01U01R01R01U01U01U01-R01 EBEBEBU01U01--EB
EBEBEBEBEBEBEBEBEBEB-
018896 018896 018896 018896 EB 018896 018896 EBEBEBEBEB--018758
(High018896 (High(High018758 018758 (Sub
(High(High(Sub(Sub(Sub-
Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT (High(High Resolution CBCT (Sub(Sub(Sub--mSv
Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT mSvmSv CT Resolution CBCT
CT CT –Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT
– JW Resolution CBCT Resolution CBCT W Resolution CBCT
JW JW StaymanZbijewskiZbijewskiW W Zbijewski
StaymanStaymanStayman, PI)U01U01U01Siemens
018758 018758 018758 018758 (SubEBEBEBEBEBSiemens Siemens Healthineers
mSvmSvmSvmSv CT CT CT (Sub(Sub(Sub(SubHealthineersHealthineersHealthineers (XP, AT)Siemens Siemens HealthineersHealthineersHealthineers (XP, AT)
Mobile and Robotic C(XP, AT)(XP, AT)
Mobile and Robotic CMobile and Robotic CMobile and Robotic C-(XP, AT)(XP, AT)(XP, AT)
Mobile and Robotic CMobile and Robotic C--arm CBCTMobile and Robotic CMedtronicMedtronic
Intraoperative 3D Imaging and RegistrationIntraoperative 3D Imaging and RegistrationCarestream
Intraoperative 3D Imaging and RegistrationIntraoperative 3D Imaging and RegistrationCarestreamCarestream HealthCarestreamCarestream HealthHealth
Extremity CBCTExtremity CBCTPointExtremity CBCTPointPoint-Extremity CBCTPointPoint--ofExtremity CBCTExtremity CBCT
ofofofof-Extremity CBCTExtremity CBCTExtremity CBCTExtremity CBCT
ofofofof--Care CBCT of the Head
Advisory BoardAdvisory BoardSiemens
Advisory BoardAdvisory BoardSiemens HealthineersSiemens Siemens Siemens Siemens HealthineersHealthineersCarestream
HealthineersHealthineersHealthineersHealthineersHealthineersHealthineersCarestreamCarestreamCarestream Health
Licensing AgreementLicensing AgreementCarestream
Licensing AgreementLicensing AgreementCarestream HealthCarestreamCarestreamElektaCarestreamCarestreamCarestreamCarestream HealthHealthHealthHealthCarestreamCarestreamElektaElekta Oncology
*This presentation includes research systems and off*This presentation includes research systems and off-*This presentation includes research systems and off-label use.
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Physical configurationsImage acquisition and reconstruction
Handouts for this presentation available after RSNA at:http://istar.jhu.edu/talks
Overview / Learning Objectives
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Diversity of system platformsDiversity of applications – from IGRT to diagnostic imaging
Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …ArtifactsRadiation dose
New systems and applicationsAdvanced imaging techniques
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Physical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsImage acquisition and reconstructionPhysical configurationsImage acquisition and reconstructionImage acquisition and reconstructionPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsPhysical configurationsImage acquisition and reconstruction
Diversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of applications Diversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications –Diversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications Diversity of applications –– from IGRT to diagnostic imagingfrom IGRT to diagnostic imagingfrom IGRT to diagnostic imagingDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platforms
from IGRT to diagnostic imagingfrom IGRT to diagnostic imagingfrom IGRT to diagnostic imagingDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platforms
–Diversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platformsDiversity of system platforms
–––– from IGRT to diagnostic imaging
Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …ArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsSpatial resolution, contrast resolution, …Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …Spatial resolution, contrast resolution, …ArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsRadiation doseRadiation doseArtifactsRadiation doseRadiation doseArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsArtifactsRadiation dose
New systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsAdvanced imaging techniquesNew systems and applicationsAdvanced imaging techniquesAdvanced imaging techniquesNew systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsNew systems and applicationsAdvanced imaging techniques
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Physical Configuration
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
X
Det
*Large-area detector (typically 25-43 cm)2D projections (typically hundreds, circular orbit)3-D Volume (from a single rotation)Many, varied configurations / applications
Multi-Detector CT Open Gantry / Cone-Beam CT
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~Typical CharacteristicsMulti-Detector CT Open Gantry / Cone-Beam CT
X-ray Source High Power (100-240 kW)Continuous mA
Lower Power (3-100 kW)Pulsed mA
Detector 1-64 rows (up to 256-320 rows)~few cm Z coverage (up to 16 cm)
>1024 – 2048 rows>20 cm Z coverage
Acquisition Speed and Orbit
FastCircular / Helical~3-5 rotations / sec
Fast table feed (>10-50 cm / sec)(1000s of projections / rotation)
SlowCircular (semi-circular) or Non-Circular
~1 rotation / 5-60 secNo table motion
(100s of projections / rotation)
Image Quality Good(bone + soft tissues)
(CE-enhanced scans; DE protocols)
Moderate(CNR challenged by scatter)
(isotropic sub-mm spatial resolution)(artifacts)
Applications Diagnostic Radiology(some interventional)
Image-Guided Procedures(specialty diagnostic applications)
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
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ConeCone-Cone-Beam System Geometry
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
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Cosine Weighting(Feldkamp Weights)
u
v
Siewerdsen, Stayman, and Noo (Chapter 13 in Image Processing in Radiation Therapy, K. K. Brock, Ed, CRC Press 2013)
3D Filtered Back3D Filtered Back-3D Filtered Back-Projection
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
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3D Filtered Back3D Filtered Back-3D Filtered Back-Projection
Siewerdsen, Stayman, and Noo (Chapter 13 in Image Processing in Radiation Therapy, K. K. Brock, Ed, CRC Press 2013)
