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In the name of God, the most Gracious, the most Compassionate.
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Copyright 2005 Takveen, Inc. P.O. Box 1, South River, NJ08882. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in anyway, including but not limited to photocopy, photography,magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement andwritten permission of the publisher and author.
ISBN: 0-9770739-7-1
Takveen and the Takveen logo are either registered trademarksor trademarks of Takveen, Inc. in the United States and/orother countries.
The author and publisher have made their best effort to preparethis book, and the content is based upon final release softwarewhenever possible. Portion of the manuscript may be basedupon pre-release versions supplied by the software
manufacturer(s). The author and the publisher make norepresentation or warranties of any kind with regard to thecompleteness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept noliability of ANY KIND including but no limited toperformance, merchantability, fitness for any particularpurpose, or any losses or damages of ANY KIND caused oralleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
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About the Author
Mr. Abbasi is President and CEO of Takveen, Inc. NJ, which isfirm providing information technology related OptimalSolutions to industry. He is also attached with three top-notchcomputer schools of NJ teaching Oracle DatabaseAdministration in Unix/Windows Server environments. Beforecoming to NJ, he used to teach Oracle in heart of NC, Raleighwhile working as Chief Technologist with a business solutions
development firm.
Mr. Abbasi has been attached intensely with the IT field forpast 13 years and has written dozens of softwares and tons ofcode from programming microcontrollers using Assemblylanguage to writing 3-tier multi-language web applications.
He did B.Sc. Electrical Engineering from University of
Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan(www.uet.edu.pk). He is Oracle Certified ProfessionalDatabase Administrator (OCP), Microsoft CertifiedProfessional (VB) and lots of other computer certifications.Besides certifications, he has lots of publications and has filed1 patent with United States Patent & Trade Mark Office.
When asked Mr. Abbasi, he said that it all erupted with a
saying of my engineering professor,
Think yourself .
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Acknowledgements
First, I am really thankful to God: The Designer of thisUniverse, everything within and beyond. I always rememberHim as Supreme Progneer (Programmer & Engineer). Theonly One whos every release is a final release and noupgrades, version releases or service packs after words. I saluteyour sea of computational and engineering skills my Lord andyour graciousness for letting me have a droplet from it.
I really want to thank my father and mother for their wonderfulsupport. Although my father is no more living but hisexceptional sacrifices will never be forgotten
I like to thank Arshia, Mateen and Abdul-Wadud for theirencouragement to let me work on this book even during thetime which I should had spent with them.
Finally, I am thankful to all the wonderful instructors,professors, scholars, students and friends I had for their supportand encouragement.
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Table of Contents
Minute 1: ......................................................................... 17Understanding the Oracle Environment
Minute 2: ......................................................................... 23
Understanding the Oracle Instance
Minute 3: ......................................................................... 33
Understanding the working of Oracle Instance
Minute 4: ......................................................................... 39
Understanding Oracle Database
Minute 5: ......................................................................... 51
Oracle 9i Software Installation
Minute 6: ......................................................................... 57Oracle 9i Database Design using DBCA
Minute 7: ......................................................................... 85
Enabling Other Computers to Access Oracle
Server
Minute 8: ....................................................................... 107
Oracle Enterprise Manger
Minute 9: ....................................................................... 121
Oracle Backup & Recovery -Simple Technique
Minute 10: ..................................................................... 129
Oracle Performance Tuning
INDEX .......................................................................... 135
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FIGURE 1:THE COMPLETE ORACLE SYSTEM:ORACLE INSTANCE &ORACLE DATABASE.
................................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 2:ORACLE INSTANCE CAN HEAR YOU FROM ANY CORNER OF GLOBE WHETHER ITS
LANOR INTERNET. .......................................................................... 21FIGURE 3:BACKGROUND PROCESSES &MEMORY ARCHITECTURE INSIDE BRAIN. .. 26
FIGURE 4:PHYSICALLY ALL HUMAN BRAINS ARE SIMILAR. .................................. 26
FIGURE 5:ORACLE INSTANCE MEMORY ARCHITECTURE. ................................... 27
FIGURE 6:ORACLE INSTANCE BACKGROUND PROCESSES;SHARED SERVER MODE. .. 35
FIGURE 7:ORACLE INSTANCE BACKGROUND PROCESSES;DEDICATED SERVER MODE.36
FIGURE 8:RESTAURANT RUNNING UNDER SHARED WAITRESS MODE................ 37
FIGURE 9:RESTAURANT RUNNING UNDER DEDICATED WAITER MODE............... 38
FIGURE 10:PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE:ORACLE DATABASE............................... 42
FIGURE 11:ORACLE DATABASE LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE. .................................. 44FIGURE 12:PHYSICAL &LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE RELATIONSHIP. ........................ 45
FIGURE 13:TABLESPACES RELATES TO DATA FILES ONLY. .................................. 46
FIGURE 14:ONE OBJECT (E.G.TABLE)CAN BE IN TWO OR MORE DATA FILES BUT ONLY IN
ONE TABLESPACE. ............................................................................ 47
FIGURE 15:REDO LOG FILES IN ACTION. ........................................................ 48
FIGURE 16:THE FIRST TEXT BOX WILL ASK YOU THE LOCATION OF ORACLE SOFTWARE FILES
THAT NEEDS TO BE INSTALLED.THE SECOND IS THE NAME TEXT BOX WHERE YOU
WRITE THE ORACLE HOME NAME AND THE THIRD ONE IS THE DESTINATION
LOCATION WHERE YOU WANT ORACLE SOFTWARE TO BE INSTALLED. .......... 53FIGURE 17:SECOND OPTION IS FOR INSTALLING A CLIENT AND WOULD LACK THE ABILITY TO