3D Back-Projection
# of voxels# of projections
Repeat
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
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IGRT Image-Guided Surgery ENT Breast MSK
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
System Configurations and Applications
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ImageImage-Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)ImageImageImage Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)CBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaElekta SynergyElektaElekta SynergySynergyVarian OBIVarian OBI
New systems for proton / heavy ion New systems for proton / heavy ion TxNew systems for proton / heavy ion New systems for proton / heavy ion
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-ROOM:FIXEDFIXEDFIXED ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens Siemens ArtisArtis (Artis (PhenoPheno, Pheno, ZeegoZeego, Zee, …), Philips , Zee, …), Philips AlluraAllura, Toshiba , Toshiba InfinixSiemens MOBILE:MOBILE:
Medtronic OMedtronic O-Medtronic O-arm, Siemens arm, Siemens CiosCios Spin, Spin, ZiehmZiehm VarioVario, Vario, XoranXoran Xcat
Diagnostic SpecialtiesDiagnostic SpecialtiesBreast CT:Breast CT:Breast CT:
KoningBreast CT:Breast CT:
KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC-(Ning), UC-Davis (Boone)KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UCENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT TeraReconTeraRecon PreXionPreXion, …CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, CS9300, Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCATCS9300, XoranXoranMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) / Orthopaedics
TeraReconMiniCATMiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCATOrthopaedicsOrthopaedicsOrthopaedics:Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedPlanMed VerityPlanMedPlanMed VerityCurveBeam
VerityVerityVerityCurveBeamCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCurveBeamCarestream
pedCATpedCATCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCarestreamCarestreamCarestream OnSight
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
ImageImageImage-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
System Configurations and Applications
*Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author.
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ImageImage-Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)ImageImageImage Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)CBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaElekta SynergyElektaElekta SynergySynergyVarian OBIVarian OBI
New systems for proton / heavy ion New systems for proton / heavy ion TxNew systems for proton / heavy ion New systems for proton / heavy ion
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-ROOM:FIXEDFIXEDFIXED ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens Siemens ArtisArtis (Artis (PhenoPheno, Pheno, ZeegoZeego, Zee, …), Philips , Zee, …), Philips AlluraAllura, Toshiba , Toshiba InfinixSiemens MOBILE:MOBILE:
Medtronic OMedtronic O-Medtronic O-arm, Siemens arm, Siemens CiosCios Spin, Spin, ZiehmZiehm VarioVario, Vario, XoranXoran Xcat
Diagnostic SpecialtiesDiagnostic SpecialtiesBreast CT:Breast CT:Breast CT:
KoningBreast CT:Breast CT:
KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC-(Ning), UC-Davis (Boone)KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UCENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT TeraReconTeraRecon PreXionPreXion, …CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, CS9300, Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCATCS9300, XoranXoranMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) / Orthopaedics
TeraReconMiniCATMiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCATOrthopaedicsOrthopaedicsOrthopaedics:Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedPlanMed VerityPlanMedPlanMed VerityCurveBeam
VerityVerityVerityCurveBeamCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCurveBeamCarestream
pedCATpedCATCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCarestreamCarestreamCarestream OnSight
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
ImageImageImage-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
System Configurations and Applications
Images courtesy of J.-J. Sonke (NKI Amsterdam)
*Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author.
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ImageImage-Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)ImageImageImage Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)CBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaElekta SynergyElektaElekta SynergySynergyVarian OBIVarian OBI
New systems for New systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion TxNew systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-ROOM:FIXEDFIXEDFIXED ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens Siemens ArtisArtis (Artis (PhenoPheno, Pheno, ZeegoZeego, Zee, …), , Zee, …), Philips Philips AlluraAllura, Toshiba , Toshiba InfinixSiemens MOBILE:MOBILE:
Medtronic OMedtronic O-Medtronic O-arm, arm, Siemens Siemens CiosCios Spin, Spin, ZiehmZiehm VarioVario, Vario, XoranXoran Xcat
Diagnostic SpecialtiesDiagnostic SpecialtiesBreast CT:Breast CT:Breast CT:
KoningBreast CT:Breast CT:
KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC-(Ning), UC-Davis (Boone)KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UCENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT TeraReconTeraRecon PreXionPreXion, …CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, CS9300, Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCATCS9300, XoranXoranMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) / Orthopaedics
TeraReconMiniCATMiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCATOrthopaedicsOrthopaedicsOrthopaedics:Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedPlanMed VerityPlanMedPlanMed VerityCurveBeam
VerityVerityVerityCurveBeamCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCurveBeamCarestream
pedCATpedCATCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCarestreamCarestreamCarestream OnSight
*Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author.