CREATE THE DATABASE.THE THIRD OPTIONAL IS BASICALLY AN ADD-ON FEATURE
WHICH WILL INSTALL ORACLE MANAGEMENT SERVER AND OTHER RELATED
MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRATION TOO. ............................................... 54
FIGURE 18:ORACLE ENTERPRISE EDITION IS FOR HIGH-VOLUME APPLICATIONS.STANDARD
EDITION IS FOR DEPARTMENTAL APPLICATIONS WHEREAS PERSONAL EDITION OF
ORACLE IS FOR SINGLE USER DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT. .................... 55
FIGURE 19:IF WE SELECT GENERAL PURPOSETHEN ORACLE UNIVERSAL INSTALLER
(OUI)WILL NOT ONLY INSTALL THE SOFTWARE BUT WILL CREATE A STANDARD
GENERAL PURPOSE DATABASE TOO BY DEFAULT.BUT WE WANT TO INSTALL
SOFTWARE ONLY USING OUIAND THEN LATER LEARN HOW TO DEVELOP THE
DATABASE. ..................................................................................... 56
FIGURE 20:BEFORE USING DBCAWE HAVE TO SET CERTAIN OSENVIRONMENT
VARIABLES. .................................................................................... 59
FIGURE 21:IN WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM CLICK:,,
,AND FINALLY . ......................................................... 61
FIGURE 22:FIRST WINDOW OF DBCAIS BASICALLY A WELCOME MESSAGE WITH A BRIEF
DESCRIPTION ON THE PURPOSE OF THIS TOOL. ....................................... 62
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FIGURE 23:DBCACAN ASSIST DBAWITH 3OTHER TASKS BESIDES CREATING A NEW
DATABASE I.E.CONFIGURING DATABASE OPTIONS IN A DATABASE,DELETE A
DATABASE AND MANAGE TEMPLATES................................................... 63
FIGURE 24:EACH TEMPLATE HAS PREDEFINED SETTINGS E.G.DATA WAREHOUSE
TEMPLATE HAS SETTINGS GOOD FOR ANALYTICAL PROCESSING PURPOSES. .. 64
FIGURE 25:YOU CAN ASSIGN ANY NAME TO GLOBAL DATABASE NAME............... 65
FIGURE 26:THIS WINDOW IS MEANT FOR MAKE A DECISION WHETHER WE WANT TO RUN
OUR ORACLE SERVER IN DEDICATED SERVER MODEOR THE SHARED SERVER
MODE. ......................................................................................... 66
FIGURE 27:CUSTOM OPTION WILL ALLOW YOU TO SELECT THE SGASIZE ACCORDING TO
YOU NEEDS. ................................................................................... 67
FIGURE 28:THIS WINDOW WILL ALLOW YOU TO SET UP ORACLE SERVER FOR ARCHIVING
OF REDO LOG FILES. ......................................................................... 68FIGURE 29:THIS TAB WILL BE HAVING THE INFORMATION ABOUT LOCATION OF ALL
ORACLE PHYSICAL FILES. ................................................................... 69
FIGURE 30:THESE FOUR PARAMETERS ARE PRESENT IN INIT(SID).ORA FILE. ......... 70
FIGURE 31:THIS WINDOW PROVIDES THE COMPLETE LIST OF INIT(SID).ORA FILE
PARAMETERS.ORACLE INSTANCE READS THE FILE AT THE TIME OF STARTUP.71
FIGURE 32:ACLOSE-UP OF FIGURE 31. ........................................................ 72
FIGURE 33:EACH ORACLE DATABASE REQUIRES ONE CONTROL FILE AND THROUGH THIS
WINDOW YOU CAN SET-UP YOUR CONTROL FILE LOCATION(S).MIRROR COPIES
SHOULD BE ON DIFFERENT DRIVES FOR GREATER FAULT TOLERANCE. .......... 73FIGURE 34:SET THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DATAFILES,REDO LOG GROUPS ETC. .. 74
FIGURE 35:CLICKING DATAFILESWILL CHANGE THE RIGHT PANE VIEW TO SHOW ALL
DATAFILES. ..................................................................................... 74
FIGURE 36:CLICKING 1UNDER REDO LOG GROUPS WILL CHANGE THE RIGHT PANE VIEW
TO SHOW ALL THE MEMBER OF THAT PARTICULAR REDO LOG GROUP.EACH REDO
LOG GROUP SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE MEMBER. ................................ 75
FIGURE 37:EITHER YOU CAN CHANGE THE DEFAULT FILE SIZE FOR REDO LOG MEMBER OR
GO WHAT IS DEFAULT USING THIS WINDOW. ......................................... 76
FIGURE
38:Y
OU CAN ALSO SAVE THE SETTINGS FOR YOUR DATABASE IN A TEMPLATE FOR
CLONE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT. ....................................................... 77
FIGURE 39:ITS BETTER TO CHANGE ALL THE DEFAULT PASSWORDS AT THIS POINT BY
CLICKING THE BUTTON. ............................ 78
FIGURE 40:CHANGE THE PASSWORD AND MAKE SURE THE ACCOUNT IS NOT HAVE A CHECK
MARK IN THE CORRESPONDING LOCK ACCOUNT?FIELD. ....................... 79
FIGURE 41:USE ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM)TO TEST CONNECTION TO YOUR
RECENTLY DEVELOPED DATABASE.OEMIS LOCATED UNDER ,,FOLDER. ...................................................... 80
FIGURE 42:ACLOSE-UP OF THE FIGURE 41. .................................................. 80
FIGURE 43:SELECT THE LAUNCH STANDALONEOPTION. ................................. 81
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FIGURE 44:THE TESTDATABASE WILL BE VISIBLE IN THE TREE HIERARCHY OF OEM
(ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER). ..................................................... 82
FIGURE 45:CONNECTING AS SYSDBATO TESTDATABASE.............................. 82
FIGURE 46:EXPAND THE TABLESPACESITEM IN THE TREE TO SEE THE LIST OF
TABLESPACES WITHIN TESTDATABASE. ............................................... 83
FIGURE 47:ORACLE NET NEEDS TO BE CONFIGURED ON SERVER AS WELL AS ON EACH
CLIENT. ......................................................................................... 87
FIGURE 48:ORACLE INSTANCE KNOWS HOW TO SPEAK WITH ORACLE NET LAYER WHEREAS
ORACLE NET DEALS WITH DIFFERENT NETWORK PROTOCOLS. ................... 88
FIGURE 49:ACCESSING ORACLE NET MANAGER (ONM):JAVA BASED PROGRAM,
COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF OPERATING SYSTEM. .............................. 89
FIGURE 50:EXPANDING LISTENERSSHOWS NO LISTENER PROCESS. ................. 90
FIGURE 51:ORACLE NET MANAGER SHOWING NO SERVICE NAME. ................... 90FIGURE 52:CLICK THE LISTENERAND THEN THE +ICON TO CREATE NEW LISTENER
PROCESS. ....................................................................................... 91
FIGURE 53:ASSIGN THE NAME TO THE LISTENER PROCESS................................. 91
FIGURE 54:ADD ADDRESSOF NEWLY ADDED LISTENER PROCESS TO TREE. ........ 93
FIGURE 55:LISTENERS LOCATION FOR LISTENING REQUESTS. ............................ 94
FIGURE 56:LISTENER PROCESS WILL BEQUEATH THE CONNECTION REQUEST FROM THE
CLIENT TO THE DATABASE ADDED USING THE BUTTON. .. 95
FIGURE 57:ENTER GLOBAL DATABASE NAME,DATABASE HOME DIRECTORY LOCATION
AND FINALLY SID(NAME OF ORACLE INSTANCE). ................................... 96FIGURE 58:SAVE NETWORK CONFIGURATION AND START THE LISTENER. ............. 97
FIGURE 59:IN WINDOWS SERVER 2003ENVIRONMENT,THE LISTENER PROCESS CAN BE
ACTIVATED UNDER THE SERVICESWINDOW. ...................................... 98
FIGURE 60:CLICK THE SERVICE NAMEITEM AND THEN CLICK THE +ICON TO ADD A
NEW SERVICE NAME TO THE TREE. ....................................................... 99
FIGURE 61:NET SERVICE NAME WILL BE THE NICK NAME ON THIS MACHINE FOR THE
ORACLE DATABASE WE WANT TO CONNECT TO.IT CAN BE ANY NAME. ..... 100
FIGURE 62:SELECT THE NETWORK PROTOCOL USED TO COMMUNICATE WITH ORACLE
SERVER FROM THIS CLIENT
. ............................................................. 101FIGURE 63:NET SERVICE NAME IS AN ALIAS GIVEN TO DETAILED LIST OF CONNECTION
PARAMETERS.HOST NAME WILL BE THE NAME OF THE MACHINE ON THE NETWORK
RUNNING ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. .............................................. 102
FIGURE 64:SERVICE NAME WILL BE GLOBAL DATABASE NAME OF ORACLE DATABASE
SERVER.LISTENER PROCESS WILL BE REQUESTED BY CLIENT TO BEQUEATH THE
CONNECTION TO THIS ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. ............................... 103
FIGURE 65:SERVICE NAME &NET SERVICE NAME IS NOT SAME.SERVICE NAME IS THE
GLOBAL DATABASE NAME. ............................................................. 104
FIGURE 66:SAVE NETWORK CONFIGURATION.ORACLE NET MANAGER WILL GENERATE
TNSNAMES.ORA FILE CONTAINING NET SERVICE NAME (ALIAS)RESOLUTION TO
MAKE A ORACLE SERVER CONNECTION. ............................................. 105
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FIGURE 67:ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM)IS A JAVA BASED APPLICATION,
COMPLETELY OPERATING SYSTEM INDEPENDENT. ................................. 109
FIGURE 68:NO NEED TO REMEMBER SQLSTATEMENTS.MOST OF THE TIME RIGHT-CLICK
SOLVES THE PROBLEM AND POPPED UP MENU PROVIDES YOU THE COMMAND YOU
WERE LOOKING FOR. ...................................................................... 110
FIGURE 69:CREATE THE NEW TABLESPACE USING THIS WINDOW. .................... 111
FIGURE 70:STORAGE TAB WILL GIVES YOU THE OPTION TO SELECT LOCALLY MANAGED OR
DICTIONARY MANAGED EXTENTS.YOU CAN ALSO SELECT TO MAKE THE TABLESPACE
EXTEND AUTOMATICALLY IN CASE IT RUNS OUT OF SPACE BY SELECTING
AUTOMATIC ALLOCATION. ........................................................... 112
FIGURE 71:MANAGE DATA FILES USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM).113
FIGURE 72:MANAGE REDO LOG FILES &GROUPS USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER
(OEM). ...................................................................................... 114FIGURE 73:COMPLETE USERS MANAGEMENT USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER
(OEM). ...................................................................................... 115
FIGURE 74:CREATE USERUSER WINDOW WILL POP UP ONCE YOU RIGHT CLICK ANY USER
AND SELECT THE OPTION CREATE AS SHOWN IN THE SLIDE ABOVE.COMPLETE
ORACLE INSTANCE MANAGEMENT USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANGER (OEM).
................................................................................................. 116
FIGURE 75:MEMORY TAB GIVES YOU FULL CONTROL OVER ORACLE INSTANCE MEMORY
ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS. ......................................................... 117
FIGURE 76:DATABASE RECOVERY ISSUES CAN BE MANAGED EASILY USING ORACLEENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM). ...................................................... 118
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MMiinnuuttee11::
Understanding the
OracleEnvironment
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Oracle is such a complex system that without analogies itsvery hard to comprehend and grasp the concept of Oracle
architecture and its working. Also once you understand theconcepts then there is nothing left for cramming.
Oracle System is basically divided into two things namelyOracle Instance and Oracle Database. We have taken theanalogy of a Genie (Ghost/Djin): just like the one you mighthave seen in the movie/story of Aladdin & the Magic Lamp.When Aladdin rubbed the lamp; Genie became available andfulfilled all his commands. Similarly when you double clickOracle icon in your system, Oracle Instance gets alive andwaits for users information/data related commands to fulfill, asit is a magnificent Data Management Genie.
Oracle Instance is something with which users interact in termsof storing and retrieving information. Anything that is goinginto the database or coming out of the database has to bethrough Oracle Instance and to communicate with Oracle
Instance we need to learn Genies language: SQL. It stands forStructured Query Language and pronounced as See-Qual.
The Oracle Database is basically Genies area to writeinformation and to make the changes permanent on the harddisk. The communication between Oracle and user takes placein a fashion that first user has to establish a connection withOracle server or more precisely oracle instance by providing
his/her credentials (Username and password). Once verified,Oracle accepts the connection otherwise the connection requestwill get rejected.
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Figure 1: The C
In Oracle wconsidered aoracle server
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MMiinnuuttee22::
UnderstandingOracle Instance
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The thing I want you to memorize if you havent memorized ityet, the definition of Oracle Instance i.e. the background
processes and memory architecture constitute the OracleInstance. To better understand these two things I want to giveyou the analogy of the way human brain works. Human brainsworks pretty much the same way Oracle Instance works.
Oracle System Human System
Oracle Instance + OracleDatabase
Human Brain + NoteBooks (Papers etc.)
Oracle Instance iscomposed of backgroundprocesses & memoryarchitecture.
Human brain is composedof background processes &memory architecture.
Sources of input to OracleInstance are connectedusers.
Sources of input to humanbrain are nose, eye, ear etc.
Background processesreceives input fromconnected users and usingthe memory (RAM)architecture produce theoutput.
Background processes(decision, alerts,relationships etc.) receivesinput from five senses andusing the brain memoryproduces the output(decision).
Physically all OracleSystems are alike i.e. datafiles, control file, redo logfiles etc.
Physically all human brainsare alike i.e. twohemispheres.
Its the logical architecturewhich makes one Oraclesystem different from theother.
Its the logical architecturewhich makes one braindifferent than other.
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Figure 3: Ba
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Oracle 9i Database
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10 Minutes
chitecture inside
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26
Brain.