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
ImageImageImage-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
System Configurations and Applications
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ImageImage-Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)ImageImageImage Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)CBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaElekta SynergyElektaElekta SynergySynergyVarian OBIVarian OBI
New systems for New systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion TxNew systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-ROOM:FIXEDFIXEDFIXED ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens Siemens ArtisArtis (Artis (PhenoPheno, Pheno, ZeegoZeego, Zee, …), , Zee, …), Philips Philips AlluraAllura, Toshiba , Toshiba InfinixSiemens MOBILE:MOBILE:
Medtronic OMedtronic O-Medtronic O-arm, arm, Siemens Siemens CiosCios Spin, Spin, ZiehmZiehm VarioVario, Vario, XoranXoran Xcat
Diagnostic SpecialtiesDiagnostic SpecialtiesBreast CT:Breast CT:Breast CT:
KoningBreast CT:Breast CT:
KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC-(Ning), UC-Davis (Boone)KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UCENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT TeraReconTeraRecon PreXionPreXion, …CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, CS9300, Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCATCS9300, XoranXoranMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) / Orthopaedics
TeraReconMiniCATMiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCATOrthopaedicsOrthopaedicsOrthopaedics:Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedPlanMed VerityPlanMedPlanMed VerityCurveBeam
VerityVerityVerityCurveBeamCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCurveBeamCarestream
pedCATpedCATCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCarestreamCarestreamCarestream OnSight
*Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author.
Tognolini et al.Acad Radiol 2011
Batra et al.,Int For All Rhin 2011
Image courtesy ofBoulder Neurosurg. Spine Assoc.
Wang et al.Phys Med Biol 2014
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
ImageImageImage-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) TognoliniTognolini et al.AcadAcad Radiol 2011
System Configurations and Applications
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ImageImage-Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)ImageImageImage Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)CBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaElekta SynergyElektaElekta SynergySynergyVarian OBIVarian OBI
New systems for New systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion TxNew systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-ROOM:FIXEDFIXEDFIXED ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens Siemens ArtisArtis (Artis (PhenoPheno, Pheno, ZeegoZeego, Zee, …), , Zee, …), Philips Philips AlluraAllura, Toshiba , Toshiba InfinixSiemens MOBILE:MOBILE:
Medtronic OMedtronic O-Medtronic O-arm, arm, Siemens Siemens CiosCios Spin, Spin, ZiehmZiehm VarioVario, Vario, XoranXoran Xcat
Diagnostic SpecialtiesDiagnostic SpecialtiesBreast CT:Breast CT:Breast CT:
KoningBreast CT:Breast CT:
KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC-(Ning), UC-Davis (Boone)KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UCENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT TeraReconTeraRecon PreXionPreXion, …CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, CS9300, Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCATCS9300, XoranXoranMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) / Orthopaedics
TeraReconMiniCATMiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCATOrthopaedicsOrthopaedicsOrthopaedics:Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedPlanMed VerityPlanMedPlanMed VerityCurveBeam
VerityVerityVerityCurveBeamCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCurveBeamCarestream
pedCATpedCATCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCarestreamCarestreamCarestream OnSight
*Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author.
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
ImageImageImage-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
System Configurations and Applications
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ImageImage-Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)ImageImageImage Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)CBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear acceleratorCBCT on a linear accelerator
ElektaElekta SynergyElektaElekta SynergySynergyVarian OBIVarian OBI
New systems for New systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion TxNew systems for New systems for proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion proton / heavy ion
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-
IG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyIG Surgery / Interventional RadiologyFIXED-ROOM:FIXEDFIXEDFIXED ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens ROOM:ROOM:
Siemens Siemens ArtisArtis (Artis (PhenoPheno, Pheno, ZeegoZeego, Zee, …), , Zee, …), Philips Philips AlluraAllura, Toshiba , Toshiba InfinixSiemens MOBILE:MOBILE:
Medtronic OMedtronic O-Medtronic O-arm, arm, Siemens Siemens CiosCios Spin, Spin, ZiehmZiehm VarioVario, Vario, XoranXoran Xcat
Diagnostic SpecialtiesDiagnostic SpecialtiesBreast CT:Breast CT:Breast CT:
KoningBreast CT:Breast CT:
KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC-(Ning), UC-Davis (Boone)KoningKoning (Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UC(Ning), UCENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamENT / Maxillofacial:ENT / Maxillofacial:
CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCAT TeraReconTeraRecon PreXionPreXion, …CarestreamCarestream CS9300, CS9300, CS9300, Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
XoranXoran MiniCATMiniCATCS9300, XoranXoranMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) / Orthopaedics
TeraReconMiniCATMiniCATMiniCAT, MiniCAT, MiniCATOrthopaedicsOrthopaedicsOrthopaedics:Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedMusculoskeletal (MSK) / Musculoskeletal (MSK) /
PlanMedPlanMed VerityPlanMedPlanMed VerityCurveBeam
VerityVerityVerityCurveBeamCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCurveBeamCarestream
pedCATpedCATCurveBeamCurveBeam pedCATCarestreamCarestreamCarestream OnSight
S. Demehri and W. Zbijewski (Johns Hopkins University)
J. Boone (UC Davis)
*Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author.