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Understan
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27
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on. There is a special area inside Shared Pool that deals withSQL and PL/SQL, is called the Library Cache. If one user has
executed the SQL statement that statement will get parsed andcomplied utilizing this area.
The Data Dictionary Cache holds the most recently useddatabase dictionary information. Data Dictionary is basicallythe information about the data inside the database or in otherwords metadata in the form of tables and view about thedatabase.
Database Buffer Cache holds the DB Blocks recently read fromthe data files. Database Buffer Cache has further three sub-caches. One is called KEEP, second one is RECYCLE and thethird one is DEFAULT. In KEEP, DB blocks will be retainedin the RAM and will not get aged out. Oracle Instance willremove stuff placed in RECYCLE from the RAM as soon asthey are not needed. DB Blocks without any assigned attribute(KEEP or RECYCLE) are placed in the DEFAULT buffer
pool.
Within whole Database Buffer Cache, there lie three differenttypes of buffers or in other words three different states ofbuffers. These three states are, Dirty Buffers, Free Buffers andPinned Buffers. Buffers that need to be written to the data filesare marked dirty and hence got the name Dirty Buffers. Oncewritten to the data files they are available to be over-written
and those which never had any data, are called Free Buffers.Buffers that are currently being accessed or those that areexplicitly marked for future use, are called Pinned Buffers e.g.KEEP buffer pool.
Redo Log Buffer Cache holds the information about thechanges that are being made to the database. Large Pool isoptionally required for specific database operation like backup
or restore to avoid contention with rest of the good stuff ofSGA.
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Java Pool is another optional area and can be requested to
provide memory for java objects within Oracle database. TheNon-Shared part of memory is called PGA (Program GlobalArea) and contains the data and control information for a serverprocess. Stack space in the PGA is utilized by server process tohold variables, arrays and other useful information pertainingto connected session.
Understanding Oracle Instances BackgroundProcesses
Oracle background processes have been assigned a specificjob. Each process gets executed under certain circumstances. Ifthose circumstances happen again, the process gets executedagain. Lets look at each of these processes one by one.
DBWn
DBWn or Database Writer process writes the contents of dirtybuffers of Database Buffer Cache to the data files.
LGWR
The Log Writer process writes the Redo Log Buffers from
the Redo Log Cache to the Redo Log files.
ARCn
If we dont want the Redo Log files to be overwritten byLGWR process then we have to run the database inARCHIVELOG mode and we have to enable automatic
archiving by setting LOG_ARCHIVE_START = True.
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Under this mode Archiver process (ARCn) become alive.ARCn process makes sure that the Redo Log files gets archived
to the archived location before it gets overwritten by LGWRprocess. In Oracle 9i, we can have as many as ten Archiverprocesses (ARC0 to ARC9).
CKPT (Checkpoint)
CKPT process updates the header of data files and control file.Its a event that happens automatically and kicks the DBWRprocess to write the dirty buffers to data files.
SMON, PMON
SMON or System Monitor performs instance recovery, ifnecessary on system startup whereas PMON or ProcessMonitor frees up all the resources held by a user processwhenever it fails.
Dnnn or Dispatcher Process(es)
Dnnn or Dispatcher process is only available if you run Oraclesystem in Shared Server mode. Its prime job is to take therequest from the connected user and place it in the in theRequest Queue. Server process when its free picks up therequest form the request queue and put the response back in theResponse Queue after processing the request. Dispatcher
process when its free picks that response from the responsequeue and sends it back to the user who submitted that request.You can have multiple Dnnn processes for single DatabaseInstance.
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Snnn or Shared Server Process(es)
Shared Server processes (Snnn) utilizing the beauty ofDispatcher process and Request and Response Queue to servemore than one user. The number of Shared Server processescan be controlled using two init.ora parameters,SHARED_SERVERS and MAX_SHARED_SERVERS.
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MMiinnuuttee33::
Understanding theWorking of OracleInstance
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Oracle Servemode or as
Instance wobeauty of shprocess handserver procesLGWR (LoSMON (SystOracle backmemory arbackgroundarea) to fulfil
Figure 6: Or
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35
ServerOracle
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In dedicated
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Figure 7: Ora
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Oracle 9i Database
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36
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Figure
In Shared Sreceives theServer procerequest queresponse quethe responsespecific user
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37
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Figure 9
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38
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39
MMiinnuuttee44::
UnderstandingOracle Database
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
40
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41
Oracle database has a logical architecture as well as physicalarchitecture. When we talk about database objects e.g. tables
we are actually talking about logical architecture and when aretalking about physical files like control file, data files etc., weare actually talking about physical architecture of Oracledatabase.
Physical Architecture
Physical architecture of Oracle Database is comprised of fivedifferent types of files.
Physical Architecture of Oracle DatabasePurpose File Names
Main Oracle Database Files.
Control File
Data Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Instance reads it at startup. Parameter File (init.ora)
Archiving of Redo Log Files Archived Redo Log Files
Control File:
Every database has one control file and it basically contains theinformation regarding the structure of database. OracleInstance reads control file at the time of startup to find outdatabase name, location of data files and redo log files.
Data Files:
Data files are the files where the actual databases data resides.Oracle database can have one or more data files. The size ofeach data file is limited to OS (operating system) maximum filesize. But the size of the Oracle Database can be whatever youlike. There is no limit on the maximum size of the database. Ifyou are running out of space you can always add more datafiles to the database.
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Fi
Redo Log Fil
Redo Loghappening inmore redo lolog files getInstance finioverwriting tThe way we
the Oracle Inin this mod
Oracle 9i Database
ure 10: Physical
es & Archive
iles are thedata. Everyfiles. Each s
utilized inhes writinge first one.
an protect ov
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Administration in
Architecture: Or
Redo Log Fil
files that mOracle Databt is called red circular fashe last redo
rwriting of R
ive Log Modog files will
10 Minutes
cle Database
es:
intains these has set o
o log file grouion i.e. whenog file then
do Log files
. If Oracle isget archived
42
changestwo or
p. RedoOracle
it starts
s to run
runningto the
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43
destination you specify in the parameter file before gettingoverwritten.
Parameter File (PFILE):
Parameter file contains the name of the database, location ofcontrol file, memory structure of Oracle Instance and certainother necessary Oracle system configuration parameters.PFILE is read by Oracle Instance while starting up the databaseor even before that i.e. when the Instance creates itself.
Logical Architecture
Logically the data inside the database resides inside thetablespaces. Each tablespace is comprised of segments. OracleInstance allocates a segment each time you create a object(table, view etc) inside the database. Each segment iscomposed of Extents and What are Extents? Each extent is agroup of contiguous DB Blocks. Now what are DB Blocks? ADB Block is the smallest building block of the database and isusually the even multiple of OS Block e.g. DB Block can be (2* OS Block) but not (1.37 * OS Block). The size of the DBBlock can be specified using DB_BLOCK_SIZE init.oraparameter. You can assign values like 2KB (2 Kilo Byes) andif the OS permits you can have 4KB, 8KB etc.
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L
F
Oracle 9i Database
gical Archite
igure 11: Oracle
Administration in
cture of Oraclablespace
Segments
Extents
B Blocks
database logical
10 Minutes
Database
rchitecture.
44
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Figu
Figure 12 shand physicalthe same buttalk about itsabout its tablTablespacesinside theseonly one da
maximum siOperating Syanother datasize of tablessize.
e 12: Physical &
ws the sidearchitectureyou can loo
files (data filspaces, segm
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e of the tastem maximufile to the ta
pace is not li
logical architect
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departmentalsides in the dted with the
lespace cannfiles size. B
lespace. In thited to the O
re relationship.
ship betweease. The dattwo angles.etc.) or you
tc.
level databasata a file. If
tablespace t
t be more tt you can al
is way the mmarked limi
45
logicalbase isou can
can talk
s. Datathere isen the
an theays addximumon file
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Figure 14: One
object (e.g. tablin o
) can be in two one tablespace.
r more data files
47
but only
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How Orac
Every databaredo log grocalled memb
Within oneof each otherdifferent phfactor. Haviwithin a grWhatever dawritten to th
Oracle 9i Database
e Instance
se should havp should havrs.
Figure 15:
edo log grouand its recosical hard drig mirror copup is calleda changes areRedo Log fi
Administration in
ses Redo
two or moreat least two
edo log files in
, all redo logmend that theves to increaies of the orMultiplexing
happening ines. In other
10 Minutes
og Files?
redo log grour more redo
ction.
iles are mirroy all should re the fault tginal Redoof Redo Lothe database,ords you can
48
s. Eachog files
r copiesside onleranceog fileg files.all getssay its
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49
the Undo copy of the original database. As shown in Figure15, Oracle Instance (or more precisely, the Log Writer process)
will start writing these changes in data from Redo Log group 1,once it gets filled up, Oracle instance will move to group 2 andfinally group 3. Once group 3 finishes up, Oracle instance willstart all over gain from group 1. Thats the reason we say thatRedo Log files get utilized in a circular fashion.
To avoid overwriting of Redo Log files, you should run theOracle Instance in Archive Log Mode. Whenever Oracle isrunning in this mode, redo log files gets archived well beforethey get overwritten.
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
50
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51
MMiinnuuttee55::
Oracle 9i Software
Installation
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
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You can doworacle websit
you downloaunzip those dsetup.exe file(OUI).
Step 1:
Once you ruwill see theNext button
Figure 16: Thfiles that needswrite the Orac
nload complete (www.oracl
the Oracle sownload fileswhich will st
the setup.eollowing winnce done.
first text box wto be installed.le Home name ahere you want O
e Oracle soft.com) for lear
ftware then ymost probablrt the Oracle
e file OUI wdow with de
ll ask you the lohe second is thed the third one iacle software to
are for free frning purpose.
u would needbefore runniniversal Inst
ll start and tult values. C
ation of Oracle same text box w
the destination lbe installed.
53
mOnce
tog theller
en youlick the
oftwarehere youocation
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Step 2:
Select the fiselected Orac
Figure 17: Secoto create the
which will inst
Oracle 9i Database
st option ofle9i Database
nd option is for iatabase. The thi
ll Oracle Managand
Administration in
racle 9i Datoption then cl
nstalling a clientd optional is bas
ment Server andntegration too.
10 Minutes
base. Once yck Next but
and would lack tically an add-on
other related ma
54
u haveon.
e abilityeature
agement
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Step 4:
Select the oSoftware Oprocess willOracle Soft
Figure 19: If(OUI) will no
purpose databaOUI
Oracle 9i Database
tion of Sofly option anstart and upoare has been
e select Generonly install thee too by default.and then later le
Administration in
ware Only.click Nextsuccessful c
nstalled succ
l Purpose thenoftware but willBut we want to irn how to devel
10 Minutes
Once you sebutton the insmpletion it
ssfully.
racle Universalcreate a standardnstall software op the database.
56
lect theallationill say,
nstallergenerally using
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57
MMiinnuuttee66::
Oracle 9i Database
Design UsingDBCA
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
58
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Before eveAssistant) w
variables. Owhere Oracenvironment
Step 1:
Lets supposC:\> SET O
Figure 20: B
Whereas in
% setenv ORORACLE_H
ORACLE_BAccording tenvironment
we starte have to s
ACLE_BASe softwaree can set it u
the DOS pro
ACLE_BAS
fore using DBC
nix we write t
CLE_BASE
ME specifi
SE and itsOFA (Opvariable
DBCA (Daet some of
describes twill be inssing the SET
pt is C:\>.
C:\Oracle
we have to setvariables.
he command
/Oracle
s the direct
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abase Confihe OS envi
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ertain OS envir
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acle products Architecturto set
59
urationonment
irectoryindows
nment
.
beneath
reside.), thisto
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
60
ORACLE_BASE/product/release#. Lets suppose the DOSprompt is C:\>.
C:\> SET ORACLE_HOME C:\Oracle\database\9_2
Whereas in Unix we write the command as shown below.
% setenv ORACLE_HOME /Oracle/product/9_2
ORACLE_SID is the instance name or rather default instancename on the machine having Oracle installed. Lets suppose
the DOS prompt is C:\>.
C:\> SET ORACLE_SID test
Whereas in Unix we write the command as shown below.
% setenv ORACLE_SID test
PATH is the environment variable and its usually set toORACLE_HOME/bin folder. The bin folder contains all thetools that shipped with Oracle.
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61
Step 2:
After setting the above mentioned parameters the next stepwould be to run DBCA. DBCA can be invoked from theWindows operating system start menu as shown below or byentering the following Unix command.
dbca
Figure 21: In windows operating system click: , ,, and finally .
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Step 3:
Click the button.
t window of DBbrief description
Administration in
A is basically aon the purpose o
10 Minutes
elcome messaf this tool.
62
e with a
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Step 4:
Using DBCexisting datmanage tempselected and
Figure 23: DBdatabase i.e. c
you can creabase, deletelates. Make shen click Ne
A can assist DBnfiguring datab
and m
e a new databan already ere that Creatt button.
with 3 other tase options in a danage templates.
ase, configurexisting databa Database
ks besides creatitabase, delete a
63
alreadyse andption is
ng a newatabase
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Step 5:
DBCA hasusing Genethat Generalbutton.