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
ImageImageImage-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
System Configurations and Applications
![Page 16: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The AAPM Task Group 2383D C-Arms with Volumetric Imaging Capability
Charge: Assessment of 3D C-Arm Cone Beam CT (CBCT) technology for applications in image-guided interventions. …
… characteristics of 3D C-arm systems, quantitative metrics, sources of uncertainty, and quality assurance measures, including dose and image quality.
Also:G. J. GangP. A. HelmL. RitschlM. D. SilverJ. TimmerY. Trousset
M. Supanich
R. R. Fahrig A. K. Jones J. Zhang
S. Schafer C. Riddell K. K. Farahani
A. A. KuhlsKuhls-Kuhls-Gilchrist M. Lin B. B. SchuelerJ. Y. J. Siewerdsen
ApplicationsApplicationsNomenclatureNomenclatureSystem CalibrationSystem Calibration3D Image Reconstruction3D Image ReconstructionImage QualityImage QualityDosimetryDosimetryTraining Issues for Medical Physicists
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
![Page 17: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
asdfasdf
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Spatial Resolution
Contrast Resolution
Temporal Resolution
TaskTask-Task-Based Based Performance
Artifacts
![Page 18: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Siewerdsen, Zbijewski, and Xu (Chapter 4 in Cone Beam Computed Tomography, C. Shaw, Ed, CRC Press 2014)
avox = 0.39 mm
avox = 0.26 mm
avox = 0.13 mm
14
15161718
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Spatial ResolutionSpatial ResolutionSmallest discernible feature sizeSmallest discernible feature sizeSmallest discernible feature size(in the absence of noise)
Governed by:Governed by:Geometric calibrationGeometric calibrationFocal spot sizeFocal spot sizeScintillatorScintillatorDetector pixel sizeDetector pixel sizeReconstruction (smoothing filters)
Metrics:Metrics:Qualitative (lineQualitative (line-Qualitative (line-pair patterns)Qualitative (lineQualitative (lineQualitative (line pair patterns)pair patterns)pair patterns)Spread function width (PSF, ESF)Spread function width (PSF, ESF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)NoteModulation Transfer Function (MTF)NoteNote: Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)NoteNote: : shift variance / stationarityNote: shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity localshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
Caveat:locallocallocal approximationsapproximations local
Caveat:Caveat: nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsCaveat:Caveat: nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithms
nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithms contrast
nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmscontrastcontrast-
nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmscontrastcontrast--dependent
![Page 19: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sign
al (m
m-1
)
Axial Image Signal (thin steel wire)
Siewerdsen, Zbijewski, and Xu (Chapter 4 in Cone Beam Computed Tomography, C. Shaw, Ed, CRC Press 2014)
Four
ier T
rans
form
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Spatial ResolutionSpatial ResolutionSmallest discernible feature sizeSmallest discernible feature sizeSmallest discernible feature size(in the absence of noise)
Governed by:Governed by:Geometric calibrationGeometric calibrationFocal spot sizeFocal spot sizeScintillatorScintillatorDetector pixel sizeDetector pixel sizeReconstruction (smoothing filters)
Metrics:Metrics:Qualitative (lineQualitative (line-Qualitative (line-pair patterns)Qualitative (lineQualitative (lineQualitative (line pair patterns)pair patterns)pair patterns)Spread function width (PSF, ESF)Spread function width (PSF, ESF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)NoteModulation Transfer Function (MTF)NoteNote: Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)NoteNote: : shift variance / stationarityNote: shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity localshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
Caveat:locallocallocal approximationsapproximations local
Caveat:Caveat: nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsCaveat:Caveat: nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithms
nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithms contrast
nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmscontrastcontrast-
nonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmsnonlinear reconstruction / processing algorithmscontrastcontrast--dependent
![Page 20: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Contrast ResolutionContrast ResolutionSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal difference(large stimulus)
Governed by:Governed by:DoseDoseElectronic noiseXElectronic noiseXX-Electronic noiseElectronic noiseElectronic noiseXX--ray scatter
Metrics:Metrics:ContrastContrastNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise-Noise, Noise-Power SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoteNoise, NoiseNoteNote: Noise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise Power SpectrumPower SpectrumPower SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoteNote: : shift variance / stationarityNote: shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity localshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
s
bb
b
bb
b
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒕 = |𝝁𝒔 − 𝝁𝒃|
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.001
0.0012
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Cont
rast
(mm
-1)
SPR (%)
BR-SR1 Breast in Water
Siewerdsen, Zbijewski, and Xu (Chapter 4 in Cone Beam Computed Tomography, C. Shaw, Ed, CRC Press 2014)
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
FOVz~24 cm
FOVz~5 cm
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Contrast ResolutionContrast ResolutionSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal difference(large stimulus)
Governed by:Governed by:DoseDoseElectronic noiseXElectronic noiseXX-Electronic noiseElectronic noiseElectronic noiseXX--ray scatter
Metrics:Metrics:ContrastContrastNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise-Noise, Noise-Power SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoteNoise, NoiseNoteNote: Noise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise Power SpectrumPower SpectrumPower SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoteNote: : shift variance / stationarityNote: shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity localshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
60 mAs30 mAs 120 mAs
Axial m(x,y) ssmsm(m((x,yx,yx,y)
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
20 40 60 80 100 1200
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
mAs
CN
R
mAs20 40 60 80 100 120
CNR
(Kid
ney-
Fat)
10
8
6
4
2
0
𝐶𝑁𝑅 = ∆𝜇′ 𝐷𝑜𝐷𝑄𝐸(0)
𝑘𝐸
𝑎𝑥𝑦3 𝑎𝑧
𝐵𝑊𝐼
![Page 22: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(A) Uncorrelated
(C) Mid-Pass
(B) Low-Pass
(D) High-Pass
Noi
se-P
ower
Spe
ctru
m
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Contrast ResolutionContrast ResolutionSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal difference(large stimulus)
Governed by:Governed by:DoseDoseElectronic noiseXElectronic noiseXX-Electronic noiseElectronic noiseElectronic noiseXX--ray scatter
Metrics:Metrics:ContrastContrastNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise-Noise, Noise-Power SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoteNoise, NoiseNoteNote: Noise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise Power SpectrumPower SpectrumPower SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoteNote: : shift variance / stationarityNote: shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity localshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
![Page 23: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
(A) Uncorrelated
(C) Mid-Pass
(B) Low-Pass
(D) High-Pass
Noi
se-P
ower
Spe
ctru
m
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
𝑁𝑃𝑆 𝑓𝑥, 𝑓𝑦, 𝑓𝑧 =𝑎𝑥𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑧𝑁𝑥𝑁𝑦𝑁𝑧
𝐹𝑇 ∆ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 2
Contrast ResolutionContrast ResolutionSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal differenceSmallest discernible signal difference(large stimulus)
Governed by:Governed by:DoseDoseElectronic noiseXElectronic noiseXX-Electronic noiseElectronic noiseElectronic noiseXX--ray scatter
Metrics:Metrics:ContrastContrastNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise-Noise, Noise-Power SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoteNoise, NoiseNoteNote: Noise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoise, Noise Power SpectrumPower SpectrumPower SpectrumNoise, NoiseNoise, NoiseNoteNote: : shift variance / stationarityNote: shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
shift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity localshift variance / stationarityshift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
![Page 24: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
zyxtask dfdfdffWfNPSfMTFd
' 2
22
TaskTask-Task-Based Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceConsiders:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Fidelity of signal transfer (MTF)Fidelity of signal transfer (MTF)Correlation of noise (NPS)Correlation of noise (NPS)Spatial frequencies of interest (Spatial frequencies of interest (WWWtasktasktask)
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:Prewhitening
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:PrewhiteningPrewhitening (PW /
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:(PW / (PW / HotellingHotellingHotelling)PrewhiteningPrewhitening (PW / (PW /
PW with eye filter (HotellingHotelling(PW / (PW / Hotelling
PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PWEiHotellingHotelling
PWEiPWEi)PW with eye filter (NonPW with eye filter (NonNon-PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (NonNon--prewhitening
PWEiPWEiPWEi)PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PWEiprewhiteningprewhiteningprewhitening (NPW)NonNonNon prewhiteningprewhiteningprewhiteningprewhitening (NPW)(NPW)
Channelized Hoteling (CHO)
Useful for:Useful for:ObserverObserverObserver-ObserverObserver--independent performanceObserverObserverObserver independent performanceindependent performanceindependent performanceSystem design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationLowSystem design, optimizationLowLow-System design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationLowLow--dose performance System design, optimizationSystem design, optimization
dose performance dose performance limits
NoteNote: Note: linearity, shift variance / stationarityNote: linearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity
linearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity locallinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
P. Prakash et al. Med Phys 2011
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
![Page 25: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mag
nific
atio
n
Pixel Size (mm)0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
High-Frequency Task(Bone Edge) 0.194 mm pixels
1x1 Readoutd'
TaskTask-Task-Based Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceConsiders:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Fidelity of signal transfer (MTF)Fidelity of signal transfer (MTF)Correlation of noise (NPS)Correlation of noise (NPS)Spatial frequencies of interest (Spatial frequencies of interest (WWWtasktasktask)
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:Prewhitening
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:PrewhiteningPrewhitening (PW /
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:(PW / (PW / HotellingHotellingHotelling)PrewhiteningPrewhitening (PW / (PW /
PW with eye filter (HotellingHotelling(PW / (PW / Hotelling
PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PWEiHotellingHotelling
PWEiPWEi)PW with eye filter (NonPW with eye filter (NonNon-PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (NonNon--prewhitening
PWEiPWEiPWEi)PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PWEiprewhiteningprewhiteningprewhitening (NPW)NonNonNon prewhiteningprewhiteningprewhiteningprewhitening (NPW)(NPW)
Channelized Hoteling (CHO)
Useful for:Useful for:ObserverObserverObserver-ObserverObserver--independent performanceObserverObserverObserver independent performanceindependent performanceindependent performanceSystem design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationLowSystem design, optimizationLowLow-System design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationLowLow--dose performance System design, optimizationSystem design, optimization
dose performance dose performance limits
NoteNote: Note: linearity, shift variance / stationarityNote: linearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity
linearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity locallinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
P. Prakash et al. Med Phys 2011
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
![Page 26: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Low-Frequency Task(Muscle-Fat)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Pixel Size (mm)
Mag
nific
atio
n
0.388 mm pixels
2x2 Binningd'
TaskTask-Task-Based Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceBased Imaging PerformanceConsiders:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Considers:Fidelity of signal transfer (MTF)Fidelity of signal transfer (MTF)Correlation of noise (NPS)Correlation of noise (NPS)Spatial frequencies of interest (Spatial frequencies of interest (WWWtasktasktasktasktask)
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:Prewhitening
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:PrewhiteningPrewhitening (PW /
Variations in Observer Model:Variations in Observer Model:(PW / (PW / HotellingHotellingHotelling)PrewhiteningPrewhitening (PW / (PW /