Figure 24: Etemplate
Oracle 9i Database
ertain built-ial Purpose dPurpose opti
ch template hashas settings goo
Administration in
templates.atabase templon is selected
predefined settinfor Analytical P
10 Minutes
ver here wete option. Mand then clic
s e.g. Data Warrocessing purpos
64
will beke sureNext
housees.
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Step 6:
Decide onIdentifier (SIcase we haName and tethen click the
Figure 25
Global Data) will be thee entered tet will comeNext butto
: You can assign
ase Namename of thet.takveen asp automatical.
any name to Glo
& Domain.racle Instancthe Globaly as SID. On
al Database Na
65
System. In ouratabasece done
e.
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Step 7:
Decide on tOracle InstaMode.
Figure 26: Thirun our Orac
Oracle 9i Database
e mode ofce either in
s window is meale Server in ded
Administration in
peration of iedicated Ser
t for make a deccated server mo
mode.
10 Minutes
stance. Wever or Share
ision whether wee or the shared
66
an runServer
want toserver
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Step 8:
Decide on SHere you cmemory arcyour needs.that the stuff
Figure 27: Cus
A sizing. Usn either useitecture of Once done cl
in there is acc
tom option willt
e either Typi the defaultacle or chanck the Archirding to your
llow you to selecyou needs.
al or Customvalues provie them acco
ve tab to mrequirement.
t the SGA size a
67
option.ed fording toke sure
cording
-
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Step 9:
Archive Logfiles will beDB Sizingto your reqdefault value
Figure 28: This
Oracle 9i Database
Mode: if youarchived befoab to make suirement. All.
window will alloof
Administration in
select this optie overwrittenre that the stuthese tabs wi
w you to set upedo log files.
10 Minutes
on then the R. Once donef in there is all already be
racle Server for
68
do Loglick thecordinghaving
archiving
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Step 10:
Parameter Fitab. All thescreen are acabout it.
Figure 29: T
e and Traceefault locatiocording to sta
is tab will be haOrac
iles locationsns and file ndards. So yo
ing the informate physical files.
can be set usmes specifiedont have t
on about locatio
69
ing thisin thiso worry
of all
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Step 11:
Make sure tvalues youLocation Varof theseORALCE_HOK button a
Figure 30:
Oracle 9i Database
he OS envirset before stiables button
four varME, DB_N
d you will be
These four para
Administration in
nment variarting DBCA.to see and toables viz.,ME and SID.ack to the pr
eters are presen
10 Minutes
les reflect t Click on tmake sure th
ORACLE Once donevious windo
in init(SID).ora
70
e samee Filevalues
BASE,lick the.
file.
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Step 12:
To see the coAll Initializwill be havinthose you habe a compldeselect anyclick Closewindow and
Figure 31: Tparamete
mplete list oftion Parametg complete lise selected antely editableof the paramebutton and ithen click the
is window provis. Oracle Instanc
nitialization prs button. Tt of all the inithose you hwindow i.e.
ters and edit twill take you
Next button.
des the completee reads the file at
arameters clice popped upialization parvent select. Iyou can sel
he values. Onback to the
list of init(SID).the time of start
71
on theindowmeters,t wouldect andce donerevious
ra fileup.
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Oracle 9i Database
Figure 32:
Administration in
close-up of figu
10 Minutes
re 31.
72
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Step 13:
If you click tpane you wilwith their loc
Figure 33: Eacwindow you c
b
he Control filsee all the mation. Once d
Oracle databasn set-up your coon different dri
item on theultiplexed conne click the
requires one Cotrol file locationes for greater fa
left pane, on ttrol files namptions tab.
trol file and thr(s). Mirror copielt tolerance.
73
he rights along
ugh thiss should
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Step 14:
The optionslog groups adatabase coDatafiles it
Figure 34: S
Figure 35: Clic
Oracle 9i Database
ab defines thd log membld ever possm on the righ
t the maximum
king Datafiles
Administration in
maximum lirs in each reblely has. Opane.
umber of datafil
ill change the ridatafiles.
10 Minutes
it on data filo log groupnce done th
es, redo log grou
ht pane view to
74
es, redohat thisn click
s etc.
show all
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Step 15:
Once you cliwill show alalong with th
Figure 36: Clicview to show
ck the Datal the data fileir location in
king 1 under Rll the member olog group shoul
iles in the ries your databthe system.
do Log Groupsthat particular r
have at least on
ht pane, the lase is compr
ill change the rido log group. Emember.
75
ft panesed off
ght panech redo
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Step 16:
Click the redwill change.of each othelocation whinformationviewing theNext.
Figure 37: Eith
Oracle 9i Database
o log group ithin a Red. You can are you wantbout redo loinformation
er you can chanor go what is d
Administration in
and informLog Group ad more memto place the
group 2 andegarding red
e the default fileefault using this
10 Minutes
tion in the rill members arers and specm. Click 2similarly for
log group
size for redo logindow.
76
ht panee imagefy theirto see
3. After, click
member
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Step 17:
Configuratioclone datababased on thejust save theboth. Oncewindow.
Figure 38: You
values youse developm configuratioconfigurationone click F
can also save theclone dat
ntered in DBnt. You cansettings you
settings as a tnish button
settings for yourabase developme
CA can be screate theprovided ormplate or yoand it take y
database in a tent.
77
ved foratabaseou cancan do
ou next
plate for
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Step 18:
One shouldSYSTEM aclocked. Afteyou will bedatabase crea
Figure 39: It
Oracle 9i Database
change thecounts. Make changing thack on the ption process
better to changelicking the button.
78
S andis notton andand the
oint by
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Figure 40: Chcheck
nge the passwormark in the corr
d and make suresponding Lock
he account is noAccount? field.
79
have a
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
80
Step 19:
Once you see the message, database has been createdsuccessfully. Open up OEM (Oracle Enterprise Manager) asshown in the figure below.
Figure 41: Use Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) to test connection to yourrecently developed database. OEM is located under , , folder.
Figure 42: A close-up of the figure 41.
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Once youwindow will
standalone oServer. Oracwe haventstandalone.
Fi
The next popOEM. Fromrunning all o
one database
lick Enterprpopup asking
you want te Managemeinstalled itClick Ok.
ure 43: Select th
ped up windohere you caver the world
i.e. TEST.
ise Manageryou whether
login to thet Server is ao we will
e Launch stand
w will be thecontrol all t
. Right now i
Console, fou want to r
Oracle Man add-on proe running
lone option.
main controle databases
ts showing y
81
llowingn OEM
gementuct andEM as
anel ofyou areou only
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Figure 44: T
TEST is theyou click onappear askin
There is noSYSDBA frOK button.
Figu
Oracle 9i Database
e TEST databOEM (Oracl
atabase thatTEST item ing you for cr
eed to specifm Connect
e 45: Connectin
Administration in
se will be visiblee Enterprise Man
e have develthe tree, the fedentials i.e.
the login ans drop down
as SYSDBA to
10 Minutes
in the tree hieraager).
oped using Dllowing winlogin and p
password juoption box a
TEST database
82
chy of
CA. Ifow willssword.
t selectd click
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83
Now you would be able to expand the tree under TESTdatabase. If you click Tablespaces under Storage item, you
would be able to see the list of all the tablespaces andcorresponding data files that DBCA has developed for you. Letme give you a closer look to this window in the followingpicture. We will learn in depth about OEM and other good stufflater in this book.
Figure 46: Expand the Tablespaces item in the tree to see the list oftablespaces within TEST database.
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
84
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85
MMiinnuuttee77::
Enabling OtherComputers to
Access OracleDatabase Server
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
86
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The purposenvironment
even world cmachine. Estyou have toand client sid
Figure 47: Or
Oracle Netinstallation ohave to selUniversal Inlistener.ora fdevelopmentOracle Net
process, it lithe listener
of makingwhere users
an access theablishing ano is to config
e.
cle Net needs to
gets installef Oracle Serct the optiotaller. Thele on the serof listener.oror the server.
tens to the usprocess is t
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ork is tohe city or co
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s first we crtart the listethe configure started the
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87
ave anntry or
on theirple. Allserver
on each
ime ofient weOracleate theer. Theation oflistener
job ofto the
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dispatcher inserver mode
running undeOn the clienCreating tnsOracle Netcontains theconnect to O
Figure 48: Owherea
Oracle 9i Database
case the Orr to the dedic
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racle Instance kns Oracle Net deal
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10 Minutes
unning undecess in case
he tnsnames.the configurs.ora is not that we wil
with Oracle Neetwork protocols
88
sharedracle is
ra file.tion ofing butl use to
layer.
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Figure 49: Ac
Creating
Step 1:
The next stethis single
tnsnames.oranetmgr comthe same soPrograms >
cessing Oracle Nompletely indep
istener
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89
ogram,
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Figure 5
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Select the Listener item from the tree in ONM and then clickthe + sign shown in the slide to create the listener. In the
popped up window write the Listener Name. If you use thedefault name of the listener than the Oracle Instance registersitself with the listener dynamically and its called dynamicservice registration. Thats why we are sticking with the defaultname of the listener i.e. LISTENER. Not only listener namehas to be default but we have to use default protocol i.e.TCP/IP and default port i.e. 1521 or 1520 if we want to go withdynamic service registration.
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Step 2:
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Figure 59: In Windows Server 2003 environment, the listener process can
be activated under the Services window.
C:\>lsnrctl start
This command will start the listener whereas if you replacestart with stop you can stop the listener. To check thestatus of the listener use the following command.
C:\>lsnrctl status
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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes
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cow) although both Net Service Names will resolves to thesame Oracle database (e.g. test.takveen).
You can connect to or manage multiple databases using OEMremotely. All you need to do is to create the Net Service Namefor each of the databases you want to manage.
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107
MMiinnuuttee88::
Oracle EnterpriseManager A SQL-Less DatabaseManagement
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Figure 76: Da
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119
underneath it. If you check the box Archive Log Mode thenthe Archiver process will get alive and will start archiving
your redo log files. You can also specify Archive LogDestination in the same Recovery tab at the bottom.
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121
MMiinnuuttee99::
Oracle DatabaseBackup &
Recovery SimpleTechnique
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User-Managed Offline Backup
The other names given to this kind of backup areClosed/Cold/Consistent Database backup. No recovery isneeded in this kind of backup during the restore process.
Step 1:
Shut down the database
Connect to database as SYSDBA and then use theSHUTDOWN statement with NORMAL, IMMEDIATE orTRANSACTIONAL clause.
C:\> sqlplus /nolog
SQL>connect / as sysdba
SQL> SHUTDOWN NORMAL;
Remember that if there is any single user connected with thedatabase and you have used the NORMAL clause with theSHUTDOWN statement then database will never shutdownunless the user closes the session.
Step 2:
Backup all the data files
Once the database gets completely shutdown backup all thedata files associated with the database at the operating systemlevel or in other worlds using operating system commands e.g.copy in Windows and cp in case of Unix.
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Step 3:
Backup Parameter File, Redo Log Files and Archived RedoLog Files
Backup all these files too using operating system command.Its highly recommended and provides greater fault tolerance incase of database failures.
Step 4:
Startup Oracle Database with MOUNT option
Start the oracle instance and mount the database but dontopen.
C:\>sqlplus /nolog
SQL>connect / as sysdba
SQL>startup mount;
Step 5:
Backup the Control File
Control file can be backed up using the following statement
and at the desired location.
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO c:\staging\ctl.bak;
The backup created in this fashion will be the binary copy ofthe control file. We can also take the backup of control file,which will be in text format in the following manner.
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;
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As a result of this statement the text version of control file willget copied to the location/folder specified in
USER_DUMP_DEST init.ora parameter.
Step 6:
Open the database
Now you have full database backup or in other words WholeDatabase Backup. Its time to make the database available tothe users you executing the following statement.
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
This completes our User-Managed Offline/Cold DatabaseBackup. Lets see now how we can perform User-ManagedOnline/Hot Database Backup.
User-Managed Complete Recovery is done in two different
ways and it all depends on the mode in which you are runningthe Oracle server. You can run Oracle server either inARCHIVELOG mode or NOARCHIVELOG mode. The waywe do the recovery in NOARCHIVELOG mode is differentfrom the way we do recovery in ARCHIVELOG mode. Letshave a look on each procedure as follows.
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User-Managed Complete Recovery in
NOARCHIVELOG Mode
In NOARCHIVELOG mode the recovery is very simple. Allyou have to do is to restore the database files from your backupto the original location and start the database.
Lets suppose one of your data file got corrupted. The time tryto start the Oracle Instance, it will give you an error. In thiscase shutdown the database. Restore all the data files; redo log
files and control file back to their original location from yourlast whole/complete cold backup.
Then start the Oracle database again by first running SQL andthen connecting as SYSDBA. This time you will not get anyerror.
User-Managed Complete Recovery inARCHIVELOG Mode
Lets suppose one of your data file got corrupted/deleted. Thetime you try to start the Oracle Instance, it will give you anerror with the name and location of the data files. If the Oracleserver is up and running and you dont want to shut it downthen follow the following steps.