PW with eye filter (HotellingHotelling(PW / (PW / Hotelling
PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PWEiHotellingHotelling
PWEiPWEi)PW with eye filter (NonPW with eye filter (NonNon-PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (NonNon--prewhitening
PWEiPWEiPWEi)PW with eye filter (PW with eye filter (PWEiprewhiteningprewhiteningprewhitening (NPW)NonNonNon prewhiteningprewhiteningprewhiteningprewhitening (NPW)(NPW)
Channelized Hoteling (CHO)
Useful for:Useful for:ObserverObserverObserver-ObserverObserver--independent performanceObserverObserverObserver independent performanceindependent performanceindependent performanceSystem design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationLowSystem design, optimizationLowLow-System design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationSystem design, optimizationLowLow--dose performance System design, optimizationSystem design, optimization
dose performance dose performance limits
NoteNote: Note: linearity, shift variance / stationarityNote: linearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity
linearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity locallinearity, shift variance / stationaritylinearity, shift variance / stationarity
locallocal approximations
P. Prakash et al. Med Phys 2011
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
![Page 27: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
Imaging Performance
FutureDirections
ArtifactsRing ArtifactsRing ArtifactsRing Artifacts
DRing ArtifactsRing ArtifactsRing ArtifactsRing Artifacts
DDefective pixel elementsDefective pixel elementsefective pixel elementsGeometric CalibrationGeometric Calibration
Irreproducible orbitIrreproducible orbitLateral
Irreproducible orbitIrreproducible orbitLateral Lateral TruncationLateral Lateral TruncationTruncation
Limited detector FOVLimited detector FOVShort Scan (<180Short Scan (<180Short Scan (<180o
Limited detector FOVLimited detector FOVShort Scan (<180Short Scan (<180o+fan)Short Scan (<180Short Scan (<180Short Scan (<180 +fan)+fan)+fan)
Insufficient data, Parker weightsXX-
Insufficient data, Parker weightsInsufficient data, Parker weightsX--ray Scatterray Scatterray Scatterray Scatter
Large volumetric FOVLarge volumetric FOVBeam HardeningBeam Hardening
(as with MDCT)(as with MDCT)Image LagImage Lag
Residual signal from previous framesResidual signal from previous framesCone
Residual signal from previous framesConeCone-
Residual signal from previous framesResidual signal from previous framesResidual signal from previous framesConeCone--Beam ArtifactConeConeCone Beam ArtifactBeam ArtifactBeam Artifact
Circular orbit, divergent beamCircular orbit, divergent beamPatient
Circular orbit, divergent beamCircular orbit, divergent beamPatient Patient MotionPatient Patient MotionMotion
Slow scan Motion
Slow scan Slow scan time
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DosimetryDosimetrySee also:See also:See also:AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarAAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)
BakalyarBakalyar et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarBakalyarExtended CTDI PhantomsExtended CTDI PhantomsLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x-Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x--ray scatter tailsLong x
Point ray scatter tailsray scatter tailsray scatter tailsLong xLong xLong x
Point Point Dose MeasurementsPoint Point Dose MeasurementsDose MeasurementsFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cm3
Dose Measurements3 air volume)Farmer chamber (0.6 cm
Central dose (DCentral dose (DCentral dose (Do
Farmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmCentral dose (DCentral dose (DCentral dose (D )Central dose (DCentral dose (DCentral dose (DPeripheral dose (
o)Peripheral dose (Peripheral dose (Peripheral dose (DDDDpDDD )Peripheral dose (Peripheral dose (DDDpp)
Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniform
Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniformNonuniform dose distributions
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
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DosimetryDosimetrySee also:See also:See also:AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarAAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)
BakalyarBakalyar et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarBakalyarExtended CTDI PhantomsExtended CTDI PhantomsLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x-Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x--ray scatter tailsLong x
Point ray scatter tailsray scatter tailsray scatter tailsLong xLong xLong x
Point Point Dose MeasurementsPoint Point Dose MeasurementsDose MeasurementsFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cm3
Dose Measurements3 air volume)Farmer chamber (0.6 cm
Central dose (DCentral dose (DCentral dose (Do
Farmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmCentral dose (DCentral dose (DCentral dose (D )Central dose (DCentral dose (DCentral dose (DPeripheral dose (
o)Peripheral dose (Peripheral dose (Peripheral dose (DDDDpDDD )Peripheral dose (Peripheral dose (DDDpp)
Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniform
Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniformNonuniform dose distributions
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
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Peripheral
Central
DosimetryDosimetrySee also:See also:See also:AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarAAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)
BakalyarBakalyar et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarBakalyarExtended CTDI PhantomsExtended CTDI PhantomsLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x-Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x--ray scatter tailsLong xLong xLong x ray scatter tailsray scatter tailsray scatter tails
Point Dose MeasurementsPoint Dose MeasurementsFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cm3
Point Dose Measurements3 air volume)Farmer chamber (0.6 cm
Central dose Farmer chamber (0.6 cmCentral dose Central dose (D(D(Do
Farmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cm(D(D(D(D(D(D )Central dose Central dose (D(D
Peripheral dose (D(D(D
Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose (o)
Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose (((DDDDpDDDDDD )Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose (DDDDpp)Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniform
Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniformNonuniform dose distributions
𝐷𝑤 =1
3𝐷0 +2
3𝐷𝑃
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
mGy
Half-scan (200◦)
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DosimetryDosimetrySee also:See also:See also:AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarAAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)AAPM Task Group 111 (Dixon et al.)
BakalyarBakalyar et al.)AAPM Task Group 200 (AAPM Task Group 200 (BakalyarBakalyarExtended CTDI PhantomsExtended CTDI PhantomsLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLongitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x-Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Longitudinal stack (3 cylinders ~45 cm)Long xLong x--ray scatter tailsLong xLong xLong x ray scatter tailsray scatter tailsray scatter tails
Point Dose MeasurementsPoint Dose MeasurementsFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cm3
Point Dose Measurements3 air volume)Farmer chamber (0.6 cm
Central dose Farmer chamber (0.6 cmCentral dose Central dose (D(D(Do
Farmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cmFarmer chamber (0.6 cm(D(D(D(D(D(D )Central dose Central dose (D(D
Peripheral dose (D(D(D
Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose (o)
Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose (((DDDDpDDDDDD )Peripheral dose Peripheral dose Peripheral dose (DDDDpp)Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniform
Short scans and object truncationShort scans and object truncationNonuniformNonuniform dose distributions
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Dlens = 5.5 mGy
D0 = 20 mGy
Half-scan (200◦)
0
5
10
15
20
25
mGy
𝐷𝑤 =1
3𝐷0 +2
3𝐷𝑃
0 10 20 30Position, z (cm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Dose
(mG
y)
Peripheral
Central
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Pheno Robotic C-arm (Siemens)Basic
Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Head Scanner (Prototype) J. Xu et al. Med Phys 2016
New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, CMOS, CMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
Multitom RAX(Siemens)
Imaging Ring(Imaging RingImaging Ring((medPhotonImaging RingmedPhotonmedPhoton)
InReach(CurveBeam)
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Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
apix = 0. 099 mmσadd = 304 electrons
FOV = 29.5 x 29.5 cm2
Dalsa3030HR
Varian4343CB
apix = 0. 138 mmσadd = 5968 electrons
FOV = 43 x 43 cm2
CMOS DetectorFlat Panel Detector
Extremity CT (Hi-Res pQCT Prototype)W. Zbijewski, Johns Hopkins University
CMOSCMOSDalsaCMOSDalsaDalsa Xineos
Flat PanelFlat PanelVarian 4030
New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, Variable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
![Page 34: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Varian4343CB
CMOS DetectorFlat Panel Detector
Glare PSFShort range PSF
Sisniega et al., Phys Med Biol 2015
Veiling Glare Deconvolution
MC Scatter + Beam Hardening
*-1
Detector Lag Deconvolution
+
-
Joseph Spital
MC
*-11 − 𝑐1 𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝑥2
2𝑐22 +
𝑐1𝜋𝑐3
1
1 + 𝑥2 𝑐32
𝑛=1
𝑁
𝑏𝑛 ⋅ 𝑒−𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑢(𝑘)
𝑆𝑖
𝜇𝑖 𝜇𝐵𝐻 𝜇i𝐵𝐻
𝑦𝑖𝜇𝑖+1
New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, CMOS, CMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
![Page 35: Open Gantry Cone-Beam CT - I-STAR...PlanMed Verity CurveBeam pedCAT Carestream OnSight *Errors and omissions are responsibility of the author. Tognolini et al. Acad Radiol 2011 Batraet](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071409/6101d76de7639c2006223ed2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Varian4343CB
CMOS DetectorFlat Panel Detector
Glare PSFShort range PSF
Sisniega et al., Phys Med Biol 2015
Veiling Glare Deconvolution
MC Scatter + Beam Hardening
*-1
Detector Lag Deconvolution
+
-
Joseph Spital
MC
*-11 − 𝑐1 𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝑥2
2𝑐22 +
𝑐1𝜋𝑐3
1
1 + 𝑥2 𝑐32
𝑛=1
𝑁
𝑏𝑛 ⋅ 𝑒−𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑢(𝑘)
𝑆𝑖
𝜇𝑖 𝜇𝐵𝐻 𝜇i𝐵𝐻
𝑦𝑖𝜇𝑖+1
Glare Deconvolution
MC Scatter + Beam Hardening
Lag Deconvolution
*
No Corrections
Scatter Correction All All CCorrections
New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, CMOS, CMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
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Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Varian4343CB
CMOS DetectorFlat Panel Detector
Glare PSFShort range PSF
Sisniega et al., Phys Med Biol 2015
Veiling Glare Deconvolution
MC Scatter + Beam Hardening
*-1
Detector Lag Deconvolution
+
-
Joseph Spital
MC
*-11 − 𝑐1 𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝑥2
2𝑐22 +
𝑐1𝜋𝑐3
1
1 + 𝑥2 𝑐32
𝑛=1
𝑁
𝑏𝑛 ⋅ 𝑒−𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑢(𝑘)
𝑆𝑖
𝜇𝑖 𝜇𝐵𝐻 𝜇i𝐵𝐻
𝑦𝑖𝜇𝑖+1No Corrections
Scatter Correction All Corrections
New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, CMOS, CMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
MotionMotion-Motion CorrectedPatient Motion
CMA-ESmin𝑇6𝐷𝑜𝐹𝑺𝛁 FDK (pq,T)
Patient Motion‘Auto
Patient Motion‘Auto‘Auto-
MotionMotionMotion-CorrectedCorrectedCorrectedPatient MotionPatient MotionPatient Motion‘Auto‘Auto-Focus’ Image Domain Motion Compensation
Sisniega et al., Phys Med Biol 2016
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New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, CMOS, CMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
Filtered Backprojection Penalized Likelihood
Penalty
Log-Likelihood 𝝁 =
𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝑹𝟐
𝑼𝟐 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝜽𝒑′ 𝝃, 𝜽 ∗ 𝒌𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒑 𝝃 𝒅𝜽
Conventional MBIR
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New SystemsNew Systemsand Acquisition Techniquesand Acquisition TechniquesRobotic gantryRobotic gantryRobotic gantryNoncircular orbitsNoncircular orbitsSpecialty systems (pointSpecialty systems (point-Specialty systems (point-ofofof-ofof-care)Specialty systems (point
New DetectorsCMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesCMOS, CMOS, CMOS, CMOS, Variable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesVariable gain modesHigher resolutionHigher resolutionLower electronic noise
Improved Artifact CorrectionsImproved Artifact CorrectionsLag + GlareLag + GlareLag + GlareScatter + BeamScatter + Beam-Scatter + Beam-HardeningScatter + BeamScatter + BeamScatter + Beam HardeningPatient Motion
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel
New Reconstruction MethodsModel-
New Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsNew Reconstruction MethodsModel-based image reconstruction (MBIR)ModelModelModelModelModelModel based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)based image reconstruction (MBIR)Prior information (patient and devices)Prior information (patient and devices)Accelerated reconstruction
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
ImagingPerformance
FutureDirections
FBP PLH
6.6 mGy1.0 mm
2.113 s
3.3 mGy1.0 mm
2.74 hr 19 s
DoseSpatial Res. (ESF)
CNRRecon Time
Wang et al. Med Wang et al. Med PhysPhys (2015)
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LargeLarge-Large area detectorLargeLargeLarge area detectorarea detectorarea detectorCircular (or non
area detectorCircular (or nonCircular (or non-
area detectorarea detectorarea detectorCircular (or nonCircular (or non--circular) orbit circular) orbit Volumetric FOV
Handouts for this presentation available after RSNA at:http://istar.jhu.edu/talks
LargeLargeLarge-area detectorarea detectorarea detector
In SummaryBasic
Principles
CBCTSystems
Imaging Performance
FutureDirections
Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurationsIGRT Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurationsIGRT IGRT Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurations
IR Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurations
IR IR IR IR Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurations
IG surgery Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurations
IG surgery IG surgery Rich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurationsRich diversity of system configurations
Specialty diagnostics (breast, MSK, …)
Good (nearly isotropic) spatial resolutionGood (nearly isotropic) spatial resolutionModest softGood (nearly isotropic) spatial resolutionModest softModest soft-Good (nearly isotropic) spatial resolutionGood (nearly isotropic) spatial resolutionGood (nearly isotropic) spatial resolutionModest softModest soft--tissue contrast resolutionModest softArtifacts
New systems, detectors, and acquisition techniquesNew systems, detectors, and acquisition techniquesModelNew systems, detectors, and acquisition techniquesModelModel-New systems, detectors, and acquisition techniquesNew systems, detectors, and acquisition techniquesNew systems, detectors, and acquisition techniquesModelModel--based image reconstruction
Basic Principles
CBCTSystems
Imaging Performance
FutureDirections
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Sheth
Weiss Thawait
Zhang
Osgood
De Silva
Taylor
KhannaOuadah Uneri Jacobson
Tilley
Reaungamornrat
Prince
Stevens
Goerres
Aygun
AcknowledgmentsBiomedical EngineeringThe I-STAR LabThe Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation
RadiologyN Aygun, C Weiss, K Hong, S Demehri, J Carrino
NeuroscienceR Stevens, V Koliatsos
NeurosurgeryJP Wolinsky, N Theodore, D Sciubba, T WithamA Cohen, M Luciano, G Gallia, X Ye, H Brem
Orthopaedic SurgeryG Osgood, B Shafiq, J FickeJ Khanna, L Riley
Computer Science and ECER Taylor, G Hager, P KazanzidesJ Prince
ZbijewskiSiewerdsen Brem TheodoreStayman
Sisniega
HanWu
istar.jhu.educarnegie.jhu.edu
Xu Cao
Dang
Ketcha
Brehler