Step 1:
Take the corrupted data file offline
Use the following SQL statement to take the corrupted/deleteddata file offline.
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE c:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbfOFFLINE;
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Step 2:
Restore the corrupted data file
Restore the corrupted data file by copy it from the backed uplocation and pasting it to the original location at the operatingsystem level or in other words using operating systemscommands like copy in windows or cp in Unix/Linux.
Step 3:
Recover Data File
Recover the restored data file using the RECOVERDATAFILE statement. Then apply all the available Redo Logfiles by pressing Enter button on the keyboard wheneverasked.
C:\> sqlplus /nolog
SQL>connect / as sysdba
SQL>recover datafile c:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbf
This will complete the recovery process and you will realizethat no data will get lost i.e. everything that you entered orchanged after the last whole database backup will get
recovered by Oracle by applying all the redo log files.
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Difference between Recovery in ARCHIVELOG
mode & NOARCHIVELOG mode
In NOARCHIVELOG mode, the transactions that gotprocessed after the last complete backup, will get lost where asin ARCHIVELOG mode no data will get lost i.e. everythingthat you entered or changed after the last whole databasebackup will get recovered by Oracle by applying all the redolog files including the ones got archived by the Archiverprocess.
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MMiinnuuttee1100::
OraclePerformance
Tuning
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Oracle Performance Tuning, the topic is not that scary as itsounds. Actually its very simple if you understand the
performance tuning concept the bigger picture or in otherwords birds eye view.
Performance tuning is nothing but the collection of statisticsregarding the current status of the system and then changesystem values based on the statistics to enhance theperformance. In other words performance tuning is
Collection of system statistics Changing system based on the statistics
Now we have to look into what are different sources that canprovide us the information regarding the current health of thesystem. Although there are a lot of sources. The simplesources, which can provide us the Oracle system information,are alert log file, trace files, dynamic performance view, datadictionary views etc. Lets start learning about each of thesesources one by one.
Alert Log File
The location of Alert log file is described byBACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter. ForOracle systems that follow OFA (Oracle Flexible Architecture)or in other words standard directory architecture of Oraclefiles, the location of Alter Log file will be as follows.
In Windows Server 2003/NT/XP,%ORACLE_BASE%\admin\SID\bdump whereas in Unix itwould be $ORACLE_BASE/admin/SID/bdump. Where SID isthe name of the Oracle Instance. You might have noticed thatin Unix environment we use forward slash (/) whereas inWindows we user backward slash (\).
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Oracle writes all the error messages and other alerts to this filewhenever that message occurs during it normal operations.
Background Process, Event & User Trace Files
Oracle trace files contain information pertaining to certainevent that happens in the regular operation of Oracle. Thelocation of these trace files is described byBACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter. For
Oracle systems that follow OFA (Oracle Flexible Architecture)or in other words standard directory architecture of Oraclefiles, the location of these trace files will be as follows.
In Windows Server 2003/NT/XP,%ORACLE_BASE%\admin\SID\bdump whereas in Unix itwould be $ORACLE_BASE/admin/SID/bdump. Where SID isthe name of the Oracle Instance.
All trace files have file extension of .trc no matter whether it isBackground process, Event or User trace file. In Windowsenvironment, the background processes will generate thefollowing files.
Process Monitor (PMON): sidPMON.trcSystem Monitor (SMON): sidSMON.trcDatabase Writer (DBW0): sidDBW0.trcArchive Process (ARC0): sidARC0.trcLog Writer (LGWR): sidLGWR.tc
If we have two Database Writer processes (DBW0, DBW1)then you may see one more trace file sidDBW1.trc besidessidDBWR0.trc, this applies to Archiver Process too. Similarlyfor Checkpoint Process (CKPT) it is sidCKPT.trc whereas in
Unix environment the trace files pertaining to each of theseprocesses would include the name of that process in the file
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names e.g. for PMON the trace file name would bePMON_nnnn.trc etc.
Remember that user trace file will get generated when there isan error in users server process which contains the detailsregarding that error. We can limit the size of User trace file byspecifying the MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE init.ora parametere.g. specifying the value of this parameter as follows in init.orafile will the user trace file size to 20MB.
MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE=20M
Dynamic Performance Views (V$) & Data
Dictionary Views
Dynamic Performance Views or in other words all the viewsthat start with V$ and Data Dictionary View are views created
on Oracle base tables. These tables are Oracle Internal tablesand are utilized by Oracle. They reside in the SYSTEMtablespace and if you remember SYS is the owner of thesetables as these tables get created when we logged in to Oracleas SYS and we ran two scripts which resulted in these Oraclebase tables and views.
Dynamic Performance Views as the name says are dynamic innature i.e. data inside these tables keeps changing and itdepends on the current state of Oracle system. Some of thevery important Dynamic Performance Views along with thebrief description of the stuff they contain are provided below.
V$SGASTAT
Contains information about the size of SGA (System GlobalArea) and each of its major components.
V$SESSTAT
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Contains the statistics information regarding the each
connected session or in other words connected user.
V$SESSION
Contains the current connection information of each session orin other words each connected user.
Whereas Data Dictionary Views are static in nature and thevalues inside these tables change only when you change thestructure of the database. Some of the very important DataDictionary Views along with the brief description of the stuffthey contain are provided below.
DBA_TABLES
Contains information about the tables within the database, theirrow and block information.
DBA_DATA_FILES
Contains the information about all the data files within thedatabase, their names, size etc.
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IINNDDEEXX
110g 1131521 93
AAlert log 131All Initialization Parameters 71ARC0 132Archive Log Destination 119Archive Log Mode 68Archived Redo Log Files 41, 44Archived Redo Log Files: 42ARCHIVELOG 118, 128Archiver 119Archiver Process 35ARCn 29, 35asim 100
Bbackground processes 25Background processes 25BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST
131, 132
CCKPT 30, 132
clone database development 77Configuration 116Control File 41
DData Dictionary Cache 28data dictionary views 131Data Dictionary Views 134Data Files 41Data Management Genie 19Database Buffer Cache 27, 28Database Configuration Assistant
59Database Service 95Datafiles 74DB Blocks 43
DB Sizing 68DB_BLOCK_SIZE 43DB_NAME 70DBA_DATA_FILES 134DBA_TABLES 134dbca 61DBCA 59DBW1 132DBWn 29Dedicated Server 66dedicated server mode 36
Dedicated Server mode 35DEFAULT 28Dirty Buffers 28Dispatcher 37dispatcher process 37Dispatcher process 30, 35, 37Dnnn 30dynamic service registration 92
EEnterprise Edition 55
